References
- Chasnoff 1J, Lewis DE, Griffith DR, Willey S. Cocaine and pregnancy: Clinical and toxicological implications for the neonate. Clin Chem. 1989;35: 1276–1278.
- Cohen ME, Anday EK, Kelley NE, Hoffman HS. Sensorineural reactivity as assessed by reflex modification in neonates following intrauterine exposure to cocaine. Pedialr Res. 1988(4pt2);23 :209A. Abstract.
- Frank DA, Bauchner H, Parker S, Huber A, Kyel-Aboagye K, Cabral H, Zuckerman B. Neonatal body proportionality and body composition after in utero exposure to cocaine and marijuana. J Pediatr. 1990;117:622–626.
- Mayes LC, Granger RH, Frank MA, Schottenfeld R, Bornstein MH. Neu-robehavioral profiles of neonates exposed to cocaine prenatally. Pediatrics. 1993;91:778–783.
- Schneider JW, Chasnoff Ii. Cocaine abuse during pregnancy: Its effects on infant motor development-A clinical perspective. Top Acute Care Trauma Reh-abil. 1987;2:59–69.
- Zuckerman B, Frank D, Hingson R, Amaro H, Levenson SM, Kayne H, Parker S, Vinci R, Aboagye K, Fried LE, Cabral H, Timperi R, Bouchner H. Ef-fects of maternal marijuana and cocaine on fetal growth. N Engl J Med. 1989;320:762–768.
- Schneider JW, Griffith DR, Chasnoff Ii. Infants exposed to cocaine in ut-ero: Implications for developmental assessment and intervention. Inf Young Child. 1989;2:25–36.
- Kandall SR. Perinatal effects of cocaine and amphetamine use during preg-nancy. Bull NY Acad Sci. 1991;67:240–255.
- Smart RG. Crack cocaine use: A review of prevalence and adverse effects. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 1991;17:13–26.
- Weiss RD, Mirin SM, Bartel RL eds. Cocaine Second Edition. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press, Inc.; 1994:27–49.
- Belenko SR. Crack and the Evolution of Anti-Drug Policy. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press; 1993.
- Pottieger AE, Tressel PA, Inciardi JA, Rosales TA. Cocaine use patterns and overdose. J Psychoactive Drugs. 1992;24:399–410.
- Gawin FH, Ellingwood EH. Cocaine and other stimulants-actions, abuse, and treatment. N Engl J Med. 1988;318:1173–1182.
- Gawin FH. Cocaine addiction: Psychology and neurophysiology. Science. 1991;251:1580–1586.
- Plessinger MA, Woods JR. The cardiovascular effects of cocaine use in pregnancy. Reprod Toxicol. 1991;5:99–113.
- Woods JR, Plessinger MA, Clark El. Effect of cocaine on uterine blood flow and fetal oxygenation. JAMA. 1987;257:957–961.
- Roe DA, Little BB, Bawdon RE, Gilstrap LC. Metabolism of cocaine by human placentas: Implications for fetal exposure. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990;163:715–718.
- Kuhar Mi. Molecular pharmacology of cocaine: A dopamine hypothesis and its implications. In: Bock GR, Whelan J eds. Cocaine: Scientific and Social Dimensions. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1992:81–95.
- Fibiger HC, Phillips AG, Brown EE. The neurobiology of cocaine-induced reinforcement. In: Bock GR, Whelan J eds. Cocaine: Scientific and Social Dimen-sions. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1992:96- I I 1.
- Wolf WA, Kuhn DM. Cocaine and serotonin neurochemistry. Neurochem Int. 1991;18:33–38.
- Gawin FH, Kleber HD. Abstinence symptomatology and psychiatric diag-nosis in cocaine abusers. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1986;43:107–113.
- Burns K, Chethik L, Burns WJ, Clark R. Dyadic disturbances in cocaine-abusing mothers and their infants. J Clin Psychol. 1991;47:316–319.
- MacGregor SN, Keith LG, Chasnoff II, Rosner MA, Chisum GM, Shaw P, Minogue JP. Cocaine use during pregnancy: Adverse perinatal outcome. Am J Ob-stet Gynecol. 1987;157:686–690.
- Dow-Edwards DL. Cocaine effects on fetal development: A comparison of clinical and animal research findings. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 1991;13:347–352.
- Frank DA, Zuckerman BS, Amaro H, Aboagye K, Bauchner H, Cabral H, Fried L, Hingson R, Kayne H, Levenson SM, Parker S, Reece H, Vinci R. Cocaine use during pregnancy: Prevalence and correlates. Pediatrics. 1988;82:888–895.
- Bailey DN. Drug screening in an unconventional matrix: Hair analysis. JAMA. 1989;262:3331.
- Mieczkowski T. New approaches in drug testing: A review of hair analysis. Ann Am Acad PoI Soc Sci. 1992;521:132–150.
- Ostrea EM, Brady M, Gause S, Raymundo AL, Stevens M. Drug screening of newborns by meconium analysis: A large-scale, prospective epidemiologic study. Pediatrics. 1992;89:107–113.
- Ostrea EM, Romero AI, Yee H. Adaptation of the meconium drug test for mass screening. J Pediatr. 1993;122:152–154.
- Graham K, Koren G, Klein J, Schneiderman J, Greenwald M. Determina-tion of gestational cocaine exposure by hair analysis. JAMA. 1989;262:3328–3330.
- Mieczkowski T, Barzelay D, Gropper B, Wish E. Concordance of three measures of cocaine use in an arrestee population: Hair, urine, and self-report. J Psychoact Drugs. 1991;23:241–249.
- Koren G, Klein J, Forman R, Graham K. Hair analysis of cocaine: Differ-entiation between systemic exposure and external contamination. J Clin Pharma-col. 1992;32: 671–675.
- Church, MW, Pintcheff BF, Gessner PK. Dose-dependent consequences of cocaine in pregnancy outcome in the Long-Evans rat. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 1988;10:51–58.
- Chasnoff IJ, Burns WJ, Schnoll SH, Burns KA. Cocaine use in pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 1985;313:666–669.
- Cherukuri R, Minkoff H, Feldman J, Parekh A, Glass L. A cohort study of alkaloidal cocaine ("crack") in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1988;72:147–151.
- Dow-Edwards D. Fetal and maternal cocaine levels peak rapidly following intragastric administration in the rat. J Subst Abuse. 1990;2:427–437.
- DeVane CL, Simpkins JW, Miller RL, Braun SB. Tissue distribution of co-caine in the pregnant rat. Life Sci. 1989;45:1271–1276.
- Wiggins RC. Pharmacokinetics of cocaine in pregnancy and effects on fe-tal maturation. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1992;22:85–93.
- Moore TR, Sorg J, Miller L, Key TC, Resnick R. Hemodynamic effects of intravenous cocaine on the pregnant ewe and fetus. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1986;155: 883–888.
- Shah NS, May DA, Yates JD. Disposition of levo-[3H]cocaine in pregnant and nonpregnant mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1980;53: 279–284.
- Spear LP, Kirstein CL, Frambes NA. Cocaine effects on the developing cen-tral nervous system: Behavioral, psychopharmacological, and neurochemical stud-ies. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1989;562:290–307.
- Fackelmann KA. The maternal cocaine connection. Sci News. 1991;140: 152–153.
- Spear LP, Frambes N, Kirstein CL, Bell J, Rogers L, Youttanasumpun V, Spear NE. Neurobehavioral teratogenic effects of prenatal exposure to cocaine. Behav Teratol Soc Abstracts. 1988;37:518.
- Dow-Edwards DL, Fico T, Hutchings DE. Functional effects of cocaine given during critical periods of development. Behav Teratol Soc Abstracts. 1988;37:518.
- Needlman R, Zuckerman B, Anderson GM, Micochnick M, Cohen DJ. Cere-brospinal fluid monoamine precursors and metabolites in human neonates follow-ing in utero cocaine exposure: A preliminary study. Pediatrics. 1993;92:55–60.
- Mirochnick M, Meyer J, Cole J, Herren T, Zuckerman B. Circulating cate-cholamine concentrations in cocaine-exposed neonates: A pilot study. Pediatrics. 1991;88:481–485.
- Zuckerman B, Bresnahan K. Developmental and behavioral consequences of prenatal drug and alcohol exposure. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1991;38:1387–1406.
- Akbari HM, Kramer HK, Whitaker-Azmitia PM, Spear LP, Azmitia EC. Pre-natal cocaine exposure disrupts the development of the serotonergic system. Brain Res. 1992;572:57–63.
- Petiti DB, Cleman C. Cocaine and the risk of low birth weight. Am .1 Public Health. 1990;80:25–28.
- Frank DA, Bresnahan K, Zuckerman BS. Maternal cocaine use: Impact on child health and development. Adv Pediatr. 1993;40:65–99.
- Dicke 1M, Verges DK, Polakoski KL. Cocaine inhibits alanine uptake by human placental microvillous membrane vesicles. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993;169:515–521.
- Tomchek S. Lane SJ. Full-term low birth weight infants: Etiology and im-plications for development. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr. 1994;13(3):43–46.
- Yazigi RA, Odem RR, Polakoski KL. Demonstration of specific binding of cocaine to human spermatozoa. JA MA . 1991;266:1956–1959.
- Yazigi RA, Polakoski KL. Distribution of tritiated cocaine in selected geni-tal and nongenital organs following administration to male mice. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1992;116:1036–1039.
- Matera C, Warren WB, Moomjy M, Fink DJ, Fox HE. Prevalence of use of cocaine and other substances in an obstetric population. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990;163:797–801.
- Schutzman DL, Frankenfield-Chernicoff M, Clatterbaugh HE, Singer J. In-cidence of intrauterine cocaine exposure in a suburban setting. Pediatrics. 1991;88:825–827.
- Chasnoff Ii, Landress Hi, Barrett ME. The prevalence of illicit-drug or al-cohol use during pregnancy and discrepancies in mandatory reporting in Pinellas County, Florida. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:1202–1206.
- Thurman SK, Berry BE. Cocaine use: Implications for intervention with childbearing women and their infants. Children's Health Care. 1992;21:31–38.
- Bresnahan K, Brooks C, Zuckerman B. Prenatal cocaine use: Impact on infants and mothers. Pediatr Nurs. 1991;17:123–129.
- Kronstadt D. Complex developmental issues of prenatal drug exposure. Future of Children. 1991;1:36–49.
- Mott SH, Packer RJ, Soldin AJ. Neurologic manifestations of cocaine ex-posure in childhood. Pediatr. 1994;93:557–560.
- Rivikin M, Gilmore HE. Generalized seizures in an infant due to environ-mentally acquired cocaine. Pediatr. 1989;84:1100–1102.
- Ernst AA, Sanders WM. Unexpected cocaine intoxication presenting as seizures in children. Ann Emerg Med. 1989;18:774–777.
- Bateman DA, Heagarty MC. Passive freebase cocaine (Track') inhalation by infants and toddlers. AJDC. 1989;143:25–27.
- Dinnies JD, Darr CD, Saulys AJ. Cocaine toxicity in toddlers. AJDC. 1990;144:743–744.
- Haskett ME, Miller WJ, Whitworth JM, Huffman JM. Intervention with cocaine-abusing mothers. J Contemp Human Serv. 1992;Oct.:451–462.
- Blehar MC, Lieberman AF, Ainsworth MD. Early face to face interaction and its relation to later infant-mother attachment. Child Dev. 1977;48:182–194.
- Lewis M, Coates DL. Mother-infant interaction and cognitive development in twelve week old infants. Inf Beh Dev. 1980;3:95–105.
- Mahoney G, Powell A. Modifying parent-child interaction: Enhancing the development of handicapped children. J Spec Ed. 1988;22:82–96.
- Rodning C, Beckwith L, Howard J. Quality of attachment and home envi-ronments in children prenatally exposed to PCP and cocaine. Dev Psychopathol. 1991;3:351–366.
- Lief NR. The drug user as a parent. Int J Addict. 1985;20:63–97.
- Griffith DR. The effects of perinatal cocaine exposure on infant neurobe-havior and early maternal-infant interactions. In: Chasnoff Ii ed. Drugs, Alcohol, Pregnancy and Parenting. Dordrecht, Germany: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1988:105–113.
- Dow-Edwards DL, Freed LA, Fico TA. Structural and functional effects of prenatal cocaine exposure in adult rat brain. Dev Brain Res. 1990;57:263–268.
- Rist MC. The shadow children. School Board J. 1990; Jan:19–24.
- Greer JV. The drug babies. Excep Child. 1990;56:382–384.