Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Factors in Emerging Adults:Symptomatic and Neuropsychological Correlates

References

• Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (1998). Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the depression anxiety stress scales in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 10(2), 176. doi:10.1037//1040-3590.10.2.176
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley, R. A. (1997). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychological Bulletin, 121(1), 65. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.121.1.65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley, R. A. (2011a). Barkley Adult ADHD Rating Scale-IV (BAARS-IV). New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Barkley, R. A. (2011b). Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Rating Scale (BDEFS). New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Barkley, R. A. (2012). Distinguishing sluggish cognitive tempo from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121(4), 978. doi:10.1037/a0023961
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley, R. A. (2013). Distinguishing sluggish cognitive tempo from ADHD in children and adolescents: Executive functioning, impairment, and comorbidity. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 42(2), 161–173. doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.734259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley, R. A. (2014). Sluggish cognitive tempo (concentration deficit disorder?): Current status, future directions, and a plea to change the name. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42(1), 117–125. doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9824-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley, R. A. (2018). Barkley sluggish cognitive tempo scale – children and adolescents. New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Bauermeister, J. J., Barkley, R. A., Bauermeister, J. A., Martínez, J. V., & McBurnett, K. (2012). Validity of the sluggish cognitive tempo, inattention, and hyperactivity symptom dimensions: Neuropsychological and psychosocial correlates. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40(5), 683–697. doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9602-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, S. P., Burns, G. L., Garner, A. A., Jarrett, M. A., Luebbe, A. M., Epstein, J. N., & Willcutt, E. G. (2018). Sluggish cognitive tempo in adults: Psychometric validation of the adult concentration inventory. Psychological Assessment, 30(3), 296. doi:10.1037/pas0000476
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, S. P., & Langberg, J. M. (2013). Sluggish cognitive tempo among young adolescents with ADHD: Relations to mental health, academic, and social functioning. Journal of Attention Disorders, 17(8), 681–689. doi:10.1177/1087054711435411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, S. P., Langberg, J. M., Luebbe, A. M., Dvorsky, M. R., & Flannery, A. J. (2014). Sluggish cognitive tempo is associated with academic functioning and internalizing symptoms in college students with and without attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 70(4), 388–403. doi:10.1002/jclp.22046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, S. P., Leopold, D. R., Burns, G. L., Jarrett, M. A., Langberg, J. M., Marshall, S. A., … Willcutt, E. G. (2016). The internal, external, and diagnostic validity of sluggish cognitive tempo: A meta-analysis and critical review. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 55(3), 163–178. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2015.12.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Combs, M. A., Canu, W. H., Broman-Fulks, J. J., Rocheleau, C. A., & Nieman, D. C. (2015). Perceived stress and ADHD symptoms in adults. Journal of Attention Disorders, 19(5), 425–434. doi:10.1177/1087054712459558
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Combs, M. A., Canu, W. H., Fulks, J. J. B., & Nieman, D. C. (2014). Impact of sluggish cognitive tempo and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms on adults’ quality of life. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 9(4), 981–995. doi:10.1007/s11482-013-9281-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conners, C., Erhardt, D., & Sparrow, E. (1998). The Conners’ Adult ADHD rating scale (CAARS). Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Cook, C., Bolinger, E., & Suhr, J. A. (2016). Further validation of the CAARS Infrequency Index (CII) for detection of noncredible report of ADHD symptoms. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 31(4), 358–364. doi:10.1093/arclin/acw015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook, C., Buelow, M. T., Lee, E., Howell, A., Morgan, B., Patel, K., … Suhr, J. (2017). Malingered attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder on the conners’ adult ADHD rating scales: Do reasons for malingering matter? Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 36(6), 552–561. doi:10.1177/0734282917696934
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeRight, J., & Jorgensen, R. S. (2015). I just want my research credit: Frequency of suboptimal effort in a non-clinical healthy undergraduate sample. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 29, 101–117. doi:10.1080/13854046.2014.989267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenollar Cortés, J., Servera, M., Becker, S. P., & Burns, G. L. (2017). External validity of ADHD inattention and sluggish cognitive tempo dimensions in Spanish children with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 21(8), 655–666. doi:10.1177/1087054714548033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flannery, A. J., Becker, S. P., & Luebbe, A. M. (2016). Does emotion dysregulation mediate the association between sluggish cognitive tempo and college students’ social impairment? Journal of Attention Disorders, 20(9), 802–812. doi:10.1177/1087054714527794
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flannery, A. J., Luebbe, A. M., & Becker, S. P. (2017). Sluggish cognitive tempo is associated with poorer study skills, more executive functioning deficits, and greater impairment in college students. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 73(9), 1091–1113. doi:10.1002/jclp.22406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golden, C. J. (1978). Stroop color and word test: A manual for clinical and experimental uses. Chicago, IL: Stoelting.
   Google Scholar
• Green, P. (2003). The word memory test. Alberta, CA: Green’s Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Harrison, A. G., & Armstrong, I. T. (2020). Differences in performance on the test of variables of attention between credible vs. noncredible individuals being screened for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Applied Neuropsychology. Child, 1–9. doi:10.1080/21622965.2020.1750115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison, A. G., Flaro, L., & Armstrong, I. (2015). Rates of effort test failure in children with ADHD: An exploratory study. Applied Neuropsychology. Child, 4(3), 197–210. doi:10.1080/21622965.2013.850581
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison, A. G., Lee, G., & Suhr, J. (in press). Use of performance validity tests and symptom validity tests in assessment of specific learning disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In K. Boone (Ed.), Detection of noncredible cognitive performance (2nd ed.). NY, USA: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Hartman, C. A., Willcutt, E. G., Rhee, S. H., & Pennington, B. F. (2004). The relation between sluggish cognitive tempo and DSM-IV ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 32(5), 491–503. doi:10.1023/B:JACP.0000037779.85211.29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson, L. A., Geist, M., & Mahone, E. M. (2018). Sluggish cognitive tempo, processing speed, and internalizing symptoms: The moderating effect of age. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 46(1), 127–135. doi:10.1007/s10802-017-0281-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarrett, M. A., Rapport, H. F., Rondon, A. T., & Becker, S. P. (2017). ADHD dimensions and sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms in relation to self-report and laboratory measures of neuropsychological functioning in college students. Journal of Attention Disorders, 21(8), 673–683. doi:10.1177/1087054714560821
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kofler, M. J., Irwin, L. N., Sarver, D. E., Fosco, W. D., Miller, C. E., Spiegel, J. A., & Becker, S. P. (2019). What cognitive processes are “sluggish” in sluggish cognitive tempo? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 87(11), 1030. doi:10.1037/ccp0000446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lahey, B. B., Pelham, W. E., Stein, M. A., Loney, J., Trapani, C., Nugent, K., … Baumann, B. (1998). Validity of DSM‐IV attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder for younger children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(7), 695–702. doi:10.1097/00004583-199807000-00008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leopold, D. R., Bryan, A. D., Pennington, B. F., & Willcutt, E. G. (2015). Evaluating the construct validity of adult ADHD and SCT among college students: A multitrait-multimethod analysis of convergent and discriminant validity. Journal of Attention Disorders, 19(3), 200–210. doi:10.1177/1087054714553051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovett, B. J., Wood, W. L., & Lewandowski, L. J. (2020). Differential diagnosis of sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms in college students. Journal of Attention Disorders, 1087054719896856.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAuley, T., Chen, S., Goos, L., Schachar, R., & Crosbie, J. (2010). Is the behavior rating inventory of executive function more strongly associated with measures of impairment or executive function? Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS, 16(3), 495. doi:10.1017/S1355617710000093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McBurnett, K., Villodas, M., Burns, G. L., Hinshaw, S. P., Beaulieu, A., & Pfiffner, L. J. (2014). Structure and validity of sluggish cognitive tempo using an expanded item pool in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42(1), 37–48. doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9801-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikami, A. Y., Huang-Pollock, C. L., Pfiffner, L. J., McBurnett, K., & Hangai, D. (2007). Social skills differences among attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder types in a chat room assessment task. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35(4), 509–521. doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9108-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milich, R., Balentine, A. C., & Lynam, D. R. (2001). ADHD combined type and ADHD predominantly inattentive type are distinct and unrelated disorders. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 8(4), 463–488.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller, A. K., Tucha, L., Koerts, J., Groen, Y., Lange, K. W., & Tucha, O. (2014). Sluggish cognitive tempo and its neurocognitive, social and emotive correlates: A systematic review of the current literature. Journal of Molecular Psychiatry, 2(1), 1–13. doi:10.1186/2049-9256-2-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Penny, A. M., Waschbusch, D. A., Klein, R. M., Corkum, P., & Eskes, G. (2009). Developing a measure of sluggish cognitive tempo for children: Content validity, factor structure, and reliability. Psychological Assessment, 21(3), 380. doi:10.1037/a0016600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinvall, O., Kujala, T., Voutilainen, A., Moisio, A. L., Lahti‐Nuuttila, P., & Laasonen, M. (2017). Sluggish cognitive tempo in children and adolescents with higher functioning autism spectrum disorders: Social impairments and internalizing symptoms. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 58(5), 389–399. doi:10.1111/sjop.12379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reitan, R. M., & Wolfson, D. (1995). Category test and trail making test as measures of frontal lobe functions. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 9(1), 50–56. doi:10.1080/13854049508402057
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, E. V., & Rogers, R. (2018). Detection of feigned ADHD across two domains: The MMPI-2-RF and CAARS for faked symptoms and TOVA for simulated attention deficits. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 40, 376–385. doi:10.1007/s10862-017-9640-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, T. P., Poston, A. M., Rein, P. A., Salvatore, A. N., Wills, N. L., & York, T. M. (2016). Performance invalidity base rates among healthy undergraduate research participants. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 31, 97–104. doi:10.1093/arclin/acv062
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos, O. A., Kazakov, D., Reamer, M. K., Park, S. E., & Osmon, D. C. (2014). Effort in college undergraduates is sufficient on the word memory test. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 29, 609–613. doi:10.1093/arclin/acu039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silver, C. H. (2014). Sources of data about children’s executive functioning: Review and commentary. Child Neuropsychology, 20(1), 1–13. doi:10.1080/09297049.2012.727793
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, Z. R., Becker, S. P., Garner, A. A., Rudolph, C. W., Molitor, S. J., Oddo, L. E., & Langberg, J. M. (2018). Evaluating the structure of sluggish cognitive tempo using confirmatory factor analytic and bifactor modeling with parent and youth ratings. Assessment, 25(1), 99–111. doi:10.1177/1073191116653471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suhr, J. A., Buelow, M., & Riddle, T. (2011). Development of an infrequency index for the CAARS. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 29(2), 160–170. doi:10.1177/0734282910380190
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suhr, J. A., Lee, G. J., & Angers, K. (in press). Validity testing in academic evaluations. In R. W. Schroeder & P. K. Martin (Eds.), Performance validity testing in clinical settings.
   Google Scholar
• Tamm, L., Brenner, S. B., Bamberger, M. E., & Becker, S. P. (2018). Are sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms associated with executive functioning in preschoolers? Child Neuropsychology, 24(1), 82–105. doi:10.1080/09297049.2016.1225707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ten Eycke, K. D., & Dewey, D. (2016). Parent-report and performance-based measures of executive function assess different constructs. Child Neuropsychology, 22(8), 889–906. doi:10.1080/09297049.2015.1065961
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wåhlstedt, C., & Bohlin, G. (2010). DSM-IV-defined inattention and sluggish cognitive tempo: Independent and interactive relations to neuropsychological factors and comorbidity. Child Neuropsychology, 16(4), 350–365. doi:10.1080/09297041003671176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler, D. (2008). Wechsler adult intelligence scale – fourth edition (WAIS-IV). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Willcutt, E. G., Chhabildas, N., Kinnear, M., DeFries, J. C., Olson, R. K., Leopold, D. R., … Pennington, B. F. (2014). The internal and external validity of sluggish cognitive tempo and its relation with DSM–IV ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42(1), 21–35. doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9800-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, W. L., Lewandowski, L. J., Lovett, B. J., & Antshel, K. M. (2017). Executive dysfunction and functional impairment associated with sluggish cognitive tempo in emerging adulthood. Journal of Attention Disorders, 21(8), 691–700. doi:10.1177/1087054714560822
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, W. L., Potts, H. E., Lewandowski, L. J., & Lovett, B. J. (2017). Sluggish cognitive tempo and speed of performance. Journal of Attention Disorders, 21(8), 684–690. doi:10.1177/1087054716666322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar