453
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Take a Deep Breath: Coping and the Cognitive Consequences of Racial Microaggression among Black College Women

ORCID Icon &
Pages 1-20 | Published online: 14 Jul 2022

References

  • Abrams, Z. (2020). APA calls for true systemic change in U. S. Culture. Monitor on Psychology, 51(6). September http://www.apa.org/monitor/2020/09/systemic-change
  • Alberts, H. J., Martijn, C., & De Vries, N. K. (2011). Fighting self-control failure: Overcoming ego depletion by increasing self-awareness. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47(1), 58–62. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.08.004
  • Allen, T. N., & Lewis, A. (2016). Looking through a glass darkly: Reflections on power, leadership and the Black female professional. The Journal of Values-Based Leadership, 9(2), 10. https://scholar.valpo.edu/jvbl/vol9/iss2/10
  • Bair, A. N., & Steele, J. R. (2010). Examining the consequences of exposure to racism for the executive functioning of Black students. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(1), 127–132. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.08.016
  • Banks, B. M., & Cicciarelli, K. (2019). Microaggressive classroom language and diminished cognitive functioning. Journal for Multicultural Education, 13(3), 276–287. doi:10.1108/JME-05-2019-0039
  • Banks, B. M., & Landau, S. E. (2021). Cognitive effects of racial microaggressions directed at Black college women. Journal of Negro Education, 90(1), 84–95. https://www.muse.jhu.edu/article/820521
  • Brown Givens, S. M., & Monahan, J. L. (2005). Priming mammies, jezebels, and other controlling images: An examination of the influence of mediated stereotypes on perceptions of an African-American woman. Media Psychology, 7(1), 87–106. doi:10.1207/S1532785XMEP0701_5
  • Chang, K.-L., Fillingim, R., Hurley, R. W., & Schmidt, S. (2015). Chronic pain management: Nonpharmacological therapies for chronic pain. FP Essentials, 432, 21–26.
  • Chen, Y. F., Huang, X. Y., Chien, C. H., & Cheng, J. F. (2017). The effectiveness of diaphragmatic breathing relaxation training for reducing anxiety. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 53(4), 329–336. doi:10.1111/ppc.12184
  • Crenshaw, K. (1990). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241. doi:10.2307/1229039
  • Dale, S. K., & Safren, S. A. (2019). Gendered racial microaggressions predict posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and cognitions among Black women living with HIV. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 11(7), 685. doi:10.1037/tra0000467
  • Dale, S. K., Dean, T., Sharma, R., Reid, R., Saunders, S., & Safren, S. A. (2019). Microaggressions and discrimination relate to barriers to care among black women living with HIV. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 33(4), 175–183. doi:10.1089/apc.2018.0258
  • Dickens, D. D., Womack, V. Y., & Dimes, T. (2019). Managing hypervisibility: An exploration of theory and research on identity shifting strategies in the workplace among Black women. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 113, 153–163. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2018.10.008
  • Domingue, A. D. (2015). “Our leaders are just we ourself”: Black women college student leaders’ experiences with oppression and sources of nourishment on a predominantly White college campus. Equity & Excellence in Education, 48(3), 454–472. doi:10.1080/10665684.2015.1056713
  • Donovan, R. A., Galban, D. J., Grace, R. K., Bennett, J. K., & Felicié, S. Z. (2013). Impact of racial macro-and microaggressions in Black women’s lives: A preliminary analysis. Journal of Black Psychology, 39(2), 185–196. doi:10.1177/0095798412443259
  • Fontaine, N. (2011). From mammy to Madea, and examination of the behaviors of Tyler Perry’s Madea character in relation to the mammy, jezebel, and sapphire stereotypes [Master’s thesis]. Retrieved from Georgia State University Library.
  • Friedman, G. (2020, August 23). Here’s what companies are promising to do to fight racism. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/article/companies-racism-george-floyd-protests.html
  • Friese, M., Messner, C., & Schaffner, Y. (2012). Mindfulness meditation counteracts self-control depletion. Consciousness and Cognition, 21(2), 1016–1022. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2012.01.008
  • Friese, M., Loschelder, D. D., Gieseler, K., Frankenbach, J., & Inzlicht, M. (2019). Is ego depletion real? An analysis of arguments. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 23(2), 107–131. doi:10.1177/1088868318762183
  • Harper, S. R. (2020). COVID-19 and the racial equity implications of reopening college and university campuses. American Journal of Education, 127(1), doi:10.1086/711095
  • Harwood, S., Huntt, M. B., Mendenhall, R., & Lewis, J. (2012). Racial microaggressions in the residence halls: Experiences of students of color at a predominantly White university. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 5(3), 159–173. doi:10.1037/a0028956
  • Holder, A., Jackson, M. A., & Ponterotto, J. G. (2015). Racial microaggression experiences and coping strategies of Black women in corporate leadership. Qualitative Psychology, 2(2), 164. doi:10.1037/qup0000024
  • Hunte, R. (2016). Black women and race and gender tensions in the trades. Peace Review, 28(4), 436–443. doi:10.1080/10402659.2016.1237087
  • Johnson, D. R., Wasserman, T. H., Yildirim, N., & Yonai, B. A. (2014). Examining the effects of stress and campus climate on the persistence of students of color and White students: An application of Bean and Eaton’s psychological model of retention. Research in Higher Education, 55(1), 75–100. doi:10.1007/s11162-013-9304-9
  • Kilgore, A. M., Kraus, R., & Littleford, L. N. (2020). “But I’m not allowed to be mad”: How Black women cope with gendered racial microaggressions through writing. Translational Issues in Psychological Science, 6(4) Advance online publication, 372–382. doi:10.1037/tps0000259.
  • Lewis, J. A., Mendenhall, R., Harwood, S. A., & Huntt, M. B. (2013). Coping with gendered racial microaggressions among Black college students. Journal of African American Studies, 17(1), 51–73. doi:10.1007/s12111-012-9219-0
  • Lewis, J. A., Mendenhall, R., Harwood, S. A., & Browne Huntt, M. (2016). “Ain’t I a woman?” Perceived gendered racial microaggressions experienced by Black women. The Counseling Psychologist, 44(5), 758–780. doi:10.1177/0011000016641193
  • Love, D. (2009). Student retention through the lens of campus climate, racial stereotypes, and faculty relationships. Journal of Diversity Management, 4, 21–26.
  • Ma, X., Yue, Z. Q., Gong, Z. Q., Zhang, H., Duan, N. Y., Shi, Y. T., … Li, Y. F. (2017). The effect of diaphragmatic breathing on attention, negative affect and stress in healthy adults. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 874. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00874
  • McCabe, J. (2009). Racial and gender microaggressions on a predominantly-White campus: Experiences of Black, Latina/o and White undergraduates. Race, Gender & Class, 16, 133–151. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41658864
  • Mills, K. J. (2020). “It’s systemic”: Environmental racial microaggressions experienced by Black undergraduates at a predominantly White institution. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 13(1), 44. doi:10.1037/dhe0000121
  • Morales, E. M. (2014). Intersectional impact: Black students and race, gender and class microaggressions in higher education. Race, Gender & Class, 21, 48–66.
  • Muraven, M., Tice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1998). Self-control as limited resource: Regulatory depletion patterns. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(3), 774–789. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.774
  • Murphy, M. C., Richeson, J. A., Shelton, J. N., Rheinschmidt, M. L., & Bergsieker, H. B. (2012). Cognitive costs of contemporary prejudice. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 1–12. doi:10.1177/1368430212468170
  • Nadal, K. L., Wong, Y., Griffin, K. E., Davidoff, K., & Sriken, J. (2014). The adverse impact of racial microaggressions on college students’ self-esteem. Journal of College Student Development, 55(5), 461–474. doi:10.1353/csd.2014.0051
  • Pierce, C. (1970). Offensive mechanisms. In F. B. Barbour (Ed.), The Black seventies (pp. 265–282). Porter Sargent Publisher.
  • Pittman, C. T. (2012). Racial microaggressions: The narratives of African American faculty at a predominantly White university. Journal of Negro Education, 81(1), 82–92. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7709/jnegroeducation.81.1.0082
  • Reynolds-Dobbs, W., Thomas, K. M., & Harrison, M. S. (2008). From Mammy to superwoman images that hinder Black women’s career development. Journal of Career Development, 35(2), 129–150. doi:10.1177/0894845308325645
  • Roland, E., & Agosto, V. (2017). Black women resident assistants: Seeking and serving as bridges, mentors, advisors, filters, and community builders. NASPA Journal about Women in Higher Education, 10(2), 186–201. doi:10.1080/19407882.2017.1331855
  • Salvatore, J., & Shelton, J. N. (2007). Cognitive costs of exposure to racial prejudice. Psychological Science, 18(9), 810–815. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01984.x
  • Siegrist, M. (1997). Test-retest reliability of different versions of the Stroop test. The Journal of Psychology, 131(3), 299–306. doi:10.1080/00223989709603516
  • Smith, W. A., Mustaffa, J. B., Jones, C. M., Curry, T. J., & Allen, W. R. (2016). ‘You make me wanna holler and throw up both my hands!’: Campus culture, Black misandric microaggressions, and racial battle fatigue. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 29(9), 1189–1209. doi:10.1080/09518398.2016.1214296
  • Solórzano, D., Ceja, M., & Yosso, T. (2000). Critical race theory, racial microaggressions, and campus racial climate: The experiences of African-American college students. Journal of Negro Education, 69, 60–73.
  • Solórzano, D. G., & Pérez Huber, L. (2020). Racial microaggressions: Using critical race theory to respond to everyday racism. Teachers College Press.
  • Strauss, G. P., Allen, D. N., Jorgensen, M. L., & Cramer, S. L. (2005). Test-retest reliability of standard and emotional stroop tasks: An investigation of color-word and picture-word versions. Assessment, 12(3), 330–337. doi:10.1177/1073191105276375
  • Strauss, V. (2020, May 28). University of Minnesota limits ties to Minneapolis Police Department after death of George Floyd. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2020/05/28/university-minnesota-limits-ties-minneapolis-police-department-after-death-george-floyd/
  • Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18(6), 643–662. doi:10.1037/h0054651
  • Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., Torino, G. C., Bucceri, J. M., Holder, A., Nadal, K. L., & Esquilin, M. (2007). Racial microaggressions in everyday life: Implications for clinical practice. American Psychologist, 62(4), 271. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.62.4.271
  • Sue, D. W. (2010). Microaggressions in everyday life: Race, gender, and sexual orientation. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Townsend, C. V. (2021). Identity politics: Why African American women are missing in administrative leadership in public higher education. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 49(4), 584–600. doi:10.1177/1741143220935455
  • Wegner, D. M., Schneider, D., Carter, S. R., & White, X. L. (1987). Paradoxical effects of thought suppression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(1), 5–13. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.53.1.5
  • Winkle-Wagner, R., Kelly, B. T., Luedke, C. L., & Reavis, T. B. (2019). Authentically me: Examining expectations that are placed upon Black women in college. American Educational Research Journal, 56(2), 407–443. doi:10.3102/0002831218798326
  • Yosso, T., Smith, W., Ceja, M., & Solórzano, D. (2009). Critical race theory, racial microaggressions, and campus racial climate for Latina/o undergraduates. Harvard Educational Review, 79(4), 659–691. doi:10.17763/haer.79.4.m6867014157m707l
  • Zeiders, K. H., Landor, A. M., Flores, M., & Brown, A. (2018). Microaggressions and diurnal cortisol: Examining within-person associations among African-American and Latino young adults. Journal of Adolescent Health, 63(4), 482–488. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.04.018

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.