Masculinity/Femininity Predicts Brain Volumes in Normal Healthy Children

REFERENCES

• Andreasen , N. C. , Rajarethinam , R. , Cizadlo , T. , Arndt , S. , Swayze , V. W. II , Flashman , L. A., … and Yuh , W. T. C. 1996 . Automatic atlas-based volume estimation of human brain regions from MR images . Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography , 20 : 98 – 106 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auyeung , B. , Baron-Cohen , S. , Ashwin , E. , Knickmeyer , R. , Taylor , K. , Hackett , G. and Hines , M. 2009 . Fetal testosterone predicts sexually differentiated childhood behavior in girls and boys . Psychological Science , 20 : 144 – 148 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bem , S. L. 1974 . The measurement of psychological androgyny . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 42 : 155 – 162 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boldizar , J. 1991 . Assessing sex typing and androgyny in children: The children's sex role inventory . Developmental Psychology , 127 : 505 – 515 .
   Google Scholar
• Bourne , V. J. and Maxwell , A. M. 2010 . Examining the sex difference in lateralisation for processing facial emotion: Does biological sex or psychological gender identity matter? . Neuropsychologia , 48 : 1289 – 1294 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brain Development Cooperative Group . 2012 . Total and regional brain volumes in a population-based normative sample from 4 to 18 years: The NIH MRI study of normal brain development . Cerebral Cortex , 22 : 1 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caviness , V. S. , Kennedy , D. N. , Richelme , C. , Rademacher , J. and Filipek , P. A. 1996 . The human brain age 7-11 years: A volumetric analysis based on magnetic resonance images . Cerebral Cortex , 6 : 726 – 736 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins , D. L. , Neelin , P. , Peters , T. M. and Evans , A. C. 1994 . Automatic 3D intersubject registration of MR volumetric data in standardized Talairach space . Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography , 18 : 192 – 205 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Bellis , M. D. , Keshavan , M. S. , Beers , S. R. , Hall , J. , Frustaci , K. , Masalehdan , A., … and Boring , A. M. 2001 . Sex differences in brain maturation during childhood and adolescence . Cerebral Cortex , 11 : 552 – 557 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filipek , P. A. , Richelme , C. , Kennedy , D. N. and Caviness , V. S. Jr. 1994 . The young adult human brain: An MRI-based morphometric analysis . Cerebral Cortex , 4 : 344 – 360 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giedd , J. N. 2004 . Structural magnetic resonance imaging of the adolescent brain . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 1021 : 77 – 85 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giedd , J. N. , Blumenthal , J. , Jeffries , N. O. , Castellanos , F. X. , Liu , H. , Zijdenbos , A., … and Rapoport , J. L. 1999 . Brain development during childhood and adolescence: A longitudinal MRI study . Nature Neuroscience , 2 : 861 – 863 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giedd , J. N. , Castellanos , F. , Rajapakse , J. C. , Vaituzis , A. C. and Rapoport , J. L. 1997 . Sexual dimorphism of the developing human brain . Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology , 21 : 1185 – 1201 .
   Google Scholar
• Gilmore , J. H. , Lin , W. , Prastawa , M. W. , Looney , C. B. , Vetsa , Y. S. K. , Knickmeyer , R. C., … and Gerig , G. 2007 . Regional gray matter growth, sexual dimorphism, and cerebral asymmetry in the neonatal brain . Journal of Neuroscience , 27 : 1255 – 1260 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gur , R. C. , Turetsky , B. I. , Matsui , M. , Yan , M. , Bilker , W. , Hughett , P. and Gur , R. E. 1999 . Sex differences in brain gray and white matter in healthy young adults: Correlations with cognitive performance . Journal of Neuroscience , 19 : 4065 – 4072 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hines , M. , Golombok , S. , Rust , J. , Johnston , K. J. and Golding , J. the ALSPAC Study Team. (2002). Testosterone during pregnancy and gender role behavior of preschool children: A longitudinal . population study. Child Development , 73 1678 – 1687 .
   Google Scholar
• Kates , W. R. , Warsofsky , I. S. , Patwardhan , A. , Abrams , M. T. , Liu , A. M. C. , Naidu , S., … and Reiss , A. L. 1999 . Automated Talairach atlas-based parcellation and measurement of cerebral lobes in children . Psychiat Res-Neuroim. , 91 : 11 – 30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knickmeyer , R. C. , Gouttard , S. , Kang , C. , Evans , D. , Wilber , K. , Smith , J. K., … and Gilmore , J. H. 2008 . A structural MRI study of human brain development from birth to 2 years . Journal of Neuroscience , 28 : 12176 – 12182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knickmeyer , R. C. , Styner , M. , Short , S. J. , Lubach , G. R. , Kang , C. , Hamer , R., … and Gilmore , J. H. 2010 . Maturational trajectories of cortical brain development through the pubertal transition: Unique species and sex differences in the monkey revealed through structural magnetic resonance imaging . Cerebral Cortex. , 20 : 1053 – 1063 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magnotta , V. A. , Harris , G. , Andreasen , N. C. , O'Leary , D. S. , Yuh , W. T. and Heckel , D. 2002 . Structural MR image processing using the BRAINS2 toolbox . Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics , 26 : 251 – 264 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nopoulos , P. , Flaum , M. , O'Leary , D. and Andreasen , N. C. 2000 . Sexual dimorphism in the human brain: Evaluation of tissue volume, tissue composition and surface anatomy using magnetic resonance imaging . Psychiatry Research-Neuroimaging , 98 : 1 – 13 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peper , J. S. , Brouwer , R. M. , van Baal , G. C. M. , Schnack , H. G. , van Leeuwen , M. , Boomsma , D. I., … and Hulshoff Pol , H. E. 2009 . Does having a twin brother make for a bigger brain? . European Journal of Endocrinology , 160 : 739 – 746 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Priess , H. A. , Lindberg , S. M. and Hyde , J. S. 2009 . Adolescent gender-role identity and mental health: Gender intensification revisited . Child Development , 80 : 1531 – 1544 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiss , A. L. , Abrams , M. T. , Singer , H. S. , Ross , J. L. and Denckla , M. B. 1996 . Brain development, gender and IQ in children . Brain , 119 : 1763 – 1774 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rijpkema , M. , Everaerd , D. , van der Pol , C. , Franke , B. , Tendolkar , I. and Fernandez , G. 2012 . Normal sexual dimorphism in the human basal ganglia . Human Brain Mapping , 33 : 1246 – 1252 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sowell , E. R. , Peterson , B. S. , Kan , E. , Woods , R. P. , Yoshii , J. and Toga , A. W. 2007 . “ Sex differences in cortical thickness mapped in 176 healthy individuals between 7 and 87 years of age ” . In Cerebral Cortex Vol. 17 , 1550 – 1560 . Bansal, …
   Google Scholar
• Sowell , E. R. , Trauner , D. A. , Gamst , A. and Jernigan , T. L. 2002 . Development of cortical and subcortical brain structures in childhood and adolescence: A structural MRI study . Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology , 44 : 4 – 16 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talairach , J. and Tournoux , P. 1988 . Co-planar stereotaxic atlas of the human brain: 3-Dimensional proportional system: An approach to cerebral imaging , New York , NY : Thieme Medical Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. 1991 . Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children , 3rd , Washington , DC : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. 1997 . Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale , 3rd ed. , Washington , DC : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Wood , J. L. , Heitmiller , D. , Andreasen , N. C. and Nopoulos , P. 2008 . Morphology of the ventral frontal cortex: Relationship to femininity and social cognition . Cerebral Cortex , 18 : 534 – 540 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar