Relationships Between Impulsivity, Anxiety, and Risk-Taking and the Neural Correlates of Attention in Adolescents

References

• Adlaf, E. M., & Smart, R. G. (1983). Risk-taking and drug-use behaviour: An examination. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 11(3–4), 287–296. doi:10.1016/0376-8716(83)90020-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amaral, D. G., Behniea, H., & Kelly, J. L. (2003). Topographic organization of projections from the amygdala to the visual cortex in the macaque monkey. Neuroscience, 118(4), 1099–1120. doi:10.1016/S0306-4522(02)01001-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin, J. S., & Dadds, M. R. (2007). Reliability and validity of parent and child versions of the multidimensional anxiety scale for children in community samples. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(2), 252–260. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000246065.93200.a1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balodis, I. M., Kober, H., Worhunsky, P. D., Stevens, M. C., Pearlson, G. D., & Potenza, M. N. (2012). Diminished frontostriatal activity during processing of monetary rewards and losses in pathological gambling. Biological Psychiatry, 71(8), 749–757. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.01.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bannerman, D. M., Rawlins, J. N. P., McHugh, S. B., Deacon, R. M. J., Yee, B. K., Bast, T., … Feldon, J. (2004). Regional dissociations within the hippocampus—Memory and anxiety. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 28(3), 273–283. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.03.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bar-Haim, Y., Lamy, D., Pergamin, L., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M., & van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (2007). Threat-related attentional bias in anxious and nonanxious individuals: A meta-analytic study. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 1–24. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bari, A., & Robbins, T. W. (2013). Inhibition and impulsivity: Behavioral and neural basis of response control. Progress in Neurobiology, 108(0), 44–79. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.06.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basten, U., Stelzel, C., & Fiebach, C. J. (2011). Trait anxiety modulates the neural efficiency of inhibitory control. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(10), 3132–3145. Retrieved from SCOPUS database. doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bechara, A., Damasio, A. R., Damasio, H., & Anderson, S. W. (1994). Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex. Cognition, 50(1–3), 7–15. doi:10.1016/0010-0277(94)90018-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bechara, A., Damasio, H., & Damasio, A. R. (2000). Emotion, decision making and the orbitofrontal cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 10(3), 295–307. doi:10.1093/cercor/10.3.295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bechara, A., Damasio, H., Damasio, A. R., & Lee, G. P. (1999). Different contributions of the human amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex to decision-making. The Journal of Neuroscience, 19(13), 5473–5481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bechara, A., Damasio, H., Tranel, D., & Damasio, A. R. (1997). Deciding advantageously before knowing the advantageous strategy. Science, 275(5304), 1293–1295. doi:10.1126/science.275.5304.1293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, A., Schlagenhauf, F., Wüstenberg, T., Hein, J., Kienast, T., Kahnt, T., … Wrase, J. (2009). Ventral striatal activation during reward anticipation correlates with impulsivity in alcoholics. Biological Psychiatry, 66(8), 734–742. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.04.035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berggren, N., Blonievsky, T., & Derakshan, N. (2014). Superior visual search efficiency in high trait anxiety. Journal of Vision, 14(10), 543–543. doi:10.1167/14.10.543
   Google Scholar
• Berggren, N., & Derakshan, N. (2013). Attentional control deficits in trait anxiety: Why you see them and why you don’t. Biological Psychology, 92(3), 440–446. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.03.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biederman, J. (2005). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A selective overview. Biological Psychiatry, 57(11), 1215–1220. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.10.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishop, S., Duncan, J., Brett, M., & Lawrence, A. D. (2004). Prefrontal cortical function and anxiety: Controlling attention to threat-related stimuli. Nature Neuroscience, 7, 184–188. Retrieved from doi:10.1038/nn1173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishop, S. J. (2009). Trait anxiety and impoverished prefrontal control of attention. Nature Neuroscience, 12(1), 92–98. doi:10.1038/nn.2242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckner, R. L., Raichle, M. E., Miezin, F. M., & Petersen, S. E. (1996). Functional anatomic studies of memory retrieval for auditory words and visual pictures. The Journal of Neuroscience, 16(19), 6219–6235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buschman, T. J., & Miller, E. K. (2007). Top-down versus bottom-up control of attention in the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices. Science, 315(5820), 1860–1862. doi:10.1126/science.1138071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardinal, R. N., Parkinson, J. A., Hall, J., & Everitt, B. J. (2002). Emotion and motivation: The role of the amygdala, ventral striatum, and prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 26(3), 321–352. doi:10.1016/S0149-7634(02)00007-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carmona, S., Proal, E., Hoekzema, E. A., Gispert, J., Picado, M., Moreno, I., … Bulbena, A. (2009). Ventro-striatal reductions underpin symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity in attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 66(10), 972–977. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.05.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung, T. H. C., & Cardinal, R. N. (2005). Hippocampal lesions facilitate instrumental learning with delayed reinforcement but induce impulsive choice in rats. BMC Neuroscience, 6, 36–36. doi:10.1186/1471-2202-6-36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cisler, J. M., & Koster, E. H. W. (2010). Mechanisms of attentional biases towards threat in anxiety disorders: An integrative review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(2), 203–216. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corbetta, M., Miezin, F., Dobmeyer, S., Shulman, G., & Petersen, S. (1991). Selective and divided attention during visual discriminations of shape, color, and speed: Functional anatomy by positron emission tomography. The Journal of Neuroscience, 11(8), 2383–2402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corbetta, M., Patel, G., & Shulman, G. L. (2008). The reorienting system of the human brain: From environment to theory of mind. Neuron, 58(3), 306–324. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.04.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corbetta, M., & Shulman, G. L. (2002). Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 3(3), 215–229. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn755
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornblatt, B. A., & Keilp, J. G. (1994). Impaired attention, genetics, and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 20(1), 31–46. doi:10.1093/schbul/20.1.31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortese, S., Kelly, C., Chabernaud, C., Proal, E., Di Martino, A., Milham, M. P., & Castellanos, F. X. (2012). Towards systems neuroscience of ADHD: A meta-analysis of 55 fMRI studies. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 169(10). doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11101521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowley, M. J., Wu, J., Crutcher, C., Bailey, C. A., Lejuez, C. W., & Mayes, L. C. (2009). Risk-taking and the feedback negativity response to loss among at-risk adolescents. Developmental Neuroscience, 31(1–2), 137–148. doi:10.1159/000207501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowley, T. J., Raymond, K. M., Mikulich-Gilbertson, S. K., Thompson, L. L., & Lejuez, C. W. (2006). A risk-taking “Set” in a novel task among adolescents with serious conduct and substance problems. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 45(2), 175–183. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000188893.60551.31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derakshan, N., Smyth, S., & Eysenck, M. W. (2009). Effects of state anxiety on performance using a task-switching paradigm: An investigation of attentional control theory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16(6), 1112–1117. Retrieved from SCOPUS database. doi:10.3758/PBR.16.6.1112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobson, K. S., & Dozois, D. J. A. (2004). Attentional biases in eating disorders: A meta-analytic review of stroop performance. Clinical Psychology Review, 23(8), 1001–1022. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2003.09.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drechsler, R., Rizzo, P., & Steinhausen, H. (2008). Decision-making on an explicit risk-taking task in preadolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Neural Transmission, 115(2), 201–209. doi:10.1007/s00702-007-0814-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eklund, A., Nichols, T., & Knutsson, H. (2015). Can parametric statistical methods be trusted for fMRI based group studies? arXiv:1511.01863 [stat.AP]
   Google Scholar
• Ernst, M. (2014). The triadic model perspective for the study of adolescent motivated behavior. Brain and Cognition, 89, 104–111. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2014.01.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eysenck, M. W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R., & Calvo, M. G. (2007). Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory. Emotion, 7, 336–353. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fales, C. L., Barch, D. M., Burgess, G. C., Schaefer, A., Mennin, D. S., Gray, J. R., & Braver, T. S. (2008). Anxiety and cognitive efficiency: Differential modulation of transient and sustained neural activity during a working memory task. Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience, 8(3), 239–253. Retrieved from. SCOPUS database. 10.3758/CABN.8.3.239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field, M., & Cox, W. M. (2008). Attentional bias in addictive behaviors: A review of its development, causes, and consequences. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 97(1–2), 1–20. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.03.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field, M., Munafò, M. R., & Franken, I. H. A. (2009). A meta-analytic investigation of the relationship between attentional bias and subjective craving in substance abuse. Psychological Bulletin, 135(4), 589–607. doi:10.1037/a0015843
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franklin, T. R., Acton, P. D., Maldjian, J. A., Gray, J. D., Croft, J. R., Dackis, C. A., … Childress, A. R. (2002). Decreased gray matter concentration in the insular, orbitofrontal, cingulate, and temporal cortices of cocaine patients. Biological Psychiatry, 51(2), 134–142. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01269-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galvan, A. (2013). The teenage brain: Sensitivity to rewards. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(2), 88–93. doi:10.1177/0963721413480859
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gotlib, I. H., Krasnoperova, E., Yue, D. N., & Joormann, J. (2004). Attentional biases for negative interpersonal stimuli in clinical depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113(1), 127–135. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.113.1.121
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn, B., Wolkenberg, F. A., Ross, T. J., Myers, C. S., Heishman, S. J., Stein, D. J., … Stein, E. A. (2008). Divided versus selective attention: Evidence for common processing mechanisms. Brain Research, 1215(0), 137–146. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.03.058
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobsen, L. K., Slotkin, T. A., Mencl, W. E., Frost, S. J., & Pugh, K. R. (2007). Gender-specific effects of prenatal and adolescent exposure to tobacco smoke on auditory and visual attention. Neuropsychopharmacology, 32(12), 2453–2464. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology. New York, NY: H. Holt and Company.
   Google Scholar
• Jäncke, L., Mirzazade, S., & Shah, N. J. (1999). Attention modulates activity in the primary and the secondary auditory cortex: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study in human subjects. Neuroscience Letters, 266(2), 125–128. doi:10.1016/S0304-3940(99)00288-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, J. A., & Zatorre, R. J. (2005). Attention to simultaneous unrelated auditory and visual events: Behavioral and neural correlates. Cerebral Cortex, 15(10), 1609–1620. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhi039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, J. A., & Zatorre, R. J. (2006). Neural substrates for dividing and focusing attention between simultaneous auditory and visual events. Neuroimage, 31(4), 1673–1681. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.02.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joshi, A., Scheinost, D., Okuda, H., Belhachemi, D., Murphy, I., Staib, L. H., & Papademetris, X. (2011). Unified framework for development, deployment and robust testing of neuroimaging algorithms. Neuroinformatics, 9(1), 69–84. doi:10.1007/s12021-010-9092-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaladjian, A., Jeanningros, R., Azorin, J., Anton, J., & Mazzola-Pomietto, P. (2011). Impulsivity and neural correlates of response inhibition in schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 41(2), 291–299. doi:10.1017/S0033291710000796
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman, A. S., & Kaufman, N. L. (1983). Kaufman assessment battery for children. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.
   Google Scholar
• Kaufman, J., Birmaher, B., Brent, D., Rao, U. M. A., Flynn, C., Moreci, P., & Ryan, N. (1997). Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): Initial reliability and validity data. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(7), 980–988. doi:10.1097/00004583-199707000-00021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kühberger, A. (1998). The influence of framing on risky decisions: A meta-analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 75(1), 23–55. doi:10.1006/obhd.1998.2781
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavie, N. (2010). Attention, distraction, and cognitive control under load. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(3), 143–148. doi:10.1177/0963721410370295
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lejuez, C. W., Aklin, W. M., Zvolensky, M. J., & Pedulla, C. M. (2003). Evaluation of the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) as a predictor of adolescent real-world risk-taking behaviours. Journal of Adolescence, 26(4), 475–479. doi:10.1016/S0140-1971(03)00036-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lejuez, C. W., Read, J. P., Kahler, C. W., Richards, J. B., Ramsey, S. E., & Stuart, G. L., et al. (2002). Evaluation of a behavioral measure of risk taking: The balloon analogue risk task (BART). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 8(2), 75–84. doi:10.1037/1076-898X.8.2.75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, C. R., & Chen, S. (2007). Obsessive–compulsiveness and impulsivity in a non-clinical population of adolescent males and females. Psychiatry Research, 149(1–3), 129–138. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.05.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loose, R., Kaufmann, C., Auer, D. P., & Lange, K. W. (2003). Human prefrontal and sensory cortical activity during divided attention tasks. Human Brain Mapping, 18(4), 249–259. doi:10.1002/hbm.10082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malloy-Diniz, L., Fuentes, D., Leite, W. B., Correa, H., & Bechara, A. (2007). Impulsive behavior in adults with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: Characterization of attentional, motor and cognitive impulsiveness. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13(4), 693–698. doi:10.1017/S1355617707070889
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• March, J. S. (1997). Manual for the multidimensional anxiety scale for children (MASC). Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.
   Google Scholar
• March, J. S., Parker, J. D. A., Sullivan, K., Stallings, P., & Conners, C. K. (1997). The multidimensional anxiety scale for children (MASC): Factor structure, reliability, and validity. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(4), 554–565. doi:10.1097/00004583-199704000-00019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• March, J. S., Sullivan, K., & Parker, J. (1999). Test-retest reliability of the multidimensional anxiety scale for children. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13(4), 349–358. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(99)00009-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mariano, T. Y., Bannerman, D. M., McHugh, S. B., Preston, T. J., Rudebeck, P. H., Rudebeck, S. R., … Campbell, T. G. (2009). Impulsive choice in hippocampal but not orbitofrontal cortex-lesioned rats on a nonspatial decision-making maze task. European Journal of Neuroscience, 30(3), 472–484. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06837.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathews, A., Mackintosh, B., & Fulcher, E. (1997). Cognitive biases in anxiety and attention to threat. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 1, 340–345. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(97)01092-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuo, K., Nicoletti, M., Nemoto, K., Hatch, J. P., Peluso, M. A. M., Nery, F. G., & Soares, J. C. (2009). A voxel-based morphometry study of frontal gray matter correlates of impulsivity. Human Brain Mapping, 30(4), 1188–1195. doi:10.1002/hbm.20588
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moeller, F. G., Barratt, E. S., Dougherty, D. M., Schmitz, J. M., & Swann, A. C. (2014). Psychiatric aspects of impulsivity. American Journal of Psychiatry. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.11.1783
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moriya, J., & Tanno, Y. (2010). Attentional resources in social anxiety and the effects of perceptual load. Cognition & Emotion, 24(8), 1329–1348. doi:10.1080/02699930903378503
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moser, J. S., Becker, M. W., & Moran, T. P. (2012). Enhanced attentional capture in trait anxiety. Emotion, 12(2), 213–216. doi:10.1037/a0026156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nebel, K., Wiese, H., Stude, P., de Greiff, A., Diener, H., & Keidel, M. (2005). On the neural basis of focused and divided attention. Cognitive Brain Research, 25(3), 760–776. doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.09.011
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nigg, J. T. (2001). Is ADHD a disinhibitory disorder? Psychological Bulletin, 127(5), 571–598. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.5.571
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohman, A. (2005). The role of the amygdala in human fear: Automatic detection of threat. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 953–958. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.03.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pattij, T., & Vanderschuren, L. J. M. J. (2008). The neuropharmacology of impulsive behaviour. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 29(4), 192–199. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2008.01.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patton, J. H., Stanford, M. S., & Barratt, E. S. (1995). Factor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51, 768–774. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1097-4679
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paus, T., Keshavan, M., & Giedd, J. N. (2008). Why do many psychiatric disorders emerge during adolescence? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9(12), 947–957.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peper, J. S., Koolschijn, P. C., & Crone, E. A. (2013). Development of risk taking: Contributions from adolescent testosterone and the orbito-frontal cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 25(12), 2141–2150. doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phelps, E. A. (2004). Human emotion and memory: Interactions of the amygdala and hippocampal complex. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 14(2), 198–202. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2004.03.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phelps, E. A., & LeDoux, J. E. (2005). Contributions of the amygdala to emotion processing: From animal models to human behavior. Neuron, 48(2), 175–187. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.09.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plichta, M. M., & Scheres, A. (2014). Ventral–striatal responsiveness during reward anticipation in ADHD and its relation to trait impulsivity in the healthy population: A meta-analytic review of the fMRI literature. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 38, 125–134. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.07.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pugh, K. R., Shaywitz, B. A., Shaywitz, S. E., Fulbright, R. K., Byrd, D., Skudlarski, P., … Gore, J. C. (1996). Auditory selective attention: An fMRI investigation. Neuroimage, 4(3), 159–173. doi:10.1006/nimg.1996.0067
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao, H., Korczykowski, M., Pluta, J., Hoang, A., & Detre, J. A. (2008). Neural correlates of voluntary and involuntary risk taking in the human brain: An fMRI study of the balloon analog risk task (BART). Neuroimage, 42(2), 902–910. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.05.046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Righi, S., Mecacci, L., & Viggiano, M. P. (2009). Anxiety, cognitive self-evaluation and performance: ERP correlates. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(8), 1132–1138. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.07.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rockland, K. S., & Ojima, H. (2003). Multisensory convergence in calcarine visual areas in macaque monkey. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 50(1–2), 19–26. doi:10.1016/S0167-8760(03)00121-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubia, K. (2011). “Cool” inferior frontostriatal dysfunction in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder versus “hot” ventromedial orbitofrontal-limbic dysfunction in conduct disorder: A review. Biological Psychiatry, 69(12), e69–e87. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.09.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadeh, N., & Bredemeier, K. (2011). Individual differences at high perceptual load: The relation between trait anxiety and selective attention. Cognition & Emotion, 25(4), 747–755. doi:10.1080/02699931.2010.500566
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheres, A., Milham, M. P., Knutson, B., & Castellanos, F. X. (2007). Ventral striatal hyporesponsiveness during reward anticipation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 61(5), 720–724. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.04.042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schonberg, T., Fox, C. R., Mumford, J. A., Congdon, E., Trepel, C., & Poldrack, R. A. (2012). Decreasing ventromedial prefrontal cortex activity during sequential risk-taking: An fMRI investigation of the balloon analog risk task. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 6, 80. doi:10.3389/fnins.2012.00080
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shafritz, K. M., Marchione, K. E., Gore, J. C., Shaywitz, S. E., & Shaywitz, B. A. (2004). The effects of methylphenidate on neural systems of attention in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 1990–1997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanford, M. S., Mathias, C. W., Dougherty, D. M., Lake, S. L., Anderson, N. E., & Patton, J. H. (2009). Fifty years of the Barratt impulsiveness scale: An update and review. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(5), 385–395. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.04.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg, L. (2007). Risk taking in adolescence: New perspectives from brain and behavioral science. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(2), 55–59. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00475.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg, L. (2008). A social neuroscience perspective on adolescent risk-taking. Developmental Review, 28(1), 78–106. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2007.08.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ströhle, A., Stoy, M., Wrase, J., Schwarzer, S., Schlagenhauf, F., Huss, M., … Heinz, A. (2008). Reward anticipation and outcomes in adult males with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuroimage, 39(3), 966–972. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.09.044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1981). The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science, 211(4481), 453–458. doi:10.1126/science.7455683
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vohn, R., Fimm, B., Weber, J., Schnitker, R., Thron, A., Spijkers, W., … Sturm, W. (2007). Management of attentional resources in within-modal and cross-modal divided attention tasks: An fMRI study. Human Brain Mapping, 28(12), 1267–1275. doi:10.1002/hbm.20350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, T. L., Lejuez, C. W., & de Wit, H. (2008). Test-retest characteristics of the balloon analogue risk task (BART). Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 16(6), 565–570. doi:10.1037/a0014083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, J., & Taylor, E. (2005). The evolution of hyperactivity, impulsivity and cognitive diversity. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 3(8), 399–413. doi:10.1098/rsif.2005.0102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wills, T. A., Vaccaro, D., & McNamara, G. (1994). Novelty seeking, risk taking, and related constructs as predictors of adolescent substance use: An application of Cloninger’s theory. Journal of Substance Abuse, 6(1), 1–20. doi:10.1016/S0899-3289(94)90039-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woods, R. P., Grafton, S. T., Holmes, C. J., Cherry, S. R., & Mazziotta, J. C. (1998). Automated image registration: I. General methods and intrasubject, intramodality validation. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, 22(1), 139–152. doi:10.1097/00004728-199801000-00027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeo, B. T., Krienen, F. M., Sepulcre, J., Sabuncu, M. R., Lashkari, D., Hollinshead, M., … Buckner, R. L. (2011). The organization of the human cerebral cortex estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity. Journal of Neurophysiology, 106(3), 1125–1165. doi:10.1152/jn.00338.2011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar