80
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Tinea capitis

&
Pages 255-287 | Published online: 09 Jul 2009

References

  • Pusey WA History of Dermatology. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1933.
  • Solomons B. Disorders of the hair and their treatment before the 18th century. Br J Dermatol 1966; 78: 113–120.
  • Rosenthal T. Perspectives in ringworm of the scalp. Arch Dermatol 1960; 82: 851–856.
  • Alibert JL. Description des malaides de la peau observées l'hôpital Saint-Louis et exposition des meilleures méthodes suivies pour leur traitement, Barrois, Paris. 1806: 129.
  • Hakendorf JA, Donald GF, Linn HW. Favus. Australian J Dermatol 1965; 8: 22–30.
  • Gruby D. Sur les mycodermes qui constituent la teigne fa-veuse. CR Acad Sci (Paris) 1841; 13: 309–312.
  • Remak R. Diagnostische und pathogenetische Unterschungen in der Klinik des Geh. Raths Dr. Schönlein auf dessen Veranlassung angestellt und mit Benutzung anderweitiger Beobachtungen veröffentlicht. Berlin, A. Hirschwald, 1845: 242.
  • Remak R. Gelungere Impfung des favus. Med Atg 1842; 11: 137.
  • Kwon-Chung KJ, Bennett JE. Dermatophytoses. In: Kwon-Chung KJ, Bennett JE, eds. Medical Mycology. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1992: 105–170.
  • Sabouraud R. Les Teignes. Paris, Masson, 1910.
  • Emmon CW. Dermatophytes: natural groupings based on the form of spores and accessory organs. Arch Dermatol Syphilol 1934; 30: 337–362.
  • Dawson CO, Gentles JC. Perfect state of Keratinomyces ajel-loi. Nature 1959; 183: 1345–1346.
  • Griffin DN. The re-discovery of Gymnoacus gypseum, the perfect state of Microsporum gypseum: and a note on Tricho- phyton terrestre. Trans Br Mycol Soc 1960; 43: 637–641.
  • Stockdale PM. Nannizzia incurvata gen. nov., sp. nov., a perfect state of Microsporum (Bodin) Guiart et Grigorakis. Sabouraudia 1961; 1: 41–48.
  • Stockdale PM. Nannizzia persicolor sp. nov., the perfect state of Trichophyton persicolor. Sabouraudia 1967; 5: 355–359.
  • Weitzman I. Variation in Microsporum gypseum. I. A genetic study of pleomorphism. Sabouraudia 1964; 3: 195–204.
  • Freund L. Wien med Wchnschr. 1897; 47: 856.
  • Modan B, Baidatz D, Mart H, Steinitz R, Levin SG. Radia-tion-induced head and neck tumors. Lancet 1974; 1: 277–279.
  • Ron E, Modan B, Boice JD, et al. Tumors of the brain and nervous system after radiotherapy in childhood. New Eng Med J 1988; 319: 1033–1039.
  • Stein M, Haim N, Kuten A, Doron Y, Ben Arieh YT, Cohen Y. Primary brain lymphoma after x-ray irradiation to the scalp for tinea capitis in childhood. J Surg Oncol 1992; 50: 270–273.
  • Urueila JG. Le traitement des teignes par l'acetate de thallium, Paris, Masson and Cie, 1928.
  • Ciero R. Tratamiento de las Tifias por el acetate de talio. Rev. Méd. Puebla, No. 8, 1919.
  • Lewis GM, Cawthon KS, Hopper ME. Symposium: Treat-ment of skin diseases: tinea capitis. New York J Med 1952; 52: 2105–2109.
  • Whitfield A. A note on some unusual cases of trichophytic infection. Lancet 1908; 2: 237–238.
  • Gentles JC. Experimental ringworm in guinea pigs: oral treat-ment with griseofulvin. Nature 1958; 182: 476–477.
  • Oxford AE, Raistrick H, Simonart P. Studies in the biochem-istry of micro-organisms: griseofulvin, C17111706C1, a metabolic product of penicllium gresio-fulvum. Biochem J 1939; 33: 240–248.
  • Williams DI, Marten RH, Sarkany I. Oral treatment of ring-worm with griseofulvin. fancet 1958; 2: 1212–1213.
  • Blank H, Roth FJ. The treatment of dermatomycoses with orally administered griseofulvin. Arch Dermatol 1959; 79: 259–266.
  • Russell B, Frain-Bell W, Stevenson CJ, et al. Chronic ring-worm infection of the skin and nails treated with griseofulvin. Lancet 1960; 1: 1140–1147.
  • Maibach HI, Kligman AM. Short-term treatment of ony-chomycosis with griseofulvin. Arch Dermatol 1960; 81: 733–734.
  • Gupta AK, Sauder DN, Shear NH. Antifungal agents: An overview. Part I. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994; 30: 677–698.
  • Gupta AK, Shear NH, Sauder DN. New Antifungal Agents. Curr Opin Dermatol 1993; 2: 200–206.
  • Weitzman I, Kane J, Summerbell RC. Trichophyton, Mi-crosporum, Epidermophyton, and agents of superficial mycoses. In: Murray Pr, Baron El, Pfaller MA, Tenover FC, Yolken RH, eds. Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 6th edn. Washing-ton, D.C.: American Society for Microbiology Press, 1995: 791–808.
  • Ajello L. Geographic distribution and prevalence of the der-matophytes. Ann NY Acad Sci 1960; 89: 30–38.
  • Chmel L. Zoophilic dermatophytes and infection in man. In: Preusser HJ, ed. Medical Mycology. Stuttgart: Fischer Verlag, 1980: 61–66.
  • Aly R. Ecology, epidemiology and diagnosis of tinea capitis. Pediatr Inf Dis J 1999; 18: 180–185.
  • Rippon JW. Medical Mycology: the Pathogenic Fungi and the Pathogenic Actinomycetes, 3rd edn. Philadelphia: W.B. Saun-ders Company, 1988: 169–275.
  • Rippon JW. The changing epidemiology and emerging pat-terns of dermatophyte species. Curr Top Med Mycol 1985; 1: 208–234.
  • Kane J, Summerbell R, Sigler L, et al. Laboratory handbook of dermatophytes. Belmont, CA: Starr Publishing Company, 1997.
  • Gupta AK, Summerbell RC. Increased incidence of Tricho-phyton tonsurans tinea capitis in Ontario, Canada between 1985 and 1996. Med Mycol 1998; 36: 55–60.
  • Elewski BE, Rudolph AH. Tinea capitis. In: Dermis DJ, ed. Tinea Capitis in Clinical Dermatology. Volume 3. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1995: 1–24.
  • McAleer R. Fungal infection of the scalp in Western Aus-tralia. Sabouraudia 1980; 18: 185–190.
  • Sehgal VN, Saxena AK, Kumari S. Tinea capitis, a clinicoeti-°logic correlation. Int J Dermatol 1985; 24: 116–119.
  • Marples MJ. The ecology of Microsporum canis Bodin in New Zealand. J Hygiene 1956; 54: 378–387.
  • Rothman S, Smiljanic AL, Weitkamp AW. The spontaneous cure of tinea capitis in puberty. J Invest Dermatol 1947; 8: 81–98.
  • Lobato MN, Vugia DJ, Frieden U. Tinea capitis in California children: A population-based study of a growing epidemic. Pediatrics 1997; 99: 551–554.
  • Laude TA, Shah BR, Lynfield Y. Tinea capitis in Brooklyn. Am J Dis Child 1982; 136: 1047–1050.
  • Pipkin JL. Tinea capitis in the adult and adolescent. Arch Dermatol 1952; 66: 9–36.
  • Seales ER, Richardson JB. Trichophyton tonsurans. A follow-up of treated and untreated cases. Arch Dermatol 1960; 81: 125–132.
  • Greer DL. Treatment of symptom-free carriers in management of tinea capitis. Lancet 1996; 348: 350. 0 2000 ISHAM, Medical Mycology, 38, 255–287
  • Barlow D, Saxe N. Tinea capitis in adults. Int J Dermatol 1988; 27: 388–390.
  • Bugingo G. Dermatophytic infection of the scalp in the region of Butare (Rwanda). Int J Dermatol 1983; 22: 107–108.
  • Conerly SL, Greer DL. Tinea capitis in adults over fifty years of age. Cutis 1988; 41: 251–252.
  • Moberg S. Tinea capitis in the elderly. A report on two cases caused by Trichophyton tonsurans. Dermatologica 1984; 169: 36–40.
  • Vannini PR, Guadagni PR, Palleschi GM, et al. Tinea capitis in the adult: two case studies. Mycopathologia 1986; 96: 53–57.
  • Vidimas AT, Camisa C, Tomecki KJ. Tinea capitis in three adults. Int J Dermatol 1991; 30: 206–208.
  • Derrick EK, Voyce ME, Price ML. Trichophyton tonsurans kerion in an elderly woman. Br J Dermatol 1994; 130: 683.
  • Stiller MJ, Rosenthal SA, Weinstein AS. Tinea capitis caused by Trichophyton rubrum in a 67-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993; 29: 257–258.
  • Bergus GR, Johnson JS. Superficial tinea infections. Am Fam Phys 1993; 48: 259–268.
  • Philpot CM. Geographical distribution of the dermatophytes: a review. J Hyg (Lond) 1978; 80: 301–313.
  • Rippon JW. The changing epidermiology and emerging pat-terns of dermatophyte species. Curr Top Med Mycol 1985; 1: 208–234.
  • Tack DA, Fleischer A, McMichael A, Feldman S. The epi-demic of tinea capitis disproportionately affects school-aged African Americans. Ped Dermatol 1999; 16: 75.
  • Leeming JG, Elliott TS. The emergence of Trichophyton ton-surans tinea capitis in Birmingham, UK. Br J Dermatol 1995; 133: 929–931.
  • Hay RJ, Clayton TM, DeSilva N, Midgley G, Rossor E. Tinea capitis in south-east London-a new pattern of infection with public health implications. Br J Dermatol 1996; 135: 955–958.
  • Fuller LC, Child FC, Higgins EM. Tinea capitis in south-east London: an outbreak of Trichophyton tonsurans infection. Br J Dermatol 1997; 136: 139.
  • Mills CM, Philpot CM. Tinea capitis in South Wales-observa-tions in change of causative fungi. Clin Exp Dermatol 1994; 19: 473–475.
  • Gentles JC, Scott E. Superficial mycoses in the west of Scot-land. Scott Med J 1981; 26: 328–335.
  • van der Willigen AH, Oranje AP, de Weerdt-van Ameijden S, Wagenvoort JH. Dermatomycosen bij kinderen; een retrospec-fief onderzoek 1977-1987. [Dermatomycoses in children; a retrospective study in 1977-1987]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1988; 132: 1525–1528.
  • Tan CS, Wintermans RG, de Hoog GS, Engel HW, Ijzerman EP. Verschuivingen in het soortenspectrum van mycosen in Nederland in het tijdvak 1970-1990. [Shifts in the species spectrum of mycoses in The Netherlands from 1970-1990]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1992; 136: 631–637.
  • Van der Willigen AH, Oranje AP, de Weerdt-van Ameijden S, Wagenvoort JH. Tinea capitis in the Netherlands (Rotterdam Area). Mycoses 1990; 33: 46–50.
  • Korstanje MJ, Staats CG. Tinea capitis in Northwestern Eu-rope 1963-1993: etiologic agents and their changing preva-lence. Int J Dermatol 1994; 33: 548–549.
  • Di Silverio A, Mosca M, Gatti M, Brandozzi G. Superficial mycoses observed at the Department of Dermatology of the University of Pavia: A 13-year survey. Mycopathologia 1989; 105: 11–17. 0 2000 ISHAM, Medical Mycology, 38, 255-287
  • Terragni L, Lasagni A, Oriani A. Dermatophytes and derma-tophytoses in the Milan area between 1970 and 1989. Mycoses 1993; 36: 313–317.
  • Sbema F, Farella V, Geti V, et al. Epidemiology of the dermatophytoses in the Florence area of Italy: 1985-1990 Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Epidermophyton floccosum and Microsporum gypsum infections. Mycopathologia 1993; 122: 153–162.
  • Caprilli F, Mercantini R, Palamara G, Belardi M, Crescim-beni E. Distribution and frequency of dermatophytes in the city of Rome between 1978 and 1983. Mykosen 1987; 30: 86–93.
  • Marchisio VF, Preve L, Tullio V. Fungi responsible for skin mycoses inTurin (Italy). Mycoses 1996; 39: 141–150.
  • Maleville J, Moulinier C, Boineau D, et al. Teignes du cuir chevelu: 73 cas observes A Bordeaux. [Tinea capitis: 73 cases observed in Bordeaux]. Ann Dermatol Venereol (Paris) 1979; 106: 869–872.
  • Benito JAV, Matin-Pascual A, Garcia Perez A. Epidemiologic study of dermatophytoses in Salamanca (Spain). Sabouraudia 1979; 17: 113–123.
  • Miguens MP, Pereiro M, Pereiro M. Review of dermatophy-toses in Galicia from 1951 to 1987, and comparison with other areas of Spain. Mycopathologia 1991; 113: 65–78.
  • Zienicke HC, Korting HC, Lucacs A, Braun-Falco 0. Derma-tophytosis in children and adolescents: epidemiological, clini-cal, and microbiological aspects changing with age. J Dermatol 1991; 18: 438–446.
  • Fogekl EK, Nielsen T. Etiology of dermatophytoses in Den-mark based on a material of 1070 cases. Mykosen 1982; 25: 121–125.
  • Svejgaard E, Onsberg P, Rosman N, Stenderup A, Sylvest B. Dermatophytes and dermatophytosis in Denmark 1979. Mykosen 1982; 25: 263–269.
  • Dostrovsky A, Kanner G, Raubitschek F, Sagher F. Tinea capitis: An epidemiologic, therapeutic and laboratory investi-gation. J Invest Derm 1955; 24: 195–200.
  • Evron R, Ganor S, Wax Y, Sheshinski R. Epidemiological trends of dermatophytoses and dermatophytes in Jerusalem between 1954 and 1981. Mycopathologia 1985; 99: 113–120.
  • Wolf R, Krakowski A, Alteras I, Vardy PA. Tinea capitis among children of Ethiopian immigrants. J Med Vet Mycol 1986; 24: 85–86.
  • Karaoui R, Selim M, Mousa A. Incidence of dermatophytosis in Kuwait. Sabouraudia 1979; 17: 131–137.
  • al-Fouzan AS, Nanda A. Dermatophytosis of children in Kuwait. Ped Dermatol 1992; 9: 27–30.
  • al-Fouzan AS, Nanda A, Kubec K. Dermatophytosis of chil-dren in Kuwait: A prospective survey. Int J Dermato11993; 32: 798–801.
  • al-Benhawi MO, Fathy S, Moubasher AH, Alem NS. Myco-logic study of tinea capitis in Qatar. Int J Dermatol 1991; 30: 204–205.
  • Lestringant GG, Qayekl K, Blayney B. Tinea capitis in the United Arab Emirates. Int J Dermatol 1991; 30: 127–129.
  • al-Sogair SM, Moawad MK, al-Humaidan YM. Fungal infec-tion as a cause of skin disease in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia: prevailing fungi and pattern of infection. Mycoses 1991; 34: 333–337.
  • Venugopal PV, Venugopal TV. Tinea capitis in Saudi Arabia. Int J Dermatol 1993; 32: 39–40.
  • Ali-Shtayeh MS, Arda HM. A study of tinea capitis in Jordan (West Bank). J Trop Med Hyg 1986; 89: 137–141.
  • Schmeller W, Baumfartner S, Dzikus A. Dermatophytomy-coses in children in rural Kenya: the impact of primary health care. Mycoses 1997; 40: 55–63.
  • Verhagen AR, Maniar SH, Vanbreuseghem R. Dermatophy-toses in Kenya. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 1969; 62: 275–283.
  • Kanwar AJ, Belhaj MS. Tinea capitis in Benghazi, Libya. Int J Dermatol 1987; 26: 371–373.
  • Ajao AO, Akintunde C. Studies on the prevalence of tinea capitis infection in Ile-lie, Nigeria. Mycopathologia 1985; 89: 43–48.
  • Obasi OE, Clayton YM. Dermatophyte fungi in the Guinea Savanah region of Nigeria and the changing phase of derma-tophytosis in Nigeria. Mycoses 1989; 32: 381–385.
  • Mahgoub ES. Ringworm infection among Sudanese school children. Trop Med Hyg 1968; 62: 263–268.
  • Dagnew MB, Erwin G. Epidemiology of common transmissi-ble skin diseases among primary school children in north-west Ethiopia. Trop Geog Med 1991; 43: 152–155.
  • Bleumink M, Eysenga G, Fokkema M, Klokke AH. Superfi-cial mycoses in East Tanzania. Fact Afr Med J 1974; 51: 613–617.
  • Nsanzumuhire H, Masawe AE. Superficial fungal infections of the skin in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. East Afr Med J 1974; 51: 610–612.
  • Simpanya MF. A contribution to the study of tinea capitis in Lusaka, Zambia. Fact Afr Med J 1989; 66: 269–275.
  • Scott DB, Scott FP. Dermatophytoses in South Africa. Sabouraudia 1973; 11: 279–282.
  • Findlay GH, Vismer HF, Sophianos T. The spectrum of paediatric dermatology: Analysis of 10 000 cases. Br J Derma-tol 1974; 91: 379–387.
  • Young CN. Scalp ringworm among black children in South Africa and the occurrence of Trichophyton yaoundei. S Afr Med J 1976; 50: 705–707.
  • Neil G, van Dyk A, Hanslo D, Kibel MA. Ringworm of the scalp in children. S Afr Med J 1987; 71: 575–576.
  • Lee JY, Hsu ML. Tinea capitis in adults in southern Taiwan. Int J Dermatol 1991; 36: 572–575.
  • Taylor RL, Kotrajaras R, Jotisankasa V. Occurrence of der-matophytes in Bangkok, Thailand. Sabouradia 1968; 6: 307–311.
  • Padhye AA, Thirumalachar MJ, Gokhale BB. Dermatophy-toses in Poona, India. Observations on incidence, clinical features, environmental ractors and causal agents studied dur-ing 1958 to 1963 at sassoon hospitals, Poona. Mycopathol Mycol Appl 1970; 40: 325–336.
  • Kamalam A, Thambiah AS. Tinea capitis in Madras. Sabouraudia 1973; 11: 106–108.
  • Dasgupta LR, Agarwal SC, Bedi BM. Tinea capitis in Pondicherrry (South India). Sabouraudia 1975; 13: 38–40.
  • Kamalam A, Thambiah AS. A study of 3891 cases of mycoses in the tropics. Sabouraudia 1976; 14: 129–148.
  • Carion AL. Dermatomycoses in Puerto Rico. Arch Dermatol 1965; 91: 431–438.
  • Gonzalez-Ochoa A, Orozco Victoria C. Frequency of occur-rence of principal dermatophytoses and their causative agents observed in Mexico City. Int J Dermatol 1974; 13: 303–309.
  • Bogaert H, Coiscou AA. Superficial mycosis in children of the Dominican Republic. Mod Probl Pediatr 1975; 17: 242–247.
  • Donald GF, Sheppard AW, Brown GW. A survey of 581 dermatophytes identified in South Australia during the years 1954 to 1959. Australas J Dermatol 1959; 5: 81–89.
  • Ridley MF, Wilson E, Harrington M. The occurrence of dermatophytes in Queensland. Austr J Dermatol 1961; 6: 24–28.
  • McAleer R. Fungal infection as a cause of skin disease in Western Australia. Australas J Dermatol 1980; 21: 25–46.
  • Rogers M, Muir D, Pritchard R. Increasing importance of Trichophyton tonsurans in childhood tinea in New South Wales. The pattern of childhood tinea in New South Wales, Australia 1979-1988: the emergence of Trichophyton tonsurans as an important pathogen in tinea capitis in white children. Australas J Dermatol 1993; 34: 5–8.
  • Bronson DM, Desai DR, Barsky S, McMillen S, Foley SM. An epidemic of infection with Trichophyton tonsurans revealed in a 20-year survey of fungal infections in Chicago. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983; 8: 322–330.
  • Bocobo FC, Eadie GA, Miedler LJ. Epidemiologic study of Tinea capitis caused by T. tonsurans and M. audouiniL Pub Health Rep 1965; 80: 891–898.
  • Wilmington M, Aly R, Frieden IJ. Trichophyton tonsurans tinea capitis in the San Francisco Bay area: increased infection demonstrated in a 20-year survey of fungal infections from 1974 to 1994. J Med Vet Mycol 1996; 34: 285–287.
  • Frieden IJ, Howard R. Tinea capitis: epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994; 31: S42–46.
  • Prevost E. The rise and fall of flourescent tinea capitis. Pediatr Dermatol 1983; 1: 127–133.
  • Prevost E. Nonfluorescent tinea capitis in Charleston, SC. A diagnostic problem. J Am Med Assoc 1979; 242: 1765–1767.
  • Georg LK. Trichophyton tonsurans ringworm - a new public health problem. Pub Health Rep 1952; 67: 53–56.
  • Crissey JT, Martin R. A new form of scalp ringworm in western New York. NY State J Med 1960; 60: 679–682.
  • White CJ. Ringworm as it exists in Boston. J Cutan Dis 1899; 17: 1–17.
  • Livinghood CS, Pillsbury DM. Ringworm of the scalp. J Invest Dermatol 1941; 4: 43.
  • Mitchell HH, Story LS, MacDonald JC. An epidemic of ringworm of the scalp. Pub Health Nurs 1943; 35: 564–566.
  • Kuhl IW. Ringworm of the scalp in the Delta of the Rio Grande. Arch Dermatol 1959; 80: 202–204.
  • Levin OL, Behrman HT. The problem of nonfluorescent ring-worm of the scalp - a warning. JAMA 1945; 128: 350–352.
  • Gaisin A, Holzwanger JM, Leyden JJ. Endothrix tinea capitis in Philadelphia. Int J Dermatol 1977; 16: 188–190.
  • Saferstein HL, Reid BJ, Blank F. Endothrix ringworm-a new public health problem in Philadelphia. JAMA 1964; 190: 851–852.
  • Terreni A. Tinea capitis survey in Charleston, SC. Arch Der-matol 1961; 83: 88–91.
  • Hill EM, Zelichkson AS, Orkin M. T. tonsurans in Minnesota. Arch Dermatol 1957; 76: 206–207.
  • Carlier GI. A seventeen year survey of the ringworm flora of Birmingham. J Hygeine 1963; 61: 291–305.
  • Kemma ME, Elewski BE. A US epidemiologic survey of superficial fungal diseases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996; 35: 539–542.
  • Corlett WT. Recent researches in ringworm. JAMA 1899; 32: 589–594.
  • Beeson BB. Ringworm of the scalp in Chicago: a bacteriolog-ical study of 100 cases. J Cutan Dis 1915; 33: 731–737.
  • Hazen HH. The roentgen ray treatment of tinea tonsurans. J Cutan Dis 1919; 37: 307. 0 2000 ISHAM, Medical Mycology, 38, 255–287
  • Lewis GM. Ringworm of the scalp. Am J Med Sci 1935; 189: 364–370.
  • Joseph HL, Halde C. Tinea capitis due to Trichophyton ton-surans. California Med 1955; 83: 371–375.
  • Mitchell HH, Story LS, MacDonald JC. An epidemic of ringworm of the scalp. Pub Health Nurs 1943; 35: 564–566.
  • Lewis GM, Silvers SH, Cipollaro AC, Muskalblit, Mitchell HH. Measures to prevent and control an epidemic of ring-worm of the scalp. NY State Med J 1944; 44: 1327–1333.
  • Steves RJ, Lynch FW. Ringworm of the scalp-report of the present epidemic. JAMA 1947; 133: 306–309.
  • Miedler LJ, Bocoho FC, Eadie GA. Trichophyton tonsurans infections of the scalp - a new menace. J Mich Med Soc 1960; 59: 1851–1856.
  • Gray HR, Dalton JE, Starcs H. Trichopyhton tonsurans infec-tion of the scalp in Central Indiana. J Ind State Med Assoc 1960; 53: 75–80.
  • Reid JD, Carter EB. Tinea capitis infection in Virginia. VA Med Mon 1956; 83: 261–262.
  • Adams AS, Riley KA Tinea capitis-a report of 100 cases. J SC Med Assoc 1954; 50: 6–7.
  • Lehman CF, Pipkin JL, Ressmann AC. Cultural survey of tinea capitis in San Antonio, Texas. Arch Dermatol Syphilol 1950; 61: 488.
  • Rudolph AH. The clinical recognition of tinea capitis from Trichophyton tonsurans. JAMA 1979; 242: 1770.
  • Bakerspigel A. Trichophyton tonsurans var. sulfureum in south-western Ontario. Sabouraudia 1963; 3: 50–51.
  • Sinski JT, Fouras K. A survey of dermatophytes isolated from human patients in the United States from 1979 to 1981 with chronological listings of worldwide incidence of five dermato-phytes often isolated in the United States. Mycopathologia 1984; 85: 97–120.
  • Sinski JT, Kelley LM. A survey of dermatophytes isolated from human patients in the United States from 1982 to 1984. Mycopathologia 1987; 98: 35–40.
  • Sinski JT, Kelley LM. A survey of dermatophytes from hu-man patients in the United States from 1985 to 1987. Myco-pathologia 1991; 114: 117–126.
  • Padhye AA, Sekhon AS. Dermatophytoses in Alberta (1959-1971). Can J Public Health 1973; 64: 180–184.
  • Ross JB, Butler RW, Cross RJ, Fardy PW. A retrospective study of dermatophyte infection in Newfoundland for the period 1962-1968. Can Med Assoc J 1971; 104: 492–496.
  • Strachan AA, Blank F. On 1117 Microsporum canis infections in Montreal. Dermatologica 1963; 126: 271–290.
  • Kligman AM. The pathogenesis of tinea capitis due to Mi-crosporum audouinii and Microsporum canis. J Invest Dermatol 1952; 18: 231–246.
  • Elewski B. Tinea capitis. Dermatol Clin 1996; 14: 23–31.
  • Rasmussen JE, Ahmed AR Trichophytin reactions in children with tinea capitis. Arch Dermatol 1978; 114: 371–372.
  • Howard R, Frieden IJ. Tinea capitis: new perspectives on an old disease. Semin Dermatol 1995; 14: 2–8.
  • Baxter DL. Superficial and deep mycotic infections. In: Moschella SL, Pillsbury DM, Hurley HJ, eds. Dermatology. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co, 1975: 621–707.
  • Dogliotti M, Bisset EA. Tinea capitis in Black children. S Afr Med J 1974; 48: 2215–2218.
  • Alsop J, Prior AP. Ringworm infection in a cucumber green-house. BMJ 1961; 1: 1081–1083.
  • Magarot J, Deveze P. Aspect de quelques dermatoses en 0 2000 ISHAM, Medical Mycology, 38, 255-287 lumière ultraparaviolette. Note preliminaire. Bull Soc d se Med et de Montpellier 1925; 6: 375.
  • Hebert AA. Tinea capitis. Curr Concepts Arch Dermatol 1988; 124: 1554–1557.
  • Borchers SW. Moistened gauze technic to aid in diagnosis of tinea capitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1985; 13: 672–673.
  • Hubbard TW, de Triquet JM. Brush-culture method for diag-nosing tinea capitis. Pediatrics 1992; 90: 416–418.
  • Head ES, Henry JC, Macdonald EM. The cotton-swab technic for the culture of dermatophyte infections: its efficacy and merit. J Am Acad Dermatol 1984; 11: 797–801.
  • Krowchuk DP, Lucky AW, Primmer SI, McGuire J. Current status of the identification and management of tinea capitis. Pediatrics 1983; 72: 625–631.
  • Okuda C, Ito M, Sato T. Trichophyton rubrum invasion of human hair apparatus in tinea capitis and tinea barbae: light and electron microscope study. Arch Dermatol Res 1991; 283: 233–239.
  • Taplin D, Zaias N, Rebell G, Blank H. Isolation and recogni-tion of dermatophytes on a new medium (DTM). Arch Der-matol 1969; 99: 203–209.
  • St. Germain G, Summerbell R. Identifying Filamentous Fungi. A Clinical Laboratory Handbook Belmont, CA: Star Publish-ing Company, 1996.
  • Crissey JT, Lang H, Parish LC. Manual of Medical Mycology. Cambridge, MA, USA Blackwell Science, 1995.
  • Kern ME. Medical Mycology. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Com-pany, 1991.
  • Schmidt KT, Rippon JVV. Inflammatory tinea capitis caused by Microsporum gypseum in a five-year-old girl. Cutis 1991; 48: 371–374.
  • Stocker WW, Richtsmeier AJ, Rozycki AA, Baughman RD. Kerion caused by Trichophyton verrucosum. Pediatrics 1977; 59: 912–915.
  • Ghorpade A, Ramanan C. Tinea capitis and corporis due to Trichophyton violaceum in a six-day-old infant. Int J Dermatol 1994; 33: 219–220.
  • Honig PJ, Smith LR. Tinea capitis masquerading as atopic or seborrheic dermatitis. J Pediatrics 1979; 94: 604–605.
  • Pakula AS, Paller AS. Langerhans cell histiocytosis and der-matophytosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993; 29: 340–343.
  • Pomeranz Al, Fairley JA. Management errors leading to unnecessary hospitalization for kerion. Pediatrics 1994; 93: 986–988.
  • Nichter LS, Thomas DM, Atkinson J, Reinisch JF, Sloan GM. Scalp infections in Black children: think kerion. Plastic Reconstructive Surg 1987; 80: 717–719.
  • Pakilha-Goncalves A. Inflammatory tinea capitis (kerion) mimicking dissecting folliculitis. Int J Dermatol 1992; 31: 66.
  • Sperling LC. Inflammatory tinea capitis (kerion) mimicking dissecting cellulitis. Occurence in two adolescents. Int J Der-matol 1991; 30: 190–192.
  • Varadi DP, Rippon JVV. Scalp infection of triple etiology. Arch Dermatol 1967; 95: 299–301.
  • Frieden IJ. Diagnosis and management of tinea capitis. Pedi-atric Annals 1987; 16: 39–48.
  • de Las Heras C, Borbujo J, Pizarro A, Casado M. Erythema nodosum caused by kerion of the scalp. Clin Exp Dermatol 1990; 15: 317–318.
  • Martinez-Roig A, Llorens-Terol J, Torres JM. Erythema nodosum and kerion of the scalp. Am J Dis Child 1982; 136: 440–442.
  • duToit MJ. Pigmenting pityriasis alba. Pediatr Dermatol 1993; 10: 1–5.
  • Solomon LM. Tinea capitis: current concepts. Pediatr Derma-tol 1985; 2: 224–237.
  • Honig PJ, Caputo GL, Leyden JJ, McGinley K, Selbst SM, McGravey AR. Microbiology of kerions. J Pediatr 1993; 123: 422–424.
  • Raubitschek F. Infectivity and family incidence of black-dot tinea capitis. Arch Dermatol 1959; 79: 477–479.
  • lye FA. The carrier stage of tinea capitis in Nigeria. Br J Dermatol 1966; 78: 219–221.
  • Reid BJ, Shimkin MB, Blank F. Study of tinea capitis in Philadelphia using case and control groups. Pub Health Rep 1968; 83: 497–502.
  • Sharma V, Hall JC, Knapp JF, Sarai S, Galloway D, Babel DE. Scalp colonization by Trichophyton tonsurans in an urban pediatric clinic. Asymptomatic carrier state. Arch Dermatol 1988; 124: 1511–1513.
  • Babel DE, Baughman SA. Evaluation of the adult carrier state in juvenile tinea capitis caused by Trichophyton tonsurans. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989; 21: 1209–1212.
  • Polonelli L, Garcovich A, Morace G. Dermatophyte carriers among school children. Mykosen 1982; 25: 254–257.
  • Babel DE, Rogers AL, Beneke ES. Dermatophytosis of the scalp: incidence, immune response, and epidemiology. Myco-pathologia 1990; 109: 69–73.
  • Vargo K, Cohen BA. Prevalence of undetected tinea capitis in household members of children with disease. Pediatrics 1993; 92: 155–157.
  • Williams JV, Honig PJ, McGinley KJ, Leyden JJ. Semi-quan-titative study of tinea capitis and the asymptomatic carrier state in inner-city school children. Pediatrics 1995; 96: 265–267.
  • Figueroa JI, Hawranek T, Abraha A, Hay RJ. Tinea capitis in south-western Ethiopia: a study of risk factors for infection and carriage. Int J Dermatol 1997; 36: 661–666.
  • Cuetara MS, del Palacio A, Pereiro M, Amor E, Alvarez C, Noriega AR. Prevalence of undetected tinea capitis in a school survey in Spain. Mycoses 1997; 40: 131–137.
  • Frieden I. Tinea capitis: asymptomatic carriage of infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999; 18: 186–190.
  • Committee on Infectious Diseases. Tinea Capitis. In: Peter G, ed. 1997 Red Book Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, 24th edn. Chicago: American Academy of Pediatrics, 1997: 523–525.
  • Honig PJ. Tinea capitis: recommendations for school atten-dance. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999; 18: 211–214.
  • MacKenzie DWR. The extra-human occurrence of Trichophy-ton tonsurans var. sulfureum in a residential school. S abourau-dia 1961; 1: 58–64.
  • Snowden MS, Loder L, Alexander WJ. Infectious alopecia in a day care center (letter). J Am Acad Dermatol 1985; 254: 3038.
  • Arnow PM, Houchlins SC, Pugliese G. An outbreak of tinea corporis in hospital personnel caused by a patient with Tricho-phyton tonsurans infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1991; 10: 355–359.
  • Neil G, Hanslo D, Buccimazza S, Kibel M. Control of the carrier state of scalp dermatophytes. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1990; 9: 57–58.
  • Allen HB, Honig PJ, Leyden JJ, McGinley KJ. Selenium suffide: adjunctive therapy for tinea capitis. Pediatrics 1982; 69: 81–83.
  • Midgley G, Clayton YM. Distribution of dermatophytes and Candida spores in the environment. Br J Dermatol 1972; 86: 69–77.
  • Hebert AA, Head ES, Macdonald EM. Tinea capitis caused by Trichophyton tonsurans. Pediatr Dermatol 1985; 2:219–223.
  • Rippon JW. Dermatophytosis and dermatomycosis. In: Rip-pon JW, ed. Medical Mycology, 2nd edn. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co., 1982: 154–248.
  • Mackenzie DWR. Hairbrush diagnosis' in detection and erad-ication of non-fluorescent scalp ringworm. BMJ 1963; 2: 363–365.
  • Thomas P, Korting HC, Strassl W, Ruzicka T. Microsporum canis infection in a 5-year-old boy: transmission from the interior of a second-hand car. Mycoses 1994; 37: 141–142.
  • Lucky AW. Epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of tinea capitis in the 1980s. Pediatr Dermatol 1985; 2: 226–228.
  • McGinley KJ, Leyden JJ. Antifungal activity of dermatologi-cal shampoos. Arch Dermatol Res 1982; 272: 239–242.
  • Givens TG, Murray MM, Baker RC. Comparison of 1% and 2.5% selenium sulfide in the treatment of tinea capitis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1995; 149: 808–811.
  • Abdel-Rahman SM, Nahata MC, Powell DA. Response to initial griseofulvin therapy in pediatric patients with tinea capitis. Ann Pharmacoher 1997; 31: 406–410.
  • Gupta AK, Einarson TR, Summerbell RC, Shear NH. An overview of topical antifungal therapy in dermatomycoses. Drugs 1998; 55: 645–674.
  • Abdel-Rahman SM, Nahata MC. Treatment of tinea capitis. Ann Pharmacother 1997; 31: 338–348.
  • Gupta AK, Hofstader SLR, Adam P, Summerbell RC. Tinea capitis: An overview with an emphasis on management. Pedi-atr Dermatol 1999; 16: 171–189.
  • Tanz RR, Stagl S, Esterly NB. Comparison of ketoconazole and griseofulvin for the treatment of tinea capitis in child-hood: a preliminary study. Pediatr Emerg Care 1985; 1: 16–18.
  • Tanz RR, Hebert AA, Esterly NB. Treating tinea capitis: should ketoconazole replace griseofulvin?J Pediatr 1988; 111 987–991.
  • Gan VN, Petruska M, Ginsburg CM. Epidemiology and treat-ment of tinea capitis: ketoconazole vs. griseofulvin. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1987; 6: 46–49.
  • Martinez-Roig A, Tones-Rodriguez JM, Bartlett-Coma A. Double-blind study of ketoconazole and griseofulvin in der-matophytoses. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1988; 7: 37–40.
  • López-Gomez S, Del Palacio A, Van Custem J, Cuétara MS, Iglesias L, Rodriguez-Noriega A. Itraconazole versus griseo-fulvin in the treatment of tinea capitis: a double-blind random-ized study. Int J Dermatol 1994; 33: 743–747.
  • Haroon TS, Hussain I, Aman S, et al. A randomized double-blind comparative study of terbinafine and griseofulvin in tinea capitis. J Dermatol Treat 1995; 6: 167–169.
  • Hamm H, Schwinn A, Bräutigam M, Weidinger G. Short duration treatment with terbinafine for tinea capitis caused by Trichophyton or Microsporum species. Br J Dermatol 1999; 140: 480–482.
  • Gruseck E, Splanemann V, Bleck 0, Ring J, Abeck D. Oral terbinafine in tinea capitis in children. Mycoses 1996; 39: 237–240.
  • Drago§ V, Lunder M. Lack of efficacy of 6-week treatment with oral terbinafine for tinea capitis due to Microsporum canis in children. Pediatr Dermatol 1997; 14: 46–48.
  • Kullavanijaya P, Reangchainam S, Ungpakom R. Random-ized single-blind study of efficacy and tolerability of ter-binafme in the treatment of tinea capitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997; 37: 272–273.
  • del Carmen Padilla Desgarennes M, Godoy MR, Palencia AB. Therapeutic efficacy of terbinafme in the treatment of three children with tinea tonsurans. J Am Acad Dermato11996; 35: 114–116.
  • Nejjam JF, Zatula M, Cabiac MD, Guessous N, Hubert H, Lakhdar H. Pilot study of terbinafme in children suffering from tinea capitis: evaluation of efficacy, safety and pharma-cokinetics. Br J Dermatol 1995; 132: 98–105.
  • Haroon TS, Hussain I, Aman S, et al. A randomized double-blind comparative study of terbinafme for 1, 2 and 4 weeks in tinea capitis. Br J Dermatol 1996; 135: 86–88.
  • Haroon TS, Hussain I, Mahmood A, Nagi AH, Ahmad I, Zahid M. An open clinical pilot study of the efficacy and safety of oral terbinafme in dry non-inflammatory tinea capi-tis. Br J Dermatol 1992; 126 (Suppl. 39): 47–50.
  • Goulden V, Goodfield MJ. Treatment of childhood dermato-phyte infections with oral terbinafme. Pediatr Dermatol 1995; 12: 53–54.
  • Gupta AK, Adam P. Terbinafme pulse therapy is effective in tinea capitis. Pediatr Dermatol 1998; 15: 56–58.
  • Farkas B, Dorom I, Dobozy A. Terbinafine (Lamisil) in the treatment of infections caused by M. canis and T. verrucosum. In: Hay RJ, ed. International Perspective on Lamisil (Series: CCT Healthcare Congress and Symposium. No. 101). London: CCT Healthcare Communications Ltd., 1994: 52–53, 208–210.
  • Tamura H, Doi M, Abe M, Kume H, Nishiyama S, Katsuoka K. Kerion celsi effectively treated with terbinafme. Characteris-tics of Kerion celsi in the elderly in Japan. Mycoses 1999; 42: 581–585.
  • Rademaker M, Havill S. Griseofulvin and terbinafme in the treatment of tinea capitis in children. N Z Med J 1998; 111: 55–57.
  • Jones TC, Cransland J, Williams TG. A clinical review of the efficacy and tolerability of terbinafme (Lamisil®) in children with tinea capitis (Poster #196). J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 1998; 11 (Suppl. 2): S231.
  • Filho ST, Cuce LC, Foss NT, Marques SA, Santamarie JR. Efficacy, safety and tolerability of terbinafme for tinea capitis in children: Brazilian multicentric study with daily oral tablets for 1, 2 and 4 weeks. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 1998; 11: 141–146.
  • Jahangir M, Hussain I, Ul Hasan M, Haroon TS. A double-blind, randomized, comparative trial of itraconazole versus terbinafine for 2 weeks in tinea capitis. Br J Dermatol 1998; 139: 672–674.
  • Couatarmanac'h A, Mignard MH, Guigen C, Aznar C, Chevrant-Breton J. Teigne a Trichophyton mentagrophytes d' evolution prolong& sous griséofulvine et kétoconazole, guegie par l'itraconazole. Bull Soc Fr Mycol Med 1989; 18: 191–194.
  • Legendre R, Esola-Macre J. Itraconazole in the treatment of tinea capitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990; 23: 559–560.
  • Kato T, Sano T, Nishioka K, Kagawa M. Clinical use of itraconazole in dermatomycoses. Clin Rep 1991; 25: 131–137.
  • Elewski B. Tinea capitis: Itraconazole in Trichophyton ton-surans infection. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994; 31: 65–67.
  • Lukacs A, Korting HC, Lindner A. Successful treatment of griseofulvin-resistant tinea capitis in infants. Mycoses 1994; 37: 451–453. 0 2000 ISHAM, Medical Mycology, 38, 255-287
  • Bertazzoni M, Betto P, Torregrossa F, Di Fabrizio N, Cilli P. Trattamento a lungo termine con itraconazolo de tinea cor-poris e capitis eritemato-desquamativa e gramulomatosa da Microsporum canis in portatore di syndrome da immunodefi-cienza primitive. G Ital Dermatol Venereol 1994; 129:463–466.
  • Greer DL. Treatment of tinea capitis with itraconazole. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996; 35: 637–638.
  • Degreef H. Itraconazole in the treatment of tinea capitis. Cut is1996; 58: 90–93.
  • Smith RL, Levy ML. Itraconazole responsive tinea capitis in an HIV-infected child. Pediatr Dermatol 1996; 13: 313–315.
  • Ginter G. Microsporum canis infections in children: results of a new oral antifungal therapy. Mycoses 1996; 39: 265–269.
  • Elewski BE. Treatment of tinea capitis with itraconazole. Int J Dermatol 1997; 36: 537–541.
  • Gupta AK, Alexis ME, Raboobee N, et al. Itraconazole pulse therapy is effective in the treatment of tinea capitis in children: an open multicentre study. Br J Dermatol 1997; 137: 251–254.
  • Gupta AK, Adam P, Soloman R, Aly R. Itraconazole oral solution for the treatment of tinea capitis using the pulse regimen. Cutis 1999; 64: 192–194.
  • Gupta AK, Solomon RS, Adam P. Itraconazole oral solution for the treatment of tinea capitis. Br J Dermatol 1998; 139: 104–106.
  • Gupta AK, Adam P, De Doncker PD. Itraconazole pulse therapy for tinea capitis: a novel treatment schedule. Pediatr Dermatol 1998; 15: 225–228.
  • Gupta AK, Hofstader SL, Summerbell RC, et al. Treatment of tinea capitis with itraconazole capsule pulse therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998; 39: 216–219.
  • Abdel-Rahman SM, Powell DA, Nahata MC. Efficacy of itraconazole with Trichophyton tonsurans tinea capitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998; 38: 443–446.
  • Solomon BA, Collins R, Sharma R, et al. Fluconazole for the treatment of tinea capitis in children. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997; 37: 274–275.
  • Montero-Gei F. Fluconazole in the treatment of tinea capitis. Int J Dermatol 1998; 37: 870–871.
  • Mercurio MG, Silverman RA, Elewski BE. Tinea capitis: fluconazole in Trichophyton tonsurans infection. Pediatr Der-matol 1998; 15: 229–232.
  • Gupta AK, Adam P, Hofstader SLR, et al. Fluconazole: intermittent short-duration therapy is effective in the treat- ment of tinea capitis. Br J Dermatol 1999; 141: 304–306.
  • Cardinale V (ed). Red Book, 1999 Drug Topics. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company Inc., 1999.
  • Keipert JA. Beneficial effect of corticostweroid therapy in Microsporum canis kerion. Aust J Dermatol 1984; 25: 127–130.
  • Barriére H, Litoux P. Inter& et justification de la corticothéra-pie generale des trichophyties suppurées (kérions). Ann Derm Venereol 1977; 104: 294.
  • Griseofulvin. In: Sifton DW, ed. Physicians' Desk Reference, 53rd edn. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company Inc., 1999: 2843–2844.
  • Griseofulvin. In: Bisson R, ed. Compendium of Pharmaceuti-cals and Specialities, 34th edn. Toronto: Webcom Ltd, 1999: 653–654.
  • Roth FJ, Blank H. The bioassay of griseofulvin in human stratum corneum. Arch Dermatol 1960; 81: 662–666.
  • Epstein WL, Shah VP, Riegelman S. Griseofulvin levels in stratum comeum. Arch Dermatol 1960; 81: 662–666.
  • De Doncker P. Pharmacokinetics of oral antifungal agents. Dermatol Ther 1997; 3: 46–57.
  • Lin C, Magat J, Chang R, McGlotten J, Symchowicz S. Absorption, metabolism and excretion of 14C-griseofulvin in man. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1973; 187: 415–422.
  • Friedlander SF. The evolving role of itraconazole, fluconazole and terbinafme in the treatment of tinea capitis. Pediatr Infect Dis 1999; 18: 205–210.
  • Zaias N, Taplin D, Rebell G. Evaluation of microcrystalline griseofulvin therapy in tinea capitis. J Am Med Assoc 1966; 198: 805–807.
  • Nyawalo JO, Bwire M. Single dose and intermittent griseoful-vin regimens in the treatment of tinea capitis in Kenya. Mycoses 1988; 31: 229–234.
  • Oskui J. Intermittent use of griseofulvin in tinea capitis. Cutis 1978; 21: 689–692.
  • Vanbreuseghem R, Gatti F, Ceballos JA. Mass treatment of scalp ringworm by a single dose of griseofulvin. Int J Dermatol 1970; 9: 59–63.
  • Kirk J, Miles YE. Use of griseofulvin in therapy of tinea capitis in children: II. Single doses and monthly doses. Arch Dermatol 1960; 81: 807–812.
  • Grin El. Epidemiology and control of tinea capitis in Yugoslavia. Bull WHO 1962; 26: 797.
  • Goldfarb NJ. Experiences in one hundred thirty-seven patients treated with oral griseofulvin. Arch Dermatol 1960; 81: 859.
  • Harrell ER, Bocobo FC, Kingery F, Miedler F. Effect of griseofulvin on tinea capitis caused by M. audouinik Arch Dermatol 1960; 81: 797–801.
  • Gonzalez-Ochoa A, Ahumada-Padilla M. New schemes in the treatment of dermatophytoses with griseofulvin. Arch Derma-tol 1960; 81: 833–837.
  • Stritzler C, Rein RL, Usku K. Tinea capitis treated with griseofulvin. Arch Dermatol 1962; 85: 743–745.
  • Behrman HT, Mandel EH, Morse JL. Modern management of ringworm of the scalp. J Pediatr 1962; 60: 252–258.
  • Ziprkowski L, Feinstein A. Weekly griseofulvin therapy for tinea capitis. Mykosen 1969; 12: 105–110.
  • Neves H, Cabral A, Nures F, Caldeira B. Intermittent treat-ment of tinea capitis with griseofulvin. Br J Dermatol 1963; 75: 152.
  • Friedman L, Derbes VJ, Tromovitch TA. Single dose therapy of tinea capitis. Arch Derm 1961; 82: 165–168.
  • Goldman L, Schwarz J, Preston RH, Beyer A, Loutzenhiser J. Current status of griseofulvin. Report on 175 cases. JAMA 1960; 172: 532.
  • Mercurio MG, Elewski B. Tinea capitis treatment. Dermatol Ther 1997; 3: 79–83.
  • Sheretz E. Are laboratory studies necessary for griseofulvin therapy? J Am Acad Dermatol 1990; 22: 1103.
  • Ketoconazole. In: Sifton DW, ed. Physicians' Desk Reference, 53rd edn. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company Inc., 1999: 1428–1430.
  • Ketoconazole. In: Bisson R, ed. Compendium of Pharmaceuti-cals and Specialities, 34th edn. Toronto: Webcom Ltd, 1999: 1191–1193.
  • Ketoconazole. In: United States Pharmacopeia DI, 17th edn. Rand McNally, 1997: 296–304.
  • Van den Bossche H, Willemsens G, Cools W, et al. In vitro and in vivo effects of the antimycotic drug ketoconazole on sterol synthesis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1980; 17: 922–928.
  • Sud LI, Feingold DS. Mechanisms of action of the antimycotic imidazoles. J Invest Dermatol 1981; 76: 438–441.
  • Deutsch PH, Quintiliani R. Ketocoanzole. Conn Med 1984; 48: 216–221.
  • Van Tyle JH. Ketoconazole: Mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, adverse reac-tions, and therapeutic use. Pharmacotherapy 1984; 4:343–373.
  • Heel RC, Brogden RN, Carmine A, Morley PA, Speight TM, Avery GS. Ketoconazole: a review of its therapeutic efficacy in superficial and systemic fungal infections. Drugs 1982; 23: 1–36.
  • Daneshmend TK, Warnock DW, Turner A, Roberts CJ. Pharmacokinetics of ketoconazole in normal subjects. J An-timicrob Chemother 1981; 8: 299–304.
  • Harris R, Jones FIE, Artis WM. Orally administered keto-conazole: route of delivery to the human stratum comeum. Antimcrob Agents Chemother 1983; 24: 876–882.
  • Gasior Chrzan B, Stenvold SE, Falk ES. Juvenile tinea capitis caused by Trichophyton violaceum. Hepatic reaction during ketoconazole treatment. Acta Derm Venereol 1991; 71: 57–58.
  • Terbinafine. In: Sifton DW, ed. Physicians' Desk Reference, 53rd edn. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company Inc., 1999: 2038–2039.
  • Terbinafine. In: Bisson R, ed. Compendium of Pharmaceuticals and Specialities, 34th edn. Toronto: Webcom Ltd, 1999: 903–904.
  • Ryder NS. Terbinafine: Mode of action and properties of the squalene epoxidase inhibition. Br J Dermato11992; 126 (Suppl. 39): 2–7.
  • Ryder NS. Specific inhibition of fungal sterol biosynthesis by SF 86-327, a new allylamine antimycotic agent. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1985; 27: 252–256.
  • Ryder NS. The mechanism of action of terbinafme. Clin Exp Dermatol 1989; 14: 98–100.
  • Balfour JA, Faulds D. Terbinafine: A review of its pharmaco-dynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic po-tential in superficial mycoses. Drugs 1992; 43: 259–284.
  • Jensen JC. Clinical pharmaockinetics of terbinafine (Lamisil). Clin Exp Dermatol 1989; 14: 110–113.
  • Jensen JC. Pharmacokinetics of Lamisil in humans. J Derma-tol Treat 1990; 1: 15–18.
  • Schatz F, Bräutigam M, Dobrowolski E, et al. Nail incorpora-tion kinetics of terbinafme in onychomycosis patients. Clin Exp Dermatol 1995; 20: 377–383.
  • Lever LR, Dykes PJ, Thomas R, et al. How orally adminis-tered terbinafme reaches the stratum comeum. J Dermatol Treat 1990; 1: 23–25.
  • Faergemann J, Zehender H, Jones T, Maibach I. Terbinafine levels in serum, stratum comeum, dermis-epidermis (without stratum comeum), hair, sebum, and eccrine sweat. Acta Derm Venereol 1991; 71: 322–326.
  • Faergemann J, Zehender H, Denoutl J, Millerioux L. Levels of terbinafme in plasma, stratum comeum, dermis-epidermis (without stratum comeum), sebum, hair and nails during and after 250 mg terbinafme orally once daily for four weeks. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1993; 73: 305–309.
  • Faergemann J, Zehender H, Millerioux L. Levels of ter-binafme in plasma, stratum corneum, dermis-epidermis (with-out stratum comeum), sebum, hair and nails during and after 250 mg terbinafme orally once daily for 7 and 14 days. Clin Exp Dermatol 1994; 19: 121–126.
  • DragoA V, Lunder M. Lack of efficacy of 6-week treatment with oral terbinafme for tinea capitis due to Microsporum canis in children. Pediatr Dermatol 1997; 14: 46–48. 0 2000 ISHAM, Medical Mycology, 38, 255-287
  • Romero G, Carrids JA, Cortina P, et al. Efficacy of oral terbinafme in children with tinea capitis caused by Microspo-rum canis (Poster #214). J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 1998; 11 (Suppl. 2): S236.
  • Schwinn A, Hamm H, Bräutigam M, et al. What is the best approach to tinea capitis with terbinafme? (Poster #199). J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 1998; 11 (Suppl. 2): S232.
  • Jones TC. Overview of the use of terbinafme (Lamisil) in children. Br J Dermatol 1995; 132: 683–689.
  • Gupta AK, Katz HI, Shear NH. Drug interactions with itraconazole, fluconazole and terbinafme, and their manage-ment. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999; 41: 237–249.
  • Trépanier EF, Nafziger AN, Amsden GW. Effect of terbinafme on theophylline pharmacokinetic in healthy volunteers. An-timicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42: 695–697.
  • Gupta AK, Ross GS. Interaction between terbinafme and warfarin. Dermatology 1998; 196: 266–267.
  • Warwick JA, Conan RJ. Serious interaction between warfarin and oral terbinafme. BMJ 1998; 318: 440.
  • Gupta AK, Shear NH. Terbinafine: An update. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997; 37: 979–988.
  • De Doncker P, Gupta AK, Marynissen G, Stoffels P, Here-mans A. Itraconazole pulse therapy is effective and safe in the treatment of onychomycosis and dermatomycoses: An overview. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997; 37: 969–974.
  • Grant SM, Clissold SP. Itraconazole: A review of its pharma-codynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic use in superficial and systemic mycoses. Drugs 1989; 37: 310–344.
  • Van Peer A, Woestenborghs R, Heykants J, Gasparini R, Gauwenbergh G. The effects of food and dose on the oral systemic availability of itraconazole in healthy subjects. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1989; 36: 423–426.
  • Boelaert J, Schurgers M, Matthys E, et al. Itraconazole phar-macokinetics in patients with renal dysfunction. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1988; 32: 1595–1597.
  • Cauwenbergh G, Degreef H, Heykants J, Woestenborghs R, Van Rooy P, Hoeverans K. Pharmacokinetic profile of orally administered itraconazole in human skin. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988; 18: 263–268.
  • Van Cutsem J. Therapeutic oral treatment with itraconazole solution of experimental microsporosis in cats. Efficacy and hair antifungal levels. In: Preclinical Research Report on Itra-conazole (R51211185). Belgium: Janssen Research Foundation, 1991.
  • Gupta AK, Groen K, Woestenborghs R, De Doncker P. Itraconazole pulse therapy is effective in the treatment of Majocchi's granuloma: a clinical and pharmacokinetic evalua-tion and implications for possible effectiveness in tinea capitis. Gun Exp Dermatol 1998; 23: 103–108.
  • Gupta AK, Nolting S, Prost Y, et al. The use of itraconazole to treat cutaneous fungal infections in children. Dermatology 1999; 199: 248–252.
  • Gupta AK, Chang P, Del Rosso JQ, Adam P, Hofstader SLR. Onychomycosis in children: prevalence and management. Pedi-atr Dermatol 1998; 15: 464–471.
  • Itraconazole. In: Sifton DW, ed. Physicians' Desk Reference, 53rd edn. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company Inc., 1999: 1436–1439.
  • Itraconazole. In: Bisson R, ed. Compendium of Pharmaceuticals and Specialities, 34th edn. Toronto: Webcom Ltd, 1999: 1681–1683.
  • Itraconazole. In: Drug Interactions and Facts. St Louis: Facts and Comparisons, 1999: 1–1295.
  • Grant SM, Clissold SP. Fluconazole: A review of its pharma-codynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic potential in superficial and systemic mycoses. Drugs 1990; 39: 877–916.
  • Lyman CA, Walsh TJ. Systemically administered antifungal agents. A review of their clinical pharmocology and therapeutic applications. Drugs 1992; 44: 9–35.
  • Milliken S, Powles R, Jones A, Helenglass G. Pharmacokinet-ics of oral fluconazole in autologous bone marrow transplanta-tion recipients given TBI and high-dose melphalan. Transplant Proc 1989; 21: 3067.
  • Brammer KW, Tarbit MH. A review of the pharmacokinetics of fluconazole (UK-49, 858) in laboratory animals and man. In: Fromtling RA, ed. Recent trends in the discovery, develop-ment and evaluation of antifungal agents. Barcelona: JR Prous Science Publishers, 1987: 141–149.
  • Lazar JD, Hilligoss DM. The clinical pharmacology of fluconazole. Semin Oncol 1990; 17: 14–18.
  • Fluconazole. In: Sifton DW, ed. Physician's Desk Reference, 53rd edn. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company Inc., 1999: 2379–2383.
  • Fluconazole. In: Bisson R, ed. Compendium of Pharmaceuticals and Specialities, 34th edn. Toronto: Webcom Ltd, 1999: 510–513.
  • Hay RJ. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of fluconazole in skin and nails. Int J Dermatol 1992; 1 (Suppl. 2): 6–7.
  • Faergemann J, Laufen H. Levels of fluconazole in serum, stratum comeum, epidermis-dermis (without stratum comeum) and eccrine sweat. Clin Exp Dermatol 1993; 18: 102–106.
  • Haneke E. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of fluconazole in plasma, epidermis and blister fluid. Int J Dermatol 1992; 31: 3–5.
  • Wildfeuer A, Faergemann J, Laufen H, et al. Bioavailability of fluconazole in the skin after oral medication. Mycoses 1994; 37: 127–130.
  • Yeates R, Laufen H, Zimmermann T, et al. Accumulation of fluconazole in scalp hair. J Clin Pharm 1998; 38: 138–143.
  • Perry CM, Whittington R, McTavish D. Fluconazole: an update of its antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetic proper-ties, and therapeutic use in vaginal candidiasis. Drugs 1995; 49: 984–1006.
  • Perfect JR, Lindsay MH, Drew RH. Adverse drug reactions to systemic antifungals. Prevention and management. Drug Safety 1992; 7: 323–363.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.