A 10‐year longitudinal study of cognitive changes in elderly persons

References

• Albert , M. S. 1988 . “ General issues in geriatric neuropsychology ” . In Geriatric neuropsychology , Edited by: Albert , M. S. and Moss , M. B. 3 – 10 . New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Aysto , S. and Das , J. P. 1993 . Cognitive and neuropsychological profiles in the elderly . Developmental Neuropsychology , 9 : 283 – 303 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachman , D. L. , Wolf , P. A. , Linn , R. T. , Knoefel , J. E. , Cobb , J. L. , Belanger , A. J. , White , L. R. and D'Agostino , R. B. 1993 . Incidence of dementia and probable Alzheimer's disease in a general population: The Framingham Study . Neurology , 43 : 515 – 519 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker , J. T. , Nebes , R. D. and Boiler , F. 1987 . “ La neuropsychologie du vieillessement normal [The neuropsychology of normal aging] ” . In Neuropsychologie et neurologie du comportement , Edited by: Botez , M. I. 371 – 379 . Montreal : Presses de l'Université de Montreal .
   Google Scholar
• Benton , A. L. , Eslinger , P. J. and Damasio , A. R. 1981 . Normative observations on neuropsychological test performances in old age . Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology , 3 : 33 – 42 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benton , A. L. and Tranel , D. 1993 . “ Visuoperceptual, visuospatial, and visuoconstructive disorders ” . In Clinical neuropsychology , 3rd ed. , Edited by: Heilman , K. M. and Valenstein , E. 165 – 213 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cerella , J. 1990 . “ Aging and information‐processing rate ” . In Handbook of the psychology of aging , 3rd ed. , Edited by: Birren , J. E. and Schaie , K. W. 201 – 221 . New York : Academic .
   Google Scholar
• Drachman , D. A. 1994 . If we live long enough, will we all be demented? . Neurology , 44 : 1563 – 1565 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebly , E. M. , Partiad , I. M. , Hogan , D. B. and Fung , T. S. 1994 . Prevalence and types of dementia in the very old: Results from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging . Neurology , 44 : 1593 – 1500 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elias , M. F. , Elias , J. W. and Elias , P. K. 1990 . “ Biological and health influences on behavior ” . In Handbook of the psychology of aging , 3rd ed. , Edited by: Birren , J. E. and Schale , K. W. 79 – 102 . New York : Academic .
   Google Scholar
• Gilinsky , A. S. and Judd , B. B. 1994 . Working memory and bias in reasoning across the life span . Psychology ard Aging , 9 : 356 – 371 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haaland , K. Y. , Linn , R. T. , Hunt , W. C. and Goodwin , J. S. 1983 . A normative study of Russell's variant of the Wechsler Memory Scale in a healthy elderly population . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 51 : 878 – 881 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haaland , K. Y. , Vranes , L. F. , Goodwin , J. S. and Garry , P. J. 1987 . Wisconsin Card Sort test performance in a healthy elderly population . Journal of Gerontology , 42 : 345 – 346 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hagnell , O. , Ojesjo , L. and Rorsman , B. 1992 . Incidence of dementia in the Lundby Study . Neuroepidemiclogy , II (Suppl. 1) : 61 – 66 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howieson , D. B. , Holm , L. A. , Kaye , J. A. , Oken , B. S. and Howieson , J. 1993 . Neurologic function in the optimally oldest old: Neuropsychological evaluation . Neurology , 43 : 1882 – 1886 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koss , E. , Haxby , J. V. , DeCarli , C , Schapiro , M. B. , Friedland , R. P. and Rapoport , S. I. 1991 . Patterns of performance preservation and loss in healthy aging . Developmental Neuropsychology , 7 : 99 – 113 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leckliter , I. N. and Matarazzo , J. D. 1989 . The influence of age, education, IQ, gender, and alcohol abuse on Halstead‐Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery performance . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 45 : 484 – 512 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarty , S. M. , Siegler , I. G. and Logue , P. E. 1982 . Cross‐sectional and longitudinal patterns of three Wechsler Memcry Scale subtests . Journal of Gerontology , 37 : 169 – 175 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mortimer , J. A. and Craves , A. B. 1993 . Education and other socioeconomic determinants of dementia and Alzheimer's disease . Neurology , 43 (Suppl. 4) : S39 – S44 .
   Google Scholar
• Powell , D. H. and Whitla , D. K. 1994 . Normal cognitive aging: Toward empirical perspectives . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 3 : 27 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salthouse , T. A. 1985 . A theory of cognitive aging , Amsterdam : North‐Holland .
   Google Scholar
• Salthouse , T. A. 1994 . The nature of the influence of speed on adult age differences in cognition . Developmental Psychology , 30 : 240 – 259 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaie , K. W. 1989 . Perceptual speed in adulthood: Cross‐sectional and longitudinal studies . Psychology and Aging , 4 : 443 – 453 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaie , K. W. 1994 . The course of adult intellectual development . American Psychologist , 49 : 304 – 313 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spirduso , W. W. and MacRae , P. G. 1990 . “ Motor performance and aging ” . In Handbook of the psychology of aging , 3rd ed. , Edited by: Birren , J. E. and Schaie , K. W. 183 – 200 . New York : Academic .
   Google Scholar
• Tranel , D. 1993 . “ The role of neuropsychology in the diagnosis and management of cerebrovascular disease ” . In Handbook of cerebrovascular diseases , Edited by: Adams , H. P. Jr. 613 – 636 . New York : Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Tranel , D. 1996 . “ The Iowa‐Benton school of neuropsychological assessment ” . In Neuropsychological assessment of neuropsychiatrie disorders , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Grant , I. and Adams , K. M. 81 – 101 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Van Gorp , W. G. , Satz , P. and Mitrushina , M. 1990 . Neuropsychological processes associated with normal aging . Developmental Neuropsychology , 6 : 279 – 290 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wernicke , T. F. and Reischies , F. M. 1994 . Prevalence of dementia in old age: Clinical diagnoses in subjects aged 95 years and older . Neurology , 44 : 250 – 253 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar