Performance and Symptom Validity Testing in Pediatric Assessment: A Review of the Literature

References

• Araujo, G. C., Antonini, T. N., Monahan, K., Gelfius, C., Klamar, K., Potts, M., … Bodin, D. (2014). The relationship between suboptimal effort and post-concussion symptoms in children and adolescents with mild traumatic brain injury. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 28(5), 786–801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Archer, R. P., Buffington-Vollum, J. K., Stredny, R. V., & Handel, R. W. (2006). A survey of psychological test use patterns among forensic psychologists. Journal of Personality Assessment, 87(1), 84–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Archer, R. P., & Elkins, D. E. (1999). Identification of random responding on the MMPI. Journal of Personality Assessment, 73(3), 407–421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Archer, R. P., Handel, R. W., Ben-Porath, Y. S., & Tellegen, A. (2016). Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent Restructured Form (MMPI-A-RF). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Archer, R. P., Handel, R. W., Lynch, K. D., & Elkins, D. E. (2002). MMPI-A validity scale uses and limitations in detecting varying levels of random responding. Journal of Personality Assessment, 78(3), 417–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baer, R. A., Ballenger, J., Berry, D. T., & Wetter, M. W. (1997). Detection of random responding on the MMPI–A. Journal of Personality Assessment, 68(1), 139–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baer, R. A., Ballenger, J., & Kroll, L. S. (1998). Detection of underreporting on the MMPI–A in clinical and community samples. Journal of Personality Assessment, 71(1), 98–113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baer, R. A., Kroll, L. S., Rinaldo, J., & Ballenger, J. (1999). Detecting and discriminating between random responding and overreporting on the MMPI-A. Journal of Personality Assessment, 72(2), 308–320.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, D. A., Connery, A. K., Kirk, J. W., & Kirkwood, M. W. (2014). Embedded performance validity indicators within the California Verbal Learning Test, Children’s Version. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 28(1), 116–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, D. A., & Kirkwood, M. W. (2015). Motivations behind noncredible presentations: Why children feign and how to make this determination. In M. W. Kirkwood (Ed.), Validity testing in child and adolescent assessment: Evaluating exaggeration, feigning, and noncredible effort (pp. 125–144). New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Bauer, L., O’Bryant, S. E., Lynch, J. K., McCaffrey, R. J., & Fisher, J. M. (2007). Examining the Test of Memory Malingering Trial 1 and Word Memory Test Immediate Recognition as screening tools for insufficient effort. Assessment, 14(3), 215–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaskewitz, N., Merten, T., & Kathmann, N. (2008). Performance of children on symptom validity tests: TOMM, MSVT, and FIT. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 23(4), 379–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briere, J. (1996). Trauma symptom checklist for children: Professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
   Google Scholar
• Brooks, B. (2012). Victoria symptom validity test performance in children and adolescents with neurological disorders. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 27(8), 858–868. doi:10.1093/arclin/acs087
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks, B. L., & Ploetz, D. M. (2015). Embedded performance validity on the CVLT-C for youth with neurological disorders. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 30(3), 200–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks, B. L., Ploetz, D. M., & Kirkwood, M. W. (2015). A survey of neuropsychologists’ use of validity tests with children and adolescents. Child Neuropsychology, 22(8), 1001–1020. doi:10.1080/09297049.2015.1075491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks, B. L., Sherman, E. M., & Krol, A. L. (2012). Utility of TOMM Trial 1 as an indicator of effort in children and adolescents. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 27(1), 23–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush, S. S., Ruff, R. M., Tröster, A. I., Barth, J. T., Koffler, S. P., Pliskin, N. H., … Silver, C. H. (2005). Symptom validity assessment: Practice issues and medical necessity: NAN Policy & Planning Committee. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20(4), 419–426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butcher, F., Kretschmar, J. M., Lin, Y., Flannery, D. J., & Singer, M. I. (2014). Analysis of the validity scales in the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children. Research on Social Work Practice, 24(6), 695–704.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butcher, J. N., Williams, C. L., Graham, J. R., Archer, R. P., Tellegen, A., Ben-Porath, Y. S., &Kaemmer, B. (1992). MMPI–A: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–Adolescent: Manual for administration, scoring, and interpretation. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Carone, D. A. (2008). Children with moderate/severe brain damage/dysfunction outperform adults with mild-to-no brain damage on the Medical Symptom Validity Test. Brain Injury, 22(12), 960–971.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carone, D. A. (2014). Young child with severe brain volume loss easily passes the Word Memory Test and Medical Symptom Validity Test: Implications for mild TBI. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 28(1), 146–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chafetz, M., & Prentkowski, E. (2011). A case of malingering by proxy in a Social Security disability psychological consultative examination. Applied Neuropsychology, 18(2), 143–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chafetz, M. D. (2008). Malingering on the social security disability consultative exam: Predictors and base rates. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22(3), 529–546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chafetz, M. D. (2012). The A-test: A symptom validity indicator embedded within a mental status examination for social security disability. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 19(2), 121–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chafetz, M. D., & Abrahams, J. (2006). “A” random letter test predicts effort in the disability exam. New Orleans, LA: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Chafetz, M. D., Abrahams, J. P., & Kohlmaier, J. (2007). Malingering on the Social Security disability consultative exam: A new rating scale. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22(1), 1–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, B. (1997). Children’s Memory Scale. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.Conder, R., Allen, L., & Cox, D. (1992). Computerized Assessment of Response Bias test manual. Durham, NC: Cognisyst.
   Google Scholar
• Conners, C. K. (2008). The Conners 3rd Edition (Conners 3). North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems.
   Google Scholar
• Conners, K. C. (2004). Conners’ Continuous Performance Test (CPT II) version 5 for Windows technical guide and software manual. North Tonawada, NY: Multi-Health Systems.
   Google Scholar
• Connery, A., Peterson, R., Baker, D., & Kirkwood, M. (2016). The impact of pediatric neuropsychological consultation in mild traumatic brain injury: A model for providing feedback after invalid performance. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 1–20. doi:10.1080/13854046.2016.1177596
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Constantinou, M., & McCaffrey, R. J. (2003). Using the TOMM for evaluating children’s effort to perform optimally on neuropsychological measures. Child Neuropsychology, 9(2), 81–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Courtney, J. C., Dinkins, J. P., Allen, L. M., & Kuroski, K. (2003). Age related effects in children taking the computerized assessment of response bias and word memory test. Child Neuropsychology, 9(2), 109–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delis, D. C., Kramer, J. H., Kaplan, E., & Ober, B. A. (1994). California Verbal Learning Test - Children’s version. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• DeRight, J., & Carone, D. A. (2015). Assessment of effort in children: A systematic review. Child Neuropsychology, 21(1), 1–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donders, J. (2005). Performance on the test of memory malingering in a mixed pediatric sample. Child Neuropsychology, 11(2), 221–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdodi, L. A., Lichtenstein, J. D., Rai, J. K., & Flaro, L. (2016). Embedded validity indicators in Conners’ CPT-II: Do adult cutoffs work the same way in children?. Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 6(4), 355-363.
   Google Scholar
• Favreau, Z., Tross, B., Wolff, M., & Piehl, J. J. (2017). Test Review of the Memory Validity Profile (MVP). Journal of Pediatric Neuropsychology, 3(3-4), 223-226.
   Google Scholar
• Gast, J., & Hart, K. J. (2010). The performance of juvenile offenders on the Test of Memory Malingering. Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice, 10(1), 53–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gavett, B. E., O’Bryant, S. E., Fisher, J. M., & McCaffrey, R. J. (2005). Hit rates of adequate performance based on the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) Trial 1. Applied Neuropsychology, 12(1), 1–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerard, A. B. (1994). Parent–Child Relationship Inventory. Los Angeles, CA: WesternPsychological Services.
   Google Scholar
• Gidley Larson, J. C. G., Flaro, L., Peterson, R. L., Connery, A. K., Baker, D. A., & Kirkwood, M. W. (2015). The Medical Symptom Validity Test measures effort not ability in children: A comparison between mild TBI and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder samples. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 30(3), 192–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, C. M., Kirk, J. W., Connery, A. K., Baker, D. A., & Kirkwood, M. W. (2014). The use of the Rey 15-Item Test and recognition trial to evaluate noncredible effort after pediatric mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 36(3), 261–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, P. (2004). Green’s Medical Symptom Validity Test: User’s manual. Edmonton, AB, Canada: Green’s Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Green, P. (2008). Green’s Nonverbal Medical Symptom Validity Test: User’s manual. Edmonton, AB, Canada: Green’s Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Green, P., Allen, L., & Astner, K. (1996). Manual for Computerised Word Memory Test, U.S. version 1.0. Durham, NC: Cognisyst.
   Google Scholar
• Green, P., & Flaro, L. (2003). Word Memory Test performance in children. Child Neuropsychology, 9(3), 189–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, P., & Flaro, L. (2016). Results from three performance validity tests in children with intellectual disability. Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 5(1), 25–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, P., Flaro, L., & Courtney, J. (2009). Examining false positives on the Word Memory Test in adults with mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 23(9), 741–750.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greve, K. W., & Bianchini, K. J. (2006). Should the retention trial of the Test of Memory Malingering be optional? Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21, 117–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greve, K. W., Bianchini, K. J., Mathias, C. W., Houston, R. J., & Crouch, J. A. (2002). Detecting malingered performance with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: A preliminary investigation in traumatic brain injury. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 16, 179–191. doi:10.1076/clin.16.2.179.13241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greve, K. W., Heinly, M. T., Bianchini, K. J., & Love, J. M. (2009). Malingering detection with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in mild traumatic brain injury. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23, 343–362. doi:10.1080/13854040802054169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunn, D., Batchelor, J., & Jones, M. (2010). Detection of simulated memory impairment in 6-to 11-year-old children. Child Neuropsychology, 16(2), 105–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison, A. G., & Armstrong, I. (2014). WISC-IV unusual digit span performance in a sample of adolescents with learning disabilities. Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 3(2), 152–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison, A. G., Flaro, L., & Armstrong, I. (2015). Rates of effort test failure in children with ADHD: An exploratory study. Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 4(3), 197–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison, A. G., Green, P., & Flaro, L. (2012). The importance of symptom validity testing in adolescents and young adults undergoing assessments for learning or attention difficulties. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 27(1), 98–113.
   Google Scholar
• Heaton, R. K., Chelune, G. J., Talley, J. L., Kay, G. G., & Curtis, G. (1993). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) manual revised and expanded. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
   Google Scholar
• Heilbronner, R. L., Sweet, J. J., Morgan, J. E., Larrabee, G. J., Millis, S. R., & Participants, C. (2009). American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology Consensus Conference Statement on the neuropsychological assessment of effort, response bias, and malingering. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23(7), 1093–1129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilsabeck, R. C., & LeCompte, D. C. (1997). Word Completion Memory Test (WCMT). Durham, NC: CogniSyst, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Hirst, R. B., Han, C. S., Teague, A. M., Rosen, A. S., Gretler, J., & Quittner, Z. (2017). Adherence to validity testing recommendations in neuropsychological assessment: A survey of INS and NAN members. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 32(4), 456–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt, T. N., Ferrara, M. S., Miller, L. S., & Macciocchi, S. (2007). The effect of effort on baseline neuropsychological test scores in high school football athletes. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22(5), 615–621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iverson, G. I. (1998). 21-Item Test research manual. Vancouver, BC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Iverson, G. L., & Franzen, M. D. (1996). Using multiple objective memory procedures to detect simulated malingering. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 18(1), 38–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jesness, C. F. (2003). Jesness Inventory-Revised: Technical manual. North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems.
   Google Scholar
• Kirk, J. W., Harris, B., Hutaff-Lee, C. F., Koelemay, S. W., Dinkins, J. P., & Kirkwood, M. W. (2011). Performance on the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) among a large clinic-referred pediatric sample. Child Neuropsychology, 17(3), 242–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirk, J. W., Hutaff-Lee, C. F., Connery, A. K., Baker, D. A., & Kirkwood, M. W. (2014). The relationship between the self-report BASC-2 validity indicators and performance validity test failure after pediatric mild traumatic brain injury. Assessment, 21(5), 562–569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkwood, M. W. (2015). Pediatric validity assessment. NeuroRehabilitation, 36(4), 439–450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkwood, M. W., Connery, A. K., Kirk, J. W., & Baker, D. A. (2014a). Detecting performance invalidity in children: Not quite as easy as A, B, C, 1, 2, 3 but automatized sequences appears promising. Child Neuropsychology, 20(2), 245–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkwood, M. W., Hargrave, D. D., & Kirk, J. W. (2011). The value of the WISC-IV Digit Span subtest in detecting noncredible performance during pediatric neuropsychological examinations. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 26(5), 377–384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkwood, M. W., & Kirk, J. W. (2010). The base rate of suboptimal effort in a pediatric mild TBI sample: Performance on the Medical Symptom Validity Test. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 24(5), 860–872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkwood, M. W., Kirk, J. W., Blaha, R. Z., & Wilson, P. (2010). Noncredible effort during pediatric neuropsychological exam: A case series and literature review. Child Neuropsychology, 16(6), 604–618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkwood, M. W., Peterson, R. L., Connery, A. K., Baker, D. A., & Grubenhoff, J. A. (2014b). Postconcussive symptom exaggeration after pediatric mild traumatic brain injury. Pediatrics, 133(4), 643–650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkwood, M. W., Yeates, K. O., Randolph, C., & Kirk, J. W. (2012). The implications of symptom validity test failure for ability-based test performance in a pediatric sample. Psychological Assessment, 24(1), 36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lachar, D., & Gruber, C. P. (1995). Personality Inventory for Youth (PIY) manual: Technical guide. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
   Google Scholar
• Larochette, A. C., & Harrison, A. G. (2012). Word Memory Test performance in Canadian adolescents with learning disabilities: A preliminary study. Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 1(1), 38–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larrabee, G. J. (2003). Detecting of malingering using atypical performance patterns on standard neuropsychological tests. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17(3), 410–425. doi:10.1076/clin.17.3.410.18089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larrabee, G. J. (2008). Aggregation across multiple indicators improves the detection of malingering: Relationship to likelihood ratios. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22(4), 666–679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larrabee, G. J. (2012). Performance validity and symptom validity in neuropsychological assessment. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 18(4), 625–631. doi:10.1017/S1355617712000240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larrabee, G. J. (2014). False-positive rates associated with the use of multiple performance and symptom validity tests. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 29(4), 364–373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichtenstein, J. D., Erdodi, L. A., & Linnea, K. S. (2016a). Introducing a forced-choice recognition task to the California Verbal Learning Test–Children’s Version. Child Neuropsychology, 23(3), 284-299.
   Google Scholar
• Lichtenstein, J. D., Erdodi, L. A., Rai, J. K., Mazur-Mosiewicz, A., & Flaro, L. (2016b). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test embedded validity indicators developed for adults can be extended to children. Child Neuropsychology, 24(2), 247-260.
   Google Scholar
• Loughan, A. R., & Perna, R. (2014). Performance and specificity rates in the test of memory malingering: An investigation into pediatric clinical populations. Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 3(1), 26–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loughan, A. R., Perna, R., & Hertza, J. (2012). The value of the Wechsler intelligence scale for children-digit span as an embedded measure of effort: An investigation into children with dual diagnoses. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 27(7), 716–724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loughan, A. R., Perna, R., & Le, J. (2016). Test of memory malingering with children: The utility of Trial 1 and TOMMe10 as screeners of test validity. Child Neuropsychology, 22(6), 707–717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, P. H., & Boone, K. B. (2002). Suspect cognitive symptoms in a 9-year-old child: Malingering by proxy? The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 16(1), 90–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucio, E., Durán, C., Graham, J. R., & Ben-Porath, Y. S. (2002). Identifying faking bad on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory—Adolescent with Mexican adolescents. Assessment, 9(1), 62–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacAllister, W. S., Nakhutina, L., Bender, H. A., Karantzoulis, S., & Carlson, C. (2009). Assessing effort during neuropsychological evaluation with the TOMM in children and adolescents with epilepsy. Child Neuropsychology, 15(6), 521–531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCaffrey, R. J., & Lynch, J. K. (2009). Malingering following documented brain injury: Neuropsychological evaluation of children in a forensic setting. In J. E. Morgan & J. J. Sweet (Eds.), American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology/Psychology Press continuing education series. Neuropsychology of malingering casebook (pp. 377–385). New York: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• McCaffrey, R. J., & Lynch, J. K. (2017). The Importance of Performance Validity Assessment in Pediatric Neuropsychological Evaluations. Journal of Pediatric Neuropsychology, 3(2), 106–113.
   Google Scholar
• McGrath, R. E., Pogge, D. L., Stein, L. A. R., Graham, J. R., Zaccario, M., & Piacentini, T. (2000). Development of an infrequency-psychopathology scale for the MMPI-A: The Fp-A scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 74(2), 282–295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKinzey, R. K., Prieler, J., & Raven, J. (2003). Detection of children’s malingering on Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42(1), 95–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millon, T., Millon, C., & Davis, R. (1993). Manual: Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory. Minneapolis, MN: National Computer Systems.
   Google Scholar
• Morey, L. C. (2007). Personality Assessment Inventory–Adolescent professional manual. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
   Google Scholar
• Nagle, A. M., Everhart, D. E., Durham, T. W., McCammon, S. L., & Walker, M. (2006). Deception strategies in children: Examination of forced choice recognition and verbal learning and memory techniques. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21(8), 777–785. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2006.06.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norfolk, P. A., & Floyd, R. G. (2016). Detecting parental deception using a behavior rating scale during assessment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: An experimental study. Psychology in the Schools, 53(2), 158–172.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Bryant, S. E., Engel, L. R., Kleiner, J. S., Vasterling, J. J., & Black, F. W. (2007). Test of memory malingering (TOMM) trial 1 as a screening measure for insufficient effort. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 21(3), 511–521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Bryant, S. E., Gavett, B. E., McCaffrey, R. J., O’Jile, J. R., Huerkamp, J. K., Smitherman, T. A., & Humphreys, J. D. (2008). Clinical utility of Trial 1 of the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM). Applied Neuropsychology, 15(2), 113–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perna, R., Loughan, A. R., Hertza, J., & Segraves, K. (2014). The value of embedded measures in detecting suboptimal effort in children: An investigation into the WISC-IV digit span and CMS verbal memory subtests. Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 3(1), 45–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perna, R. B., & Loughan, A. R. (2013). Children and the Test of Memory Malingering: Is one trial enough? Child Neuropsychology, 19(4), 438–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perna, R. B., & Loughan, A. R. (2014). The influence of effort on neuropsychological performance in children: Is performance on the TOMM indicative of neuropsychological ability? Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 3(1), 31–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinsoneault, T. B. (2002). A variable response inconsistency scale and a true response inconsistency scale for the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory. Psychological Assessment, 14(3), 320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinsoneault, T. B. (2005). Detecting random, partially random, and nonrandom Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–Adolescent Protocols. Psychological Assessment, 17(4), 476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinsoneault, T. B. (2006). Updating the Jesness Inventory Randomness Validity Scales for the Jesness Inventory–Revised. Journal of Personality Assessment, 86(2), 190–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinsoneault, T. B. (2014). Effective cutoffs for detecting random, partially random, and nonrandom 350-item MMPI–A short form protocols. Psychological Assessment, 26(2), 685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ploetz, D. M., Mazur-Mosiewicz, A., Kirkwood, M. W., Sherman, E. M., & Brooks, B. L. (2016). Performance on the Test of Memory Malingering in children with neurological conditions. Child Neuropsychology, 22(2), 133–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Provance, A. J., Terhune, E. B., Cooley, C., Carry, P. M., Connery, A. K., Engelman, G. H., & Kirkwood, M. W. (2014). The relationship between initial physical examination findings and failure on objective validity testing during neuropsychological evaluation after pediatric mild traumatic brain injury. Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach, 6(5), 410–415.
   Google Scholar
• Rambo, P. L., Callahan, J. L., Hogan, L. R., Hullmann, S., & Wrape, E. (2015). Effort testing in children: Can cognitive and symptom validity measures differentiate malingered performances? Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 4(1), 1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raven, J. C. (1958). Standard Progressive Matrices, 1956 revision. Oxford/San Antonio, TX: Oxford Psychologists’ Press/The Psychological Corp., respectively.
   Google Scholar
• Rey, A. (1941). The Clinical Examination in Psychology. [The psychological examination in cases of traumatic encephalopathy. Problems].Paris, France: Presses Universitaires de France.
   Google Scholar
• Rey, A. (1964). The clinical examination in psychology. Paris, France: Presses Universitaires de France.
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds, C. R., & Kamphaus, R. W. (2004). Behavior Assessment System for Children–Second edition manual. Circle Pines, MN: AGS Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds, C., & Kamphaus, R. (2015). Behavior assessment system for children, third edition. San Antonio, TX: Pearson Education.
   Google Scholar
• Rhodes, M. (2004). Age-related differences in performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: A meta-analytic review. Psychology and Aging, 19(3), 482–494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rienstra, A., Spaan, P., & Schmand, B. (2010). Validation of symptom validity tests using a “child-model” of adult cognitive impairments. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 25(5), 371–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rios, J., & Morey, L. C. (2013). Detecting feigned ADHD in later adolescence: An examination of three PAI–A negative distortion indicators. Journal of Personality Assessment, 95(6), 594–599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, R., Hinds, J. D., & Sewell, K. W. (1996). Feigning psychopathology among adolescent offenders: Validation of the SIRS, MMPI-A, and SIMS. Journal of Personality Assessment, 67(2), 244–257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romine, C. B., Lee, D., Wolfe, M. E., Homack, S., George, C., & Riccio, C. A. (2004). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test with children: A meta-analytic study of sensitivity and specificity. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19, 1027–1041. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2003.12.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, J. J., Blacksmith, J. L., Kreiner, D. S., & Glass Umfleet, L. (2018). Use of the 21-Item Test with children and adolescents 5 to 16 years of age. Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 7(4), 354-365.
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, J. J., Turpin, D. M., & Kreiner, D. S. (2012). Specificity of the 21-Item Test in two elderly samples. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 19(6), 723–740.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmand, B., & Lindeboom, J. (2004). Amsterdam Short-Term Memory Test. Leiden, The Netherlands: Pits Test Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Schneider, H. E., Kirk, J. W., & Mahone, E. M. (2014). Utility of the test of memory malingering (TOMM) in children ages 4–7 years with and without ADHD. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 28(7), 1133–1145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sellers, S., Byrne, M. K., & Golus, P. (2006). The Detection of Malingered Psychopathology and Cognitive Deficits: Employing the Fake Bad Scale and the Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 13(1), 91-99.
   Google Scholar
• Sherman, E., & Brooks, B. (2016). Memory validity profile (MVP). Lutz, FL: PAR.
   Google Scholar
• Slick, D. J., Hopp, G., Strauss, E., & Thompson, G. B. (1997). Victoria Symptom Validity Test. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
   Google Scholar
• Stein, L. A. R., & Graham, J. R. (1999). Detecting fake-good MMPI-A profiles in a correctional facility. Psychological Assessment, 11(3), 386.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, L. A. R., & Graham, J. R. (2005). Ability of substance abusers to escape detection on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent (MMPI-A) in a juvenile correctional facility. Assessment, 12(1), 28–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, L. A. R., Graham, J. R., & Williams, C. L. (1995). Detecting fake-bad MMPI-A profiles. Journal of Personality Assessment, 65(3), 415–427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strub, R. L., & Black, F. W. (1993). The mental status examination in neurology (3rd ed. ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis Co.
   Google Scholar
• Suhr, J. A., & Boyer, D. (1999). Use of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in the detection of malingering in student simulator and patient samples. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Psychology, 21(5), 701–708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sussman, Z. W., Peterson, R. L., Connery, A. K., Baker, D. A., & Kirkwood, M. W. (2017). Utility of matrix reasoning as an embedded performance validity indicator in pediatric mild traumatic brain injury. Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 1-6.
   Google Scholar
• Sweet, J. J., & Guidotti Breting, L. M. (2013). Symptom validity test research: Status and clinical implications. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology., 4(1), 6–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobin, N. L., Seals, R. W., & Vincent, J. P. (2011). Response patterns on the parent–child relationship inventory in a simulated child custody evaluation. Journal of Child Custody, 8(4), 284–300.
   Google Scholar
• Tombaugh, T. N. (1996). TOMM: Test of Memory Malingering. Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler, D. (1999). Wechsler abbreviated scale of intelligence manual. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Welsh, A. J., Bender, H. A., Whitman, L. A., Vasserman, M., & MacAllister, W. S. (2012). Clinical utility of reliable digit span in assessing effort in children and adolescents with epilepsy. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 27(7), 735–741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wrobel, T. A., Lachar, D., Wrobel, N. H., Morgan, S. T., Gruber, C. P., & Neher, J. A. (1999). Performance of the Personality Inventory for Youth validity scales. Assessment, 6(4), 367–379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar