200
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Bioanalytical

GC‐MS Determination of Amphetamines in Human Urine

, , &
Pages 781-790 | Received 18 Feb 2004, Accepted 30 Nov 2004, Published online: 02 Feb 2007

References

  • Armbruster , D. A. , Tillman , M. D. and Hubbs , L. M. 1994 . Limit of detection (LOD)/limit of quantitation (LOQ): Comparison of the empirical and the statistical methods exemplified with GC‐MS assays of abused drugs . Clin. Chem. , 40 : 1233 – 1238 .
  • Centini , F. , Masti , A. and Barni Comparini , I. 1996 . Quantitative and qualitative analysis of MDMA, MDEA, MA and amphetamine in urine by headspace/solid phase microextraction (SPME) and GC‐MS . Forensic Sci. Int. , 83 : 161 – 166 .
  • Cheung , S. , Nolte , H. , Otton , S. V. , Tyndale , R. F. , Wu , P. H. and Sellers , E. M. 1997 . Simultaneous gas chromatographic determination of methamphetamine, amphetamine and their p‐hydroxylated metabolites in plasma and urine . J. Chromatogr. B: Biomed. Appl. , 690 : 77 – 87 .
  • Gilbert , R. B. , Peng , P. I. and Wong , D. 1995 . A labetalol metabolite with analytical characteristics resembling amphetamines . J. Anal. Toxicol. , 19 : 84 – 86 .
  • Hegadoren , K. M. , Baker , G. B. and Coutts , R. T. 1993 . The simultaneous separation and quantitation of the enantiomers of MDMA and MDA using gas chromatography with nitrogen‐phosphorus detection . Res. Comm. Subst. Abuse , 14 : 67 – 80 .
  • Helmlin , H. J. , Katrin , B. , Bourquin , D. , Vonlanthen , D. and Brenneisen , R. 1996 . Analysis of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and its metabolites in plasma and urine by HPLC‐DAD and GC‐MS . J. Anal. Toxicol. , 20 : 432 – 440 .
  • Jurado , C. , Giménez , M. P. , Soriano , T. , Menéndez , M. and Repetto , M. 2000 . Rapid analysis of amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDA and MDMA in urine using solid‐phase microextraction . J. Anal. Toxicol. , 24 : 11 – 16 .
  • Kintz , P. 1997 . Excretion of MBDB and BDB in urine, saliva and sweat following single oral administration . J. Anal. Toxicol. , 21 : 570 – 575 .
  • Kunsman , G. W. , Levine , B. , Kuhlman , J. J. , Jones , R. L. , Hughes , R. O. , Fujiyama , C. I. and Smith , M. L. 1996 . MDA‐MDMA concentrations in urine specimens . J. Anal. Toxicol. , 20 : 517 – 521 .
  • Lim , H. K. , Su , Z. and Foltz , R. L. 1993 . Stereoselective disposition: Enantioselective quantitation of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine and three of its metabolites by gas chromatography/electron capture negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry . Biol. Mass. Spectrom. , 22 : 403 – 411 .
  • Lim , H. K. , Zeng , S. and Foltz , R. L. 1992 . Comparative investigation of disposition of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in the rat and the mouse by capillary gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry assay based on perfluorotributylamine‐enhanced ammonia positive ion chemical ionization . J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. , 10 : 657 – 665 .
  • Lord , H. L. and Pawliszyn , J. 1997 . Method optimization for the analysis of amphetamines in urine by solid‐phase microextraction . Anal. Chem. , 69 : 3899 – 3906 .
  • Melgar , R. and Kelly , R. C. 1993 . A novel GC‐MS derivatization method for amphetamines . J. Anal. Toxicol. , 17 : 399 – 402 .
  • Morland , H. and Smith‐Kielland , A. 1996 . False negative results with EMIT amphetamine confirmation kit . Clin. Chem. , 42 : 1726 – 1727 .
  • Nixon , A. L. , Long , W. H. , Puopolo , P. R. and Flood , J. G. 1995 . Bupropion metabolites produce false positive urine amphetamine results . Clin. Chem. , 41 : 955 – 956 .
  • Papa , P. , Rocchi , L. , Mainardi , C. and Donzelli , G. 1997 . Buflomedil interference with the monoclonal EMIT d.a.u amphetamine/methylamphetamine immunoassay . Eur. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. , 35 : 369 – 370 .
  • Pizarro , N. , Ortuño , J. , Farré , M. , Hernández‐López , C. , Pujadas , M. , Llebaria , A. , Joglar , J. , Roset , P. N. , Mas , M. , Segura , J. , Camí , J. and De la Torre , R. 2002 . Determination of MDMA and its metabolites in blood and urine by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry and analysis of enantiomers by capillary electrophoresis . J. Anal. Toxicol. , 26 : 157 – 165 .
  • Ramseier , A. , Siethoff , C. , Caslavska , J. and Thormann , W. 2000 . Confirmation testing of amphetamines and designer drugs in human urine by capillary electrophoresis ion trap mass spectrometry . Electrophoresis , 21 : 380 – 387 .
  • Roehrich , J. , Schmidt , K. and Bratzke , H. 1994 . Application of the novel immunoassay Triage to a rapid detection of antemortem drug abuse . J. Anal. Toxicol. , 18 : 407 – 414 .
  • Schmolke , M. , Hallbach , J. and Guder , W. G. 1996 . False positive results for urine amphetamines and opiate immunoassays in a patient intoxicated with perazine . Clin. Chem. , 42 : 1725 – 1726 .
  • Thompson , W. C. and Dasgupta , A. 1994 . Microwave induced rapid preparation of fluoroderivatives of amphetamine, methylamphetamine and 3,4‐methylenedioxy‐methamphetamine for GC–MS confirmation assays . Clin. Chem. , 40 : 1703 – 1706 .
  • Yashiki , M. , Kojima , T. , Miyazaki , T. , Nagasawa , N. , Iwasaki , Y. and Hara , K. 1995 . Detection of amphetamines in urine using headspace‐solid phase microextraction and chemical ionization selected ion monitoring . Forensic Sci. Int. , 76 : 169 – 177 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.