Considerations in the management of bipolar disorder in women

References

• Kessler R C, McGonagle K A, Zhao S, et al. Lifetime prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Archives of General Psychiatry 1994; 51: 8–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viguera A C, Baldessarini R J, Tondo L. Response to lithium maintenance treatment in bipolar disorders: comparison of women and men. Bipolar Disorders 2001; 3: 245–252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weissman M M, Bland R C, Canino G J, et al. Cross-national epidemiology of major depression and bipolar disorder. The Journal of the American Medical Association 1996; 276: 293–299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldessarini R J, Tondo L, Hennen J. Treatment delays in bipolar disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 1999; 5: 811
   Google Scholar
• Angst J, Gamma A. Prevalence of bipolar disorders: traditional and novel approaches. Clinical Approaches in Bipolar Disorders 2002; 1: 10–14
   Google Scholar
• Freeman M P, Arnold L M, McElroy S L. Bipolar disorder. Women’s mental health, S G Kornstein, A H Clayton. Guilford, New York 2002; 166–181
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell P B, Slade T, Andrews G. Twelve-month prevalence and disability of DSM-IV bipolar disorder in an Australian general population survey. Psychological Medicine 2004; 34: 777–785
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leibenluft E. Women with bipolar illness: clinical and research issues. American Journal of Psychiatry 1996; 153: 163–173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold L M, McElroy S L, Keck P E. The role of gender in mixed mania. Comprehensive Psychiatry 2000; 41: 83–87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McElroy S L, Keck P E, Jr, Pope H G, Jr, et al. Clinical and research implications of the diagnosis of dysphoric or mixed mania or hypomania. American Journal of Psychiatry 1992; 149: 1633–1644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodwin F K, Jamison K R. Manic-depressive illness, F K Goodwin, K R Jamison. Oxford University Press, New York 1990
   Google Scholar
• Nair S RN, O'Reardon J P, Sethi S S, Amsterdam J D. Bipolar disorder: for women a mixed picture. Psychiatric Annals 2000; 30: 465–471
   Google Scholar
• Zornberg G L, Pope H G, Jr. Treatment of depression in bipolar disorder new directions for research. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1993; 13: 397–408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tohen M, Greenfield S F, Weiss R D, et al. The effect of co-morbid substance use disorders on the course of bipolar disorder: a review. Harvard Review Psychiatry 1998; 6: 133–141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasson Y, Chopra M, Harrari E, Amitai K, Zohar J. Bipolar comorbidity; from diagnostic dilemmas to therapeutic challenge. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 2003; 6: 139–144
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Strakowski S M, Tohen M, Stoll A, et al. Comorbidity in mania at first hospitalization. American Journal of Psychiatry 1992; 149: 554–556
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bottlender R, Jager M, Straub A, et al. Suicidality in bipolar compared to unipolar depressed inpatients. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 2000; 250: 257–261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regier D A, Farmer M E, Rae D S, et al. Co-morbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse: results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study (ECA). The Journal of the American Medical Association 1990; 264: 2511–2518, [Abstract]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraeplin E. Manic-depressive insanity and paranoia. Livingstone, Edinburgh 1921
   Google Scholar
• Sonne S C, Brady K T, Morton W A. Substance abuse and bipolar affective disorder. Journal of Nervous Mental 1994; 182: 349–352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frye M A, Altshuler L L, McElroy S L, et al. Gender differences in prevalence, risk, and clinical correlates of alcoholism co-morbidity in bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 2003; 160: 883–889
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasson Y, Chopra M, Harrari E. Bipolar co morbidity; from diagnostic dilemmas to therapeutic challenge. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacol 2003; 6: 139–144
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harris E C, Barraclough B. Suicide as and outcome for mental disorders: a meta-analysis. Bristish Journal of Psychiatry 1997; 170: 205–228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malhi G, Mitchell P B, Salim S. Bipolar depression; management options. CNS Drugs 2003; 17: 9–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalton E J, Cate-Carter T D, Mundo E, et al. Suicide risk in bipolar patients: the role of co-morbid substances use disorders. Bipolar Disorders 2003; 5: 58–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunner D L, Fieve R R. Clinical factors in lithium carbonate prophylaxis failure. Archives of General Psychiatryl 1974; 30: 229–233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leibenluft E. Women and bipolar disorder: an update. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 2000; 64: 5–17
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edn. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC 1994
   Google Scholar
• Akiskal H S. The prevalent clinical spectrum of bipolar disorders; beyond the DSM-IV. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1996; 16: 4S–14S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler R C, Mc Gongle K A, Swartz M, et al. Sex and depression in the National Co-morbidity study I: a lifetime prevalence, chronicity and recurrence. Journal of Affective Disorders 1993; 29: 85–96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahl S M. Basic psychopharmacology of antidepressants: Part 2. Estrogen as an adjunct to antidepressant treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1998; 59(Suppl)15–24
   Google Scholar
• Frankhauser M P. Psychiatric disorders in women: psychopharmacologic treatments. Journal of American Pharmacological Association (Washington) 1997; 37: 667–678
   Google Scholar
• Sanborn K, Jefferson J W. Everyman’s guide to the fluctuating lithium level. Obvious and obscure reasons why serum lithium levels change. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry 1991; 3: 251–258
   Google Scholar
• Yonkers K A, Hamilton J A. Sex differences in pharmacokinetics of psychotropic medications:, I.I. Effects on selected psychotropics. Psychopharmacology and women: sex, gender and hormones, M F Jensvold, V Halbreich. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC 1996; 43–71
   Google Scholar
• Kornstein S G, Schatzberg A F, Thases M E, et al. Gender differences in treatment response to sertraline verus imipramine in chronic depression. American Journal of Psychiatry 2000; 157: 1445–1452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson J, Pelton S. Forms of atypical depression and their response to antidepressant drugs. Psychiatry Research 1986; 17: 87–95
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hildebrandt M G, Steyerberg E W, Stage K, et al. Are gender differences important for the clinical effects of antidepressants?. American Journal of Psychiatry 2003; 160: 1643–1650
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCall W V, Shelp F E, Weiner R D, et al. Convulsive thresholds in right unilateral and bilateral ECT. Biological Psychiatry 1993; 34: 606–611
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sackheim H A, Portnoy S, Neeley P, et al. Cognitive consequences of low dosage electroconvulsive therapy. Annals of New York Academy of Sciences 1986; 462: 326–340
   Google Scholar
• Thase M E, Frank E, Kornstein S G, . Sex-related differences in response to treatments of depression. Gender and its effects on psychopathology, E Frank, et al. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC 2000; 103–129
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 2002; 151: 1–36
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell P B, Malhi G S, Redwood B L, Ball J for the RANZCP Clinical Practice Guideline Team for Bipolar Disorder. Summary of guideline for the treatment of bipolar disorder. Australasian Psychiatry 2003; 11: 39–53
   Google Scholar
• Isojarvi J I, Laatikainen T J, Pakarinen A J, et al. Polycystic ovaries and hyper and rogenism in women taking valproate for epilepsy. New England Journal of Medicine 1993; 329: 1383–1388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ragson N L, Altshuler L L, Gudeman D, et al. Medication status and polycystic ovary syndrome in women with bipolar disorder: a preliminary report. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2000; 61: 173–178
   Google Scholar
• O'Donovan C, Kusumakar V, Graves G R, Bird D C. Menstrual abnormalities and polycystic ovary syndrome in women taking valproate for bipolar mood disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2002; 63: 322–330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shenfield G M. Oral contraceptives: are drug interactions of clinical significance?. Drug Safety 1993; 9: 21–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calabrese, Jr, Vieta E, Shelton M D. Latest maintenance data on lamotrigine in bipolar disorder. European Neuropsychopharmacology 2003; 13: 57–66
   Google Scholar
• Bowden C, Calabrese, Jr, Sachs G, et al. A placebo-controlled 18-month trial of lamotrigine and lithium maintenance treatment in recently manic or hypomanic patients with bipolar disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 2003; 60: 392–400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahokas A, Kaukoranta J, Aito M. Effect of oestradiol on postpartum depression. Psychopharmacology 1999; 146: 108–110
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ernst C, Goldberg J F. The reproductive safety profile of mood stabilizers, atypical antipsychotics and braid spectrum psychotropics. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2002; 63(Suppl 4)42–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tohen M, Ketter T A, Zarate C A, et al. Olanzapine verus divalproex sodium for the treatment of acute mania and the maintenance of remission: a 47 weeks study. American Journal of Psychiatry 2003; 160: 1263–1271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zohar J, Shapira B, Oppenheim G, et al. Addition of estrogen to impramine in female resistant depressives. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1985; 21: 705–706
   Google Scholar
• Oppenheim G. A case of rapid mood cycling with estrogen: implications for therapy. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1984; 45: 34–35
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Halbreich U, Kahn L S. Role of estrogen in the aetiology and treatment of mood disorders. CNS Drugs 2001; 15: 797–817
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chouinard G, Steinberg S, Steiner W. Estrogen–progesterone combination: another mood stabilizer?. American Journal of Psychiatry 1987; 144: 826
   Google Scholar
• Meakin C, Brockington I F. Failure of progesterone treatment in puerperal mania. British Journal of Psychiatry 1990; 156: 910
   Google Scholar
• Oppenheim G. A case of rapid cycling mood cycling with estrogen: implications for therapy. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1984; 45: 34–35
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horrobin D F, Bennett C N. Depression and bipolar disorder; relationships to impaired fatty acid and phospholipid metabolism and to diabetes, cardiovascular disease, immunological abnormalities, cancer, ageing and osteoporosis. Possible candidate genes. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 1999; 60: 217–234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoll A L, Severus W E, Freeman M P, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder: a preliminary double blind, placebo controlled trial. Archives of General Psychiatry 1999; 56: 407–412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wisner K L, Peindl K S, Perel J M, et al. Verapamil treatment for women with bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry 1994; 271: 146–150
   Google Scholar
• Cohen L S, Friedman J M, Jefferson J W, Johnson E M, Weiner M L. A re-evaluation of risk in utero exposure of lithium. The Journal of the American Medical Association 2002; 51: 745–752
   Google Scholar
• Yonkers K A, Wisner K L, Stowe Z, et al. Management of bipolar disorder during pregnancy and the postpartum period. American Journal of Psychiatry 2004; 161: 608–620
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roas F W. Spina bifida in infants of women treated with carbamazepine during pregnancy. New England Journal of Medicine 1991; 324: 674–677
   Google Scholar
• Llewellyn A, Stowe Z N, Strader J R, Jr. The use of lithium and management of women with bipolar disorder during pregnancy and lactation. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1998; 59(Suppl 6)57–64
   Google Scholar
• Iqbal M M, Gundlapali S P, Ryan W G, et al. Effects of antimanic mood-stabilising drugs in fetuses, neonates and nursing infants. South Medical Journal 2001; 94: 304–322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamotrigine Pregnancy Registry Interim Report. 1 September 1992 through 30 September 2001. Wilmington, NC, Pharmaresearch 1-910-256-0549
   Google Scholar
• Macdonald K J, Young L T. Newer antiepileptic drugs in bipolar disorder rationale for use and role in therapy. CNS Drugs 2002; 16: 549–562
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altshuler L L, Cohen L, Szuba M P, et al. Pharmacologic management of psychiatric illness in pregnancy: dilemmas and guidelines. American Journal of Psychiatry 1996; 153: 592–606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulin N A, Pastuszak A, Koren G. Pregnancy outcome following maternal use of new selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a prospective multi-center controlled study. The Journal of the American Medical Association 1998; 279: 609–610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wisner K L, Gelenberg A J, Leonard H, et al. Pharmacologic treatment of depression during pregnancy. The Journal of the American Medical Association 1999; 282: 1264–1269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leibenluft E. Issues in the treatment of women with bipolar illness. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1997; 58: 5–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laine K, Heikkinen T, Ekblad U, et al. Effects of exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors during pregnancy on serotonergic symptoms in newborns and cord blood monoamine and prolactin concentrations. Archives of General Psychiatry 2003; 60: 720–726
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amsterdam J D, Garcia-Espana F. Venlafaxine monotherapy in women with bipolar II and unipolar major depression. Journal of Affective Disorders 2000; 59: 225–229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudron L H, Jefferson J W. Mood stabilizers during breast-feeding: a review. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2000; 61: 79–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schou M, Amidsen A. lithium and pregnancy: III. Lithium ingestion by children breast-fed by women on lithium treatment. British Medical Journal 1973; 2: 138
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sykes P A, Quarrie J, Alexander F W. Lithium carbonate and breast feeding. British Medical Journal 1976; 2: 1299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burt V K, Suri R, Altshuler L, et al. The use of psychotropic medications during breast-feeding. American Journal of Psychiatry 2001; 158: 1001–1009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frey B, Schubiger G, Musy J P. Transient cholestatic hepatitis in a neonate associated with carbamazepine exposure during pregnancy and breastfeeding. European Journal of Paediatrics 1990; 150: 136–138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wisner K L, Perel J M. Serum levels of valproate and carbamazepine in breast-feeding. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1998; 18: 167–169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahl M M, Neiderud J, Vinge E. Thrombocytopenic purpura and anaemia in a breast-fed infant whose mother was treated with valproic acid. Journal of Paediatrics 1997; 130: 1001–1003
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hendrick V, Altshuler L L, Burt V K. Course of psychiatric disorders across the menstrual cycle. Harvard Review of Psychiatry 1996; 4: 200–207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ragson N, Bauer M, Elman G T, et al. Menstrual cycle related mood changes in women with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders 2003; 5: 48–52
   Google Scholar
• Diamond S B, Rubinstein A A, Dunner D L, et al. Menstrual problems in women with affective illness. Comprehensive Psychiatry 1976; 17: 541–548
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blehar Mc, DePaulo J R, Jr, Gershon E S, et al. Women with bipolar disorder: findings from the NIMH genetics initiative sample. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1998; 34: 239–243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leibenluft E, Ashman S B, Feldman-Naim S, et al. Lack of relationship between menstrual cycle phase and mood in a sample of women with rapid cycling bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry 1999; 46: 577–580
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendell R E, Chalmers J C, Platz C. Epidemiology of puerperal psychoses. British Journal of Psychiatry 1987; 150: 662–673
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grof P, Robbins W, Alda M, et al. Protective effect of pregnancy in women with lithium-responsive bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders 2000; 61: 31–39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viguera A C, Cohen L S, Baldessarini R J, et al. Managing bipolar disorder during pregnancy: weighing the risks and benefits. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 2002; 47: 426–436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viguera A C, Nonacs R, Cohen L S, et al. Risk of recurrence of bipolar disorder in pregnant and non-pregnant women after discontinuation lithium maintenance. American Journal of Psychiatry 2000; 157: 179–184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman M P, Wosnitzer Smith K, Freeman S A, et al. The impact of reproductive events on the course of bipolar disorder in women. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2002; 63: 284–287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt N, Silverstone T. Does puerperal illness distinguish a subgroup of bipolar patients?. Journal of Affective Disorders 1995; 34: 101–107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wisner K L, Peindl K, Hanusa B H. Symptomatology of affective and psychotic illness related to childbearing. Journal of Affective Disorders 1993; 30: 77–87
   Google Scholar
• Brockington I F, Cernik K F, Schofield E M, et al. Puerperal psychosis: phenomena and diagnosis. Archives of General Psychiatry 1981; 38: 829–833
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregoire A, Kumar R, Everitt B, et al. Transdermal oestrogen for the treatment of severe postnatal depression. Lancet 1996; 347: 930–933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sichel D A, Cohen L S, Robertson L M, et al. Prophylactic estrogen in recurrent postpartum affective disorder. Biological Psychiatry 1995; 38: 814–818
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones I, Craddock N. Familiarity of the puerperal trigger in bipolar disorder: results of a family study. American Journal of Psychiatry 2001; 158: 913–917
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt N, Trevor S. Dose puerperal illness distinguish a subgroup of bipolar patients?. Journal of Affective Disorders 1995; 34: 101–107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reich T, Winokur G. Postpartum psychoses in patients with manic depressive disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders 1970; 151: 60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parry B. Reproductive factors affecting the course of affective illness in women. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 1989; 12: 207–219
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haynes P, Parry B L. Mood disorders and the reproductive cycle: affective disorders during the menopause and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Psychopharmacological Bulletin 1998; 34: 313–318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viguera A C, Cohen L S. The course and management of bipolar disorder during pregnancy. Psychopharmacological Bulletin 1998; 34: 339–346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer M, Ahrens B. Bipolar disorder: a practical guide to drug treatment. CNS Drugs 1996; 6: 35–52
   Google Scholar
• Cohen L S, Sichel D A, Robertson L M, et al. Postpartum prophylaxis for women with bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 1995; 152: 1641–1645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin M-PV. Puerperal affective psychosis: is there a case for lithium prohylaxis?. British Journal of Psychiatry 1992; 161: 692–694
   Google Scholar
• Davenport Y B, Adland M L. Postpartum psychoses in female and male bipolar manic-depressive patients. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 1982; 52: 288–297
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leibenluft E, Albert P S, Rosenthal N E, et al. The relationship between sleep and mood in patients with rapid cycling bipolar disorder. Psychiatric Research 1996; 63: 161–168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar