2,736
Views
818
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Empirical contributions

A normative‐developmental study of executive function: A window on prefrontal function in children

, &
Pages 131-149 | Published online: 04 Nov 2009

References

  • Appellof , E. S. and Augustine , E. A. 1986 . Prefrontal functions in juvenile delinquents . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 7 : 604
  • Becker , M. G. , Isaac , W. and Hynd , G. 1987 . Neuropsychological development of non‐verbal behaviors attributed to “frontal lobe”; functioning . Developmental Neuropsychology , 3 : 275 – 298 .
  • Bianchi , L. 1977 . The mechanism of the brain and the function of the frontal lobes , Edinburgh, , Scotland : Livingstone .
  • Block , J. , Block , J. H. and Harrington , D. M. 1974 . Some misgivings about the Matching Familiar Figures Test as a measure of reflection‐impulsivity . Developmental Psychology , 10 : 611 – 632 .
  • Borys , S. V. , Spitz , H. H. and Dorans , B. A. 1982 . Tower of Hanoi performance of retarded young adults and nonretarded children as a function of solution length and goal state . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 33 : 87 – 110 .
  • Brown , A. L. and DeLoache , J. S. 1978 . “ Skills, plans, and self‐regulation: ” . In Children's thinking: What develops? , Edited by: Siegler , R. S. 3 – 35 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. .
  • Brown , A. L. and Scott , S. S. 1971 . Recognition memory for pictures in preschool children . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 11 : 401 – 412 .
  • Bruner , J. 1973 . Organization of early skilled action . Child Development , 44 : 1 – 11 .
  • Case , R. 1985 . Intellectual development: Birth to adulthood , Orlando, FL : Academic .
  • Chelune , G. J. and Baer , R. L. 1986 . Developmental norms for the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 8 : 219 – 228 .
  • Chelune , G. J. and Thompson , L. L. 1987 . Evaluation of the general sensitivity of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test among younger and older children . Developmental Neuropsychology , 3 : 81 – 90 .
  • Chugami , H. T. and Phelps , M. E. 1986 . Maturational changes in cerebral function in infants determined by FDG positron emission tomography . Science , 231 : 840 – 843 .
  • Churchland , P. S. 1986 . Neurophilosophy: Toward a united science of mind/brain , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
  • Damasio , A. R. 1985 . “ The frontal lobes ” . In Clinical neuropsychology , Edited by: Heilman , K. M. and Valenstein , E. 339 – 375 . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • DeLoache , J. S. and Brown , A. L. 1984 . Where do I go next? Intelligent searching by very young children . Developmental Psychology , 20 : 37 – 44 .
  • Diamond , A. 1988 . “ Differences between adult and infant congition: Is the crucial variable presence or absence of language? ” . In Thought without language , Edited by: Weiskrantz , L. 337 – 370 . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Diamond , A. and Goldman‐Rakic , P. S. . Evidence that maturation of frontal cortex of the brain underlies behavioral changes during the first year of life: I. The AB task . Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development . Toronto. April ,
  • Douglas , V. 1983 . “ Attentional and cognitive problems ” . In Developmental neuropsychiatry , Edited by: Rutter , M. 280 – 329 . New York : Guilford .
  • Fuster , J. M. 1985 . The preferred cortex: Mediator of cross‐temporal contingencies . Human Neurobiology , 4 : 169 – 179 .
  • Fuster , J. M. 1987 . “ Single‐unit studies of the prefrontal cortex ” . In The frontal lobes revisited , Edited by: Perecman , E. 109 – 120 . New York : Institute for Research in Behavioral Neuroscience .
  • Goldberg , E. 1986 . Varieties of perseveration: A comparison of two taxonomies . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 8 : 710 – 726 .
  • Goldberg , E. and Tucker , D. 1979 . Motor preservation and long‐term memory for visual forms . Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology , 1 : 273 – 288 .
  • Golden , C. J. 1981 . “ The Luria‐Nebraska Children's Battery: Theory and formulation ” . In Neuropsychological assessment and the school‐age child , Edited by: Hynd , G. W. and Obrzut , J. E. 277 – 302 . New York : Grune & Stratton .
  • Goldman‐Rakic , P. S. 1987 . Development of cortical circuitry and cognitive function . Child Development , 58 : 601 – 622 .
  • Goldman‐Rakic , P. S. , Isseroff , A. , Schwartz , M. and Bugbee , N. 1983 . “ The Neurobiology of cognitive development ” . In Paul H. Mussen handbook of child psychology Vol. 2, infancy and developmental psychobiology , Edited by: Haith , M. M. and Campos , J. Vol. 2 , 281 – 344 . New York : Wiley .
  • Grant , D. S. and Berg , E. A. 1948 . A behavioral analysis of degree of reinforcement and ease of shifting to new responses in a Weigl‐type card sorting problem . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 321 : 404 – 411 .
  • Haith , M. M. , Hazan , C. and Goodman , G. S. 1988 . Expectation and anticipation of dynamic visual events by 3.5 month‐old babies . Child Development , 59 : 467 – 479 .
  • Heaton , R. K. 1981 . Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Manual , Odessa, FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .
  • Huttenlocher , P. R. 1979 . Synaptic density in human frontal cortex‐developmental change and effects of aging . Brain Research , 163 : 195 – 205 .
  • Ingvar , D. H. 1985 . “Memory of the future”;: An essay on the temporal organization of conscious awareness . Human Neurobiology , 4 : 127 – 136 .
  • Kagan , J. , Rosman , B. L. , Day , L. , Albert , J. and Phillips , W. 1964 . Information processing in the child: Significiance of analytic and reflective attitudes . Psychological Monographs , 78 (1) Whole No. 578
  • Karat , J. 1982 . A model of problem solving with incomplete constraint knowledge . Cognitive Psychology , 14 : 538 – 539 .
  • Kirk , U. and Kelly , M. A. 1986 . Children's differential performance on selected dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior cortical functions: A developmental perspective . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 7 : 604
  • Klahr , D. 1978 . “ Goal formation, planning, and learning by preschool problem solvers or: “My socks are in the dryer.”; ” . In Children's thinking: What develops? , Edited by: Siegler , R. 181 – 211 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. .
  • Klahr , D. and Robinson , M. 1981 . Formal assessment of problem‐solving and planning processes in preschool children . Cognitive Psychology , 13 : 113 – 148 .
  • Kopp , C. B. 1982 . Antecedents of self‐regulation: A developmental perspective . Developmental Psychology , 18 : 199 – 214 .
  • Lezak , M. D. 1983 . Neuropsychological assessment , (2nd ed.) , New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Luria , A. R. 1973 . The working brain , New York : Basic Books .
  • Luria , A. R. and Homskaya , E. D. 1964 . “ Disturbance in the regulative role of speech with frontal lobe lesions ” . In The frontal granular cortex and behavior , Edited by: Warren , J. M. and Akert , K. 353 – 371 . New York : McGraw‐Hill .
  • Mattes , J. 1980 . The role of frontal lobe dysfunction in childhood hyperkinesis . Comprehensive Psychiatry , 21 : 358 – 369 .
  • McCarthy , D. 1972 . Manual for the McCarthy Scales for Children's Abilities , New York : The Psychological Corp. .
  • Miller , P. H. and Weiss , M. G. 1981 . Children's attention allocation, understanding of attention, and performance on the incidental learning task . Child Development , 52 : 1183 – 1190 .
  • Milner , B. 1963 . Effects of different brain lesions on card sorting . Archives of Neurology , 9 : 90 – 100 .
  • Milner , B. 1964 . “ Some effects of frontal lobectomy in man ” . In The frontal granular cortex and behavior , Edited by: Warren , J. M. and Akert , K. 313 – 334 . New York : McGraw‐Hill .
  • Mischel , W. and Patterson , C. J. 1979 . “ Effective plans for self‐control in children ” . In Minnesota symposia on child psychology , Edited by: Collins , W. A. Vol. 11 , 199 – 230 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. .
  • Neisser , U. 1967 . Cognitive psychology , New York : Appleton‐Century‐Crofts .
  • Passler , M. A. , Isaac , W. and Hynd , G. W. 1985 . Neuropsychological development of behavior attributed to frontal lobe functioning in children . Developmental Neuropsychology , 1 : 349 – 370 .
  • Pennington , B. F. , Van Doorninck , W. J. , McCabe , L. L. and McCable , E. R. B. 1985 . Neurological deficits in early‐treated phenylketonurics . American Journal of Mental Deficiency , 89 : 467 – 474 .
  • Piaget , J. 1954 . The construction of reality in the child , New York : Basic Books .
  • Rader , N. , Leaper , C. and Welsh , M. C. . Verbally‐guided visual search in reflective children . Paper presented at the meeting of the Psychonomic Society . Philadelphia. November ,
  • Rakic , P. , Bourgeois , J. P. , Zecevic , N. , Eckenhoff , M. F. and Goldman‐Rakic , P. S. 1986 . Concurrent overproduction of synapes in diverse regions of the primate cerebral cortex . Science , 232 : 232 – 235 .
  • Shallice , T. 1982 . “ Specific impairments of planning ” . In The neuropsychology of cognitive function , Edited by: Broadbent , D. E. and Weiskrantz , L. 199 – 209 . London : The Royal Society .
  • Shute , G. E. and Huertas , V. 1990 . Developmental variability in frontal lobe function, . Developmental Neuropsychology , 6 : 1 – 11 .
  • Simon , H. A. 1975 . The functional equivalence of problem solving skills . Cognitive Psychology , 7 : 268 – 288 .
  • Stuss , D. T. and Benson , F. 1984 . Neuropsychological studies of frontal lobes . Psychological Bulletin , 95 : 3 – 28 .
  • Teuber , H. L. 1964 . “ The riddle of frontal lobe function in man ” . In The frontal granular cortex and behavior , Edited by: Warren , J. M. and Akert , K. 410 – 444 . New York : McGraw‐Hill .
  • Teuber , H. L. , Battersby , W. S. and Bender , M. B. 1955 . Changes in visual searching performance following cerebral lesions . American Journal of Physiology , 159 : 592
  • Walsh , K. W. 1978 . Neuropsychology: A clinical approach , New York : Churchill Livingstone .
  • Warrington , E. K. , James , M. and Maciejewski , C. 1986 . The WAIS as a lateralizing and localizing diagnostic instrument: A study of 656 patients with unilateral cerebral lesion . Neuropsychologia , 24 : 223 – 236 .
  • Welsh , M. C. 1987 . Verbal mediation underlying inductive reasoning: Cognitive tempo differences . Cognitive Development , 2 : 37 – 57 .
  • Welsh , M. C. and Pennington , B. F. 1988 . Assessing frontal lobe function in children: Views from developmental psychology . Developmental Psychology , 4 : 199 – 230 .
  • Welsh , M. C. , Pennington , B. F. and McCabe , E. 1987 . Performance of preschool phenylketonuric (PKU) children in prefrontal measures . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 9 : 28
  • Welsh , M. C. , Pennington , B. F. , Ozonoff , S. , Rouse , B. and McCabe , E. 1990 . Neuropsychology of early‐treated PKU: Specific executive function deficits . Child Development , 61 : 1697 – 1713 .
  • White , S. H. 1970 . Some general outlines of the matrix of developmental changes between five and seven . Bulletin of the Orton Society , 20 : 41 – 57 .
  • Willatts , P. “ Development of problem solving ” . In Infant development , Edited by: Slatert , A. and Bremner , J. G. Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. . (in press)

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.