Diseases of white matter and schizophrenia-like psychosis

References

• Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders2nd edn. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC 1968
   Google Scholar
• Cummings J. Organic psychosis. Psychosomatics 1996; 29: 16–26
   Google Scholar
• Hyde T, Lewis S. The secondary schizophrenias. Schizophrenia, D Weinberger. Blackwell Science, Oxford 2003; 187–202
   Google Scholar
• Lewis S. The secondary schizophrenias. Schizophrenia, D Weinberger. Blackwell Science, Oxford 1995
   Google Scholar
• Cutting J. The phenomenology of acute organic psychosis. Comparison with acute schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 1987; 151: 324–332
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davison K, Bagley C. Schizophrenia-like psychoses associated with organic disorder of the central nervous system: a review of the literature. British Journal of Psychiatry 1969; 113(Suppl 1)18–69
   Google Scholar
• Feinstein A, Ron M. Psychosis associated with demonstrable brain disease. Psychological Medicine 1990; 20: 793–803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davison KBagley C. Schizophrenia-like psychoses associated with organic disorder of the central nervous system: a review of the literature. British Journal of Psychiatry 1969; 113(Suppl 1)18–69
   Google Scholar
• Pearlson G. Neurobiology of schizophrenia. Annals of Neurology 2000; 48: 556–566
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGlashan T, Hoffman R. Schizophrenia as a disorder of developmentally reduced synaptic connectivity. Archives of General Psychiatry 2000; 57: 637–648
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selemon L, Goldman-Rakic P. The reduced neuropil hypothesis: a circuit-based model of schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 1999; 45: 17–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pantelis C, Barnes T, Nelson H. Is the concept of frontal–subcortical dementia relevant to schizophrenia?. British Journal of Psychiatry 1992; 160: 442–460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winterer G, Coppola R, Egan M, et al. Functional and effective frontotemporal connectivity and genetic risk for schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 2003; 54: 1181–1192
   Google Scholar
• Weinberger D, Berman K, Suddath R, et al. Evidence of dysfunction of a prefrontal-limbic network in schizophrenia – a magnetic resonance imaging and regional cerebral blood-flow study of discordant monozygotic twins. American Journal of Psychiatry 1992; 149: 890–897
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreasen N, Paradiso S, O'Leary D. “Cognitive dysmetria” as an integrative theory of schizophrenia: a dysfunction in cortical–subcortical–cerebellar circuitry?. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1998; 24: 203–218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crow T. Schizophrenia as a transcallosal misconnection syndrome. Schizophrenia Research 1998; 30: 111–114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartzokis G. Schizophrenia: breakdown in the well-regulated lifelong process of brain development and maturation. Neuropsychopharmacology 2002; 27: 672–683
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis K, Stewart D, Friedman J, et al. White matter changes in schizophrenia: evidence for myelin-related dysfunction. Archives of General Psychiatry 2003; 60: 443–456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pantelis C, Yucel M, Wood S, et al. Early and late neurodevelopmental disturbances in schizophrenia and their functional consequences. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2003; 37: 399–406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• David A. Schizophrenia and the corpus callosum: developmental, structural and functional relationships. Behavioural Brain Research 1994; 64: 203–211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filley C. The behavioural neurology of cerebral white matter. Neurology 1998; 50: 1535–1540
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morell P, Norton W. Myelin. Scientific American 1980; 242: 88–118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller A, Alston R, Corsellis J. Variation with age in the volumes of grey and white matter in the cerebral hemispheres of man: measurements with an image analyser. Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 1980; 6: 119–132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gur R, Packer I, Hungerbuhler J, et al. Differences in the distribution of grey and white matter in the cerebral hemispheres. Science 1980; 207: 1226–1228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolte N. The human brain4th edn. Mosby, St Louis 1999
   Google Scholar
• Byrd S, Darling C, Wilczynski M. White matter of the brain: maturation and myelination of magnetic resonance in infants and children. Neuroimaging Clinics of North America 1993; 3: 247–266
   Google Scholar
• Yakovlev P, Lecours A. The myelogenetic cycles of regional maturation of the brain. Regional development of the brain in early life, A Minkowski. F.A. Davis, Philadephia 1967; 3–70
   Google Scholar
• Benes F, Turtle M, Khan Y, et al. Myelination of a key relay zone in the hippocampal formation occurs in the human brain during childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Archives of General Psychiatry 1994; 51: 477–484
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filley C. The behavioural neurology of white matter. Oxford University Press, New York 2001
   Google Scholar
• Paus T, Collins D, Evans A, et al. Maturation of white matter in the human brain: a review of magnetic resonance studies. Brain Research Bulletin 2001; 54: 255–266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfefferbaum A, Mathalon D, Sullivan E, et al. A quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study of changes in brain morphology from infancy to late adulthood. Archives of Neurology 1994; 51: 874–887
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartzokis G, Beckson M, Lu P, et al. Age-related changes in frontal and temporal lobe volumes in men: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Archives of General Psychiatry 2001; 58: 461–465
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guttman C, Jolesz F, Kikinis R, et al. White matter changes with normal ageing. Neurology 1998; 50: 972–978
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kubicki M, Westin C, Maier S, et al. Uncinate fasciculus findings in schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging study. American Journal of Psychiatry 2002; 159: 813–820
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns J, Job D, Bastin M, et al. Structural disconnectivity in schizophrenia: a diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging study. British Journal of Psychiatry 2003; 182: 439–443
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• David A. Schizophrenia and the corpus callosum: developmental, structural and functional relationships. Behavioural Brain Research 1994; 64: 203–211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• David A, Wacharasindhu A, Lishman W. Severe psychiatric disturbance and abnormalities of the corpus callosum: review and case series. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1993; 56: 85–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyde T, Zaegler J, Weinberger D. Psychiatric disturbances in metachromatic leukodystrophy: insights into the neurobiology of psychosis. Archives of Neurology 1992; 49: 401–406
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Merriam A, Hegarty A, Miller A. A proposed etiology for psychotic symptoms in white matter dementia. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurology 1989; 2: 225–228
   Google Scholar
• Patel P, Kolawale T, Malabarey T, et al. Adrenoleukodystrophy: CT and MRI findings. Pediatric Radiology 1995; 25: 256–258
   Google Scholar
• Kitchin W, Cohen-Cole S, Mickel S. Adrenoleukodystrophy: frequency of presentation as a psychiatric disorder. Biological Psychiatry 1987; 22: 1375–1387
   Google Scholar
• Garside S, Rosebush P, Levinson A, et al. Late-onset adrenoleukodystrophy associated with long-standing psychiatric symptoms. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1999; 60: 460–468
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Menza M, Blake J, Goldbert L. Affective symptoms and adrenoleukodystrophy: a report of two cases. Psychosomatics 1988; 29: 442–445
   Google Scholar
• Angus B, de Silva R, Davidson R, et al. A family with adult-onset cerebral adrenoleucodystrophy. Journal of Neurology 1994; 241: 497–499
   Google Scholar
• James A, Kaplan P, Lees A, et al. Schizophreniform psychosis and adrenomyeloneuropathy. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 1984; 77: 882–884
   Google Scholar
• Rosebush P, Garside S, Levinson A, et al. The neuropsychiatry of adult-onset adrenoleukodystrophy. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 1999; 11: 315–327
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moser H. Adrenoleukodystrophy: phenotype, genetics, pathogenesis and therapy. Brain 1997; 120: 1485–1508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurley R, Taber K, Zhang J, et al. Neuropsychiatric presentations of multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 1999; 11: 5–7
   Google Scholar
• Lowenberg K, Hill T. Diffuse sclerosis with preserved myelin islands. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 1933; 29: 1232–1245
   Google Scholar
• Sasaki A, Miyanaga K, Ototsuji M, et al. Two autopsy cases with Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease phenotype of adult onset, without mutation of proteolipid protein gene. Acta Neuropathologica 2000; 99: 7–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berginer V, Foster N, Sadowsky M, et al. Psychiatric disorders in patients with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. American Journal of Psychiatry 1988; 145: 354–357
   Google Scholar
• Dotti M, Salen G, Federico A. Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis as a multisystem disease mimicking premature ageing. Developmental Neuroscience 1991; 13: 371–376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tkachev D, Mimmack M, Ryan M, et al. Oligodendrocyte dysfunction in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Lancet 2003; 362: 798–805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulson L, Martin P, Persson A, et al. Comparative genomeand proteome analysis of cerebral cortex from MK-801-treated rats. Journal of Neuroscience Research 2003; 15: 526–533
   Google Scholar
• Okugawa G, Nobuhara K, Minami T, et al. Subtle disruption of the middle cerebellar peduncles in patients with schizophrenia. Neuropsychobiology 2004; 50: 119–123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persaud D, Rusow H, Harvey I, et al. Focal signal hyperintensities in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 1997; 27: 55–64
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kapoor R, McDonald W, Crockard A, et al. Clinical and MRI features of Krabbe's disease in adolescence. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1992; 55: 331–332
   Google Scholar
• Satoh J-I, Tokumoto H, Kurohara K, et al. Adult-onset Krabbe disease with homozygous T1853C mutation in the galactocerebrosidase gene. Neurology 1997; 49: 1392–1399
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson A. Alexander disease: a review and the gene. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience 2002; 20: 391–394
   Google Scholar
• Murphy F, Saini N, Schwankhaus J, et al. Alexander's disease and dementia. Neurology 1990; 40: 456
   Google Scholar
• Namekawa M, Takiyama Y, Aoki Y, et al. Identification of GFAP gene mutation in hereditary adult-onset Alexander's disease. Annals of Neurology 2002; 52: 779–785
   Google Scholar
• Pietz J. Neurological aspects of adult phenylketonuria. Current Opinion in Neurology 1998; 11: 679–688
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyer C, Kendler A, Philibote T, et al. Evidence for central nervous system glial cell plasticity in phenylketonuria. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 1996; 55: 795–814
   Google Scholar
• Fisch R, Hosfield W, Chang P, et al. An adult phenylketonuric with schizophrenia. Clinical and biochemical similarities and possible genetic connection between the two diseases. Minnesota Medicine 1979; 62: 243–246
   Google Scholar
• Lowe T, Tanaka K, Seashore M, et al. Detection of phenylketonuria in autistic and psychotic children. Journal of the American Medical Association 1980; 243: 126–128
   Google Scholar
• Shiwach R, Sheikha S. Delusional disorder in a boy with phenylketonuria and amine metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid after treatment with neuroleptics. Journal of Adolescent Health 1998; 22: 244–246
   Google Scholar
• Pietz J, Fatkenheuer B, Burgard P, et al. Psychiatric disorders in adult patients with early-treated phenylketonuria. Pediatrics 1997; 99: 345–350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paloneva J, Kestila M, Wu J, et al. Loss-of-function mutations in TYROBP (DAP12) result in a presenile dementia with bone cysts. Nature Genetics 2000; 25: 357–361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi K, Kobayashi E, Miyazu K, et al. Hypothalamic hemorrhage and thalamus degeneration in a case of Nasu–Hakola disease with hallucinatory symptoms and central hypothermia. Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 2000; 26: 98–101
   Google Scholar
• Ueki Y, Kohara N, Oga T, et al. Membranous lipodystrophy presenting with palilalia: a PET study of cerebral glucose metabolism. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 2000; 102: 60–64
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zervas M, Dobrenis K, Walkley S. Neurons in Niemann–Pick type C accumulate gangliosides as well as unesterified cholesterol and undergo dendritic and axonal alterations. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 2001; 60: 49–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• March P, Thrall M, Brown D, et al. GABAergic neuroaxonal dystrophy and other cytopathological alterations in feline Niemann–Pick disease type C. Acta Neuropathologica 1997; 94: 164–172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• German D, Liang C, Song T, et al. Neurodegeneration in the Niemann–Pick C mouse: glial involvement. Neuroscience 2002; 109: 437–450
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Josephs K, Van Gerpen M, Van Gerpen J. Adult-onset Niemann–Pick disease type C presenting with psychosis. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 2003; 74: 528–529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shulman L, David N, Weiner W. Psychosis as the initial manifestation of adult-onset Niemann–Pick disease type C. Neurology 1995; 45: 1739–1743
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turpin J, Goas N, Masson M, et al. Type C Niemann–Pick disease: supranuclear opthalmoplegia associated with deficient biosynthesis of cholesterol esters. Revue Neurologique (Paris) 1991; 147: 28–34
   Google Scholar
• Vanier M, Rodriguez-Lafrasse C, Rousson R, et al. Typc C Niemann Pick disease: biochemical aspects and phenotypic heterogeneity. Developmental Neuroscience 1991; 13: 307–314
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Campo J, Stowe R, Slomka G, et al. Psychosis as a presentation of physical disease in adolescence: a case of Niemann–Pick disease typc C. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 1998; 40: 126–129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucchinette C, Bruck W, Noseworthy J. Multiple sclerosis: recent developments in neuropathology, pathogenesis, magnetic resonance imaging studies and treatment. Current Opinion in Neurology 2001; 14: 259–269
   Google Scholar
• Grant I. Neuropsychological and psychiatric disturbances in multiple sclerosis. Multiple sclerosis, D Silberberg. Butterworths, London 1986
   Google Scholar
• Feinstein A, du Boulay G, Ron M. Psychotic illness in multiple sclerosis. British Journal of Psychiatry 1992; 161: 680–685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz-Olavarrieta C, Cummings J, Velazquez J, et al. Neuropsychiatric manifestations of multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 1999; 11: 51–57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohler J, Heilmeyer H, Volk B. Multiple sclerosis presenting as chronic atypical psychosis. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1988; 51: 281–284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reischies F, Baum K, Brau H, et al. Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging findings in multiple sclerosis. Relation to disturbance of affect, drive and cognition. Archives of Neurology 1988; 45: 1114–1116
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Honer W, Hurwitz T, Li D, et al. Temporal lobe involvement in multiple sclerosis patients with psychiatric disorders. Archives of Neurology 1987; 44: 187–190
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fontaine B, Seilhean D, Tourbah A, et al. Dementia in two histologically confirmed cases of multiple sclerosis: one case with isolated dementia and one case associated with psychiatric symptoms. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1994; 57: 353–359
   Google Scholar
• Ron M, Logsdail S. Psychiatric morbidity in multiple sclerosis: a clinical and MRI study. Psychological Medicine 1989; 19: 887–895
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramani S. Psychosis associated with frontal lobe lesions in Schilder's cerebral sclerosis: a case report with CT Evidence. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1988; 42: 250–252
   Google Scholar
• Suzuki K, Armao D, Stone J, et al. Demyelinating diseases, leukodystrophies, and other myelin disorders. Neuroimaging Clinics of North America 2001; 11: 15–35
   Google Scholar
• Carroll B, Anfinson T, Kennedy J, et al. Catatonic disorder due to general medical conditions. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 1994; 6: 122–133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geer C, Grossman S. Interstitial flow along white matter tracts: a potentially important mechanism for dissemination of primary brain tumours. Journal of Neurooncology 1997; 32: 193–201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filley C, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters B. Neurobehavioral presentations of brain neoplasms. Western Journal of Medicine 1995; 163: 19–25
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lisanby S, Kohler C, Swanson C, et al. Psychosis secondary to brain tumour. Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry 1998; 3: 12–22
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ludwig C, Smith M, Godfrey A, et al. A clinicopathological study of 323 patients with oligodendrogliomas. Annals of Neurology 1986; 19: 15–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vates G, Chang S, Lamborn K, et al. Gliomatosis cerebri: a review of 22 cases. Journal of Neurosurgery 2003; 53: 261–271
   Google Scholar
• Vassallo M, Allen S. An unusual case of dementia. Postgraduate Medical Journal 1995; 71: 483–484
   Google Scholar
• Brey R, Holliday S, Saklad A, et al. Neuropsychiatric syndromes in lupus: prevalence using standardized definitions. Neurology 2002; 58: 1214–1220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson R, Richardson E. The neurological manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Medicine 1968; 47: 337–369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West S. Neuropsychiatric lupus. Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America 1994; 20: 129–158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennekens F, Kater L. The central nervous system in systemic lupus erythematosus. Part 2. Pathogenetic mechanisms of clinical syndromes: a literature investigation. Rheumatology 2002; 41: 619–630
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mok C, Lau C, Wong R. Neuropsychiatric manifestations and their clinical associations in southern Chinese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Journal of Rheumatology 2001; 28: 766–771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mack A, Friccione G, Rogers M. Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus, age and the neurodevelopmental model: evidence in support of the Weinberger hypothesis. Comprehensive Psychiatry 2002; 43: 135–141
   Google Scholar
• Turkel S, Miller J, Reiff A. Case series: neuropsychiatric symptoms with pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2001; 40: 482–485
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshio T, Masuyama J, Ikeda M, et al. Quantification of antiribosomal P0 protein antibodies by ELISA with recombinant P0 fusion protein and their association with central nervous system disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Journal of Rheumatology 1995; 22: 1681–1687
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonfa E, Golombek S, Kaugman L, et al. Association between lupus psychosis and anti-ribosomal P protein antibodies. New England Journal of Medicine 1987; 371: 265–271
   Google Scholar
• Bonfa E, Elkon K. Clinical and serological associations of the anti-ribosomal P protein antibody. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1986; 29: 981–985
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneebaum A, Singleton J, West S, et al. Association or psychiatric manifestations with antibodies to proteins in systemic lupus erythematosus. American Journal of Medicine 1991; 90: 54–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isshi K, Hirohata S. Differential roles of the anti-ribosomal P antibody and antineuronal antibody in the pathogenesis of central nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1998; 41: 1819–1827
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai N, Lan J. Evaluation of cerebrospinal anticardiolipin antibodies in lupus patients with neuropsychiatric manifestations. Lupus 2000; 9: 353–357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alarcon-Segovia D, Perez-Vazquez M, Villa A, et al. Preliminary classification criteria for the antiphospholipid syndrome within systemic lupus erythematosus. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatology 1992; 21: 275–286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VanDam A, Nossent H, de John J, et al. Diagnostic value of antibodies against ribosomal phosphoproteins. A cross sectional and longitudinal study. Journal of Rheumatology 1991; 18: 1026–1034
   Google Scholar
• Sachse C, Luthke K, Hartung K, et al. Significance of antibodies to cardiolipin in unselected patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: clinical and laboratory associations. The SLE study group. Rheumatology International 1995; 15: 23–29
   Google Scholar
• Golstein M, Meyer O, Bourgeois P, et al. Neurological manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus: role of antiphospholipid antibodies. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 1993; 11: 373–379
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kowal C, DeGiorgio L, Nakaoka T, et al. Cognition and immunity; antibody impairs memory. Immunity 2004; 21: 179–188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Wu F, Hou L, et al. Antiganglioside antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid of children with neuropsychiatric lupus erythematosus. Chinese Medical Journal 1997; 110: 594–597
   Google Scholar
• Martinez X, Tintore M, Montalban J, et al. Antibodies against gangliosides in patients with SLE and neurological manifestations. Lupus 1992; 1: 299–302
   Google Scholar
• Pereira R, Yoshinari N, De Oliveira R W. Antiganglioside antibodies in patients with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 1992; 1: 173–179
   Google Scholar
• Alexander E. Central nervous system disease in Sjogren's syndrome: new insights into immunopathogenesis. Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America 1992; 18: 637–672
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lafitte C. Neurological manifestations of primary Gougerot–Sjogren's syndrome. Revue Neurologique (Paris) 1998; 154: 658–673
   Google Scholar
• Spezialetti R, Bluestein H, Alexander E. Neuropsychiatric disease in Sjogren's syndrome: anti-ribosomal P and antineuronal antibodies. American Journal of Medicine 1993; 95: 153–160
   Google Scholar
• Cox P, Hales R. CNS Sjogren's syndrome: an underrecognized and underappreciated neuropsychiatric disorder. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 1999; 11: 241–247
   Google Scholar
• Raps A, Abramovich Y, Assael M. Relation between schizophrenic-like psychosis and Sjogren's syndrome (SS). Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences 1986; 23: 321–324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson C, Sirotkin H, Pandita R, et al. Molecular definition of 22q11 deletions in 151 velo-cardio-facial syndrome patients. American Journal of Human Genetics 1997; 61: 620–629
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldberg R, Motzkin B, Marion R, et al. Velo-cardio-facial syndrome: a review of 120 patients. American Journal of Medical Genetics 1993; 45: 313–319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shprintzen R, Golding-Kushner K. Letter to the editor: late onset psychosis in the velo-cardio-facial syndrome. American Journal of Medical Genetics 1992; 42: 141–142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pulver A, Nestadt G, Goldberg R, et al. Psychotic illness in patients diagnosed with velo-cardio-facial syndrome and their relatives. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1994; 182: 476–478
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papalos D, Faedda G, Veit S, et al. Bipolar spectrum disorders in patients diagnosed with velo-cardio-facial syndrome: does a hemizygous deletion of chromosome 22q11 result in bipolar affective disorder?. American Journal of Psychiatry 1996; 153: 1541–1547
   Google Scholar
• Murphy K, Jones L, Owen M. High rates of schizophrenia in adults with velo-cardio-facial syndrome. Archives of General Psychiatry 1999; 56: 940–945
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow E, Zipursky R, Mikulis D, et al. Structural brain abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia and 22q11 deletion syndrome. Biological Psychiatry 2002; 51: 208–215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kates W, Burnette C, Jabs E, et al. Regional cortical white matter reductions in velocardiofacial syndrome: a volumetric MRI analysis. Biological Psychiatry 2001; 49: 677–684
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eliez S, Schmitt E, White C, et al. Children and adolescents with velocardiofacial syndrome: a volumetric MRI study. American Journal of Psychiatry 2000; 157: 409–415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usiskin S, Nicolson R, Krasnewich D, et al. Velocardiofacial syndrome in childhood-onset schizophrenia. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1999; 38: 1536–1543
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Amelsvoort T, Daly E, Robertson D, et al. Structural brain abnormalities associated with deletion at chromosome 22q11. British Journal of Psychiatry 2001; 178: 412–419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitnick R, Bello J, Shprintzen R. Brain anomalies in velo-cardio-facial syndrome. American Journal of Medical Genetics 1994; 54: 100–106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch D, McDonald-McGinn D, Zackai E, et al. Cerebellar atrophy in a patient with velocardiofacial syndrome. Journal of Medical Genetics 1995; 32: 561–563
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow E, Mikulis D, Zipursky R, et al. Qualitative MRI findings in adults with 22q11 deletion syndrome and schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 1999; 46: 1435–1442
   Google Scholar
• Quintana J, Wong T, Ortiz-Portillo E, et al. Prefrontal-posterior parietal networks in schizophrenia: primary dysfunctions and secondary compensations. Biological Psychiatry 2003; 53: 12–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crow T. Schizophrenia as a transcallosal misconnection syndrome. Schizophrenia Research 1998; 30: 111–114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasrallah H, Andreasen N, Coffman J, et al. A controlled magnetic resonance imaging study of corpus callosum thickness in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 1986; 21: 274–282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobsen L, Giedd J, Rajapakse J, et al. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of the corpus callosum in childhood onset schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research 1997; 68: 77–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodruff P, Pearlson G, Geer M, et al. A computerized magnetic resonance imaging study of corpus callosum morphology in schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine 1993; 23: 45–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi A, Stratta P, Gallucci M, et al. Quantification of corpus callosum and ventricles in schizophrenia with nuclear magnetic resonance imaging: a pilot study. American Journal of Psychiatry 1989; 149: 99–101
   Google Scholar
• Rakic P, Yakovlev P. Development of the corpus callosum cavum septi in man. Journal of Comparative Neurology 1968; 132: 45–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkovich A. Contemporary neuroradiology. Volume 1: Paediatric neuroradiology. Raven, New York 1990
   Google Scholar
• Serur D, Jeret J, Wisniewski K. Agenesis of the corpus callosum: clinical, neuroradiological and cytogenetic studies. Neuropediatrics 1988; 19: 87–91
   Google Scholar
• Jouet M, Rosenthal A, Armstrong G, et al. X-linked spastic paraplegia (SPG1), MASA syndrome and X-linked hydrocephalus result from mutations in the L1 gene. Nature Genetics 1994; 7: 402–407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolodny E. Agenesis of the corpus callosum: a marker of inherited metabolic disease?. Neurology 1989; 39: 847–848
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Swayze V, Andreasen N, Erhardt J, et al. Developmental abnormalities of the corpus callosum in schizophrenia. Archives of Neurology 1990; 47: 805–808
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Filteau M, Pourcher E, Bouchard R, et al. Midline anomalies and organic psychosis: congenital or degenerative? A cross-sectional study of 62 patients with Andermann syndrome. European Psychiatry 1992; 7: 109–113
   Google Scholar
• Gupta S, Popli A. Psychosis in Apert's syndrome with partial agenesis of the corpus callosum. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience 1995; 20: 307–309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraynack N, Hostoffer D, Robin N, et al. Agenesis of the corpus callosum association with DiGeorge-velocardiofacial syndrome: a case report and review of the literature. Journal of Child Neurology 1999; 14: 754–756
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg D, Lee J. Psychotic manifestations of alcoholism. Current Psychiatry Reports 2001; 3: 314–318
   Google Scholar
• Mesulam M-M. Large-scale neurocognitive networks and distributed processing for attention, memory and language. Archives of Neurology 1990; 28: 597–613
   Google Scholar
• Mesulam M-M. Behavioural neuroanatomy. Large-scale neural networks, association cortex, frontal systems, the limbic system, and hemispheric specializations. Principles of behavioral and cognitive neurology, M-M Mesulam. Oxford University Press, New York 2000; 1–120
   Google Scholar
• Meyer J, Obara K, Muramatsu K. Diaschisis. Neurological Research 1993; 15: 362–366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blinkenberg M, Rune K, Jensen C, et al. Cortical cerebral metabolism correlates with MRI lesion load and cognitive function in MS. Neurology 2000; 54: 558–564
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sultzer D, Mahler M, Cummings J, et al. Cortical abnormalities associated with subcortical lesions in vascular dementia. Clinical and position emission tomographic findings. Archives of Neurology 1995; 52: 773–780
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishihara K, Kumita S, Hayashi H, et al. Loss of interhemispheric connectivity in patients with lacunar infarction reflected by diffusion weighted MR imaging and single-photon emission CT. American Journal of Neuroradiology 2000; 20: 991–998
   Google Scholar
• Pantelis C, Nelson H. Cognitive functioning and symptomatology in schizophrenia: the role of frontal–subcortical systems. The neuropsychology of schizophrenia, J Cutting. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New York 1994
   Google Scholar
• Adams J, Corsellis J, Duchen L. Greenfield's neuropathology. Wiley, New York 1984; 19–22
   Google Scholar
• Beatty R, Sadun A, Smith L, et al. Direct demonstration of transsynaptic degeneration in the human visual system: a comparison of retrograde and anterograde changes. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1982; 45: 143–146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Abdulla N, Martin L. Projection neurons and interneurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus undergo distinct forms of degeneration ranging from retrograde and transsynaptic apoptosis to transient atrophy after cortical ablation in rat. Neuroscience 2002; 115: 7–14
   Google Scholar
• Ginsberg S, Martin L. Axonal transection in adult rat brain induces transsynaptic apoptosis and persistent atrophy of target neurons. Journal of Neurotrauma 2002; 19: 99–109
   Google Scholar
• Miwa C, Ueki A, Shinjo H, et al. Long-term synaptic alteration in the rat hippocampal CA3 field following an entorhinal cortex lesion. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 2001; 55: 573–578
   Google Scholar
• Bartzokis G. Schizophrenia: breakdown in the well-regulated lifelong process of brain development and maturation. Neuropsychopharmacology 2002; 27: 672–683
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachdev P, Brodaty H. Quantitative study of signal hyperintensities on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in late-onset schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 1999; 152: 1958–1967
   Google Scholar
• Arnold S. Contributions of neuropathology to understanding schizophrenia in late life. Harvard Review of Psychiatry 2001; 9: 69–76
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwood P. The frontal ageing hypothesis evaluated. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 2000; 6: 705–726
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West R. An application of prefrontal cortex function theory to cognitive aging. Psychological Bulletin 1996; 120: 272–292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar