2,740
Views
408
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Lanthanide Complexes for Luminescence Imaging Applications

, &
Pages 1-31 | Published online: 23 Aug 2007

References

  • Piguet , C. and Bunzli , J.‐C. G. 1999 . Mono‐ and polymetallic lanthanide‐containing functional assemblies: a field between tradition and novelty . Chem. Soc. Rev. , 28 ( 6 ) : 347 – 358 .
  • Soini , E. and Lovgren , T. 1987 . Time‐resolved fluorescence of lanthanide probes and applications in biotechnology . Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. , 18 ( 2 ) : 105 – 154 .
  • Hemmila , I. and Mukkala , V. M. 2001 . Time‐resolution in fluorimetry technologies, labels, and applications in bio analytical assays . Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci. , 38 ( 6 ) : 441 – 519 .
  • European Patent, EP0064484 . 1982 . Wallac Laboratories, Turku, Finland
  • Lee , Y. C. 2001 . Application of time‐resolved fluorometry of lanthanide in glycobiology . Anal. Biochem. , 297 ( 2 ) : 123 – 200 .
  • Peuralahti , J. , Hakala , H. , Mukkala , V. M. , Loman , K. , Hurskainen , P. , Mulari , O. and Hovinen , J. 2002 . Introduction of lanthanide(III) chelates to oligopeptides on solid phase . Bioconjugate Chem. , 13 : 870 – 875 .
  • Thuren , T. , Vitaren , J. A. , Lalla , M. and Kinnuren , P. K. 1985 . Fluorometric assay for phospholibase A2 in serum . Clin. Chem. , 31 ( 5 ) : 714 – 717 .
  • Freed , S. , Weissman , S. I. , Fortress , F. E. and Jacobson , H. F. 1939 . Ions of europium distributed between different configurations in homogeneous solutions . J. Chem. Phys. , 7 : 824 – 828 .
  • Weissman , S. I. 1942 . Intramolecular energy transfer. The fluorescence of complexes of europium . J. Chem. Phys. , 10 : 214 – 217 .
  • Crosby , G. A. , Whan , R. E. and Alire , R. M. 1961 . Intramolecular energy transfer in rare earth metal chelates. Role of the triplet state . J. Chem. Phys. , 34 : 743 – 774 .
  • Crosby , G. A. , Whan , R. E. and Freeman , J. J. 1962 . Spectroscopic studies of rare earth chelates . J. Phys. Chem. , 66 : 2493 – 2499 .
  • Parker , D. and Williams , J. A.G. 1996 . Getting excited about lanthanide complexation chemistry . J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. , 18 : 3613 – 3629 .
  • Evangalista , R. A. , Pollack , A. , Allore , B. , Templeton , E. F. , Morton , R. C. and Diamandis , E. P. 1988 . A new europium chelate for protein labelling and time‐resolved fluorometric applications . Clin. Biochem. , 21 : 173 – 178 .
  • Mathis , G. 1995 . Probing molecular interactions with homogeneous techniques based on rare earth cryptates and fluorescence energy transfer . Clin. Chem. , 41 ( 9 ) : 1391 – 1397 .
  • Lopez , E. , Chypre , C. , Alpha , B. and Mathis , G. 1993 . Europium(III) trisbipyridine cryptate for time‐resolved fluorescence detection of polymerase chain reaction products fixed on a solid support . Clin. Chem. , 39 ( 2 ) : 196 – 201 .
  • Horrocks , W. D. Jr. and Sudnick , D. R. 1979 . Lanthanide ion probes of structure in biology. Laser‐induced luminescence decay constants provide a direct measure of the number of metal‐coordinated water molecules . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 101 ( 2 ) : 334 – 340 .
  • Elbanowski , M. and Makowska , B. 1996 . The lanthanides as luminescent probes in investigations of biochemical systems . J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. , 99 : 85 – 92 .
  • Supkowski , R. M. , Bolender , J. P. , Smith , W. D. and Reynolds , L.E. L. Jr. 1999 . Lanthanide ions as redox probes of long‐range electron transfer in proteins . Coord. Chem. Rev. , 185–186 : 307 – 319 .
  • Xu , Y. Y. and Hemmila , I. A. 1992 . Co‐fluorescence enhancement system based on pivaloyltrifluoroacetone and yttrium for the simultaneous detection of europium, terbium, samarium and dysprosium . Anal. Chim. Acta , 256 ( 1 ) : 9 – 16 .
  • Horrocks , W. D. Jr. , Bolender , J. P. , Smith , W. D. and Supkowski , R. M. 1997 . Photosensitized near infrared luminescence of ytterbium(III) in proteins and complexes occurs via an internal redox process . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 119 ( 25 ) : 5972 – 5973 .
  • Eriksson , S. , Vehniainen , M. , Jansen , T. , Meretoja , V. , Saviranta , P. , Pettersson , K. and Lovgren , T. 2000 . Dual‐label time‐resolved immunofluorometric assay of free and total prostate‐specific antigen based on recombinant Fab fragments . Clin. Chem. , 46 ( 5 ) : 658
  • Harma , H. , Aronkyoto , P. and Lovgren , T. 2000 . Multiplex immunoassays on size‐categorized individual beads using time‐resolved fluorescence . Anal. Chim. Acta. , 410 : 85 – 96 .
  • Elliott , C. T. , Francis , K. S. and McCaughey , W. J. 1994 . Investigation of dissociation enhanced lanthanide fluoroimmunoassay as an alternative screening test for veterinary drug residues . Analyst , 119 : 2565 – 2569 .
  • Davidson , R. S. 1996 . Application of fluorescence microscopy to a study of chemical problems . Chem. Soc. Rev. , 25 ( 4 ) : 241 – 253 .
  • Singh , A. and Gopinathan , K. P. 1998 . Confocal microscopy: a powerful technique for imaging research . Curr. Sci. , 74 : 841
  • Selvin , P. R. 1995 . Fluorescence resonance energy transfer . Methods Enzymol. , 246 : 300 – 334 .
  • Beeby , A. , Botchway , S. W. , Clarkson , I. M. , Faulkner , S. , Parker , A. W. , Parker , D. and Williams , J. A.G. 2000 . Luminescence imaging microscopy and lifetime mapping using kinetically stable lanthanide(III) complexes . J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol. , 57 : 83 – 89 .
  • Charbonniere , L. , Ziessel , R. , Guardigli , M. , Roda , A. , Sabbatini , N. and Cesario , M. 2001 . Lanthanide tags for time‐resolved luminescence microscopy displaying improved stability and optical properties . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 123 : 2436 – 2437 .
  • Seveus , L. , Vaisala , M. , Syrjanen , S. , Sandberg , M. , Kuusisto , A. , Harju , R. , Salo , J. , Hemmila , I. , Kojola , H. and Soini , E. 1992 . Time‐resolved fluorescence imaging of europium chelate label in immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridisation . Cytometry , 13 ( 4 ) : 329 – 338 .
  • Vereb , G. , Jares‐Erijman , E. , Selvin , P. R. and Jovin , T. M. 1998 . Temporally and spacially resolved imaging microscopy of lanthanide chelates . Biophys. J. , 74 ( 5 ) : 2210 – 2222 .
  • Soini , A. E. , Seveus , L. , Meltola , N. J. , Papovsky , D. B. and Soini , E. 2002 . Phosphorescent metalloporphyrins as labels in time‐resolved luminescence microscopy: effect of mounting on emission intensity . Microsci. Res. Tech. , 58 ( 2 ) : 125 – 131 .
  • Connally , R. , Veal , D. and Piper , J. 2002 . High resolution detection of fluorescently labelled microorganisms in environmental samples using time‐resolved fluorescence microscopy . FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. , 41 ( 3 ) : 239 – 245 .
  • Lacowicz , J. R. , Pisczek , G. , Maliwal , B. P. and Gryczynski , I. 2001 . Multiphoton excitation of lanthanides . Chem. Phys. Chem. 2 , 2 ( 4 ) : 247 – 252 .
  • Phimphivong , S. , Kolchens , S. , Edmison , P. L. and Saavedra , S. 1995 . Time‐resolved, total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy of cultured cells using a Tb chelate label . Anal. Chim. Acta , 307 ( 2–3 ) : 403 – 417 .
  • Marriott , G. , Heidecker , M. , Diamandis , E. P. and Yan‐Marriott , Y. 1994 . Time‐resolved luminescence image microscopy using an europium ion chelate complex . Biophys. J. , 67 ( 3 ) : 957 – 965 .
  • Beverloo , H. B. , Schadewijk , A. V. , Bonnet , J. , Geest , R. V.D. , Runia , R. , Verwoerd , N. P. , Vrolijk , J. , Ploem , J. S. and Tanke , H. J. 1992 . Preparation and microscopic visualisation of multicolour luminescent immunophosphorous . Cytometry , 13 ( 6 ) : 561 – 570 .
  • Aarons , R. J. , Burton‐Pye , B. P. , Faulkner , S. , Botchway , S. W. , Parker , A. W. , Topley , S. , Beeby , A. , Snaith , J. S. , Ashraf , A. and Notta , J. 2001/2002 . Time‐resolved imaging with lanthanide complexes . LSF Ann. Rep. , : 130
  • Alpha , B. , Lehn , J‐M. and Mathis , G. 1987 . Energy transfer of europium(III) and terbium(III) with macrobicyclic polypyridine ligands . Angew. Chemie. , 99 ( 3 ) : 259 – 261 .
  • Vleck , J. H.V. 1937 . The puzzle of rare‐earth spectra in solids . J. Chem. Phys. , 41 ( 1 ) : 67 – 80 .
  • Desreux , J. F. 1980 . Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of lanthanide complexes with a tetraacetic tetraaza macrocycle. Unusual conformation properties . Inorg. Chem. , 19 ( 5 ) : 1319 – 1324 .
  • Lauffer , R. B. 1987 . Paramagnetic metal complexes as water proton relaxation agents for NMR imaging: theory and design . Chem. Rev. , 87 ( 5 ) : 901 – 927 .
  • Aime , S. , Batsanov , A. S. , Botta , M. , Dickins , R. S. , Faulkner , S. , Foster , C. E. , Harrison , A. , Howard , J. A.K. , Moloney , J. M. , Norman , T. J. , Parker , D. , Royale , L. and Williams , J. A.G. 1997 . Nuclear magnetic resonance, luminescence and structural studies of lanthanide complexes with octadentate macrocyclic ligands bearing benzylphosphinate groups . J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. , 19 : 3626 – 3636 .
  • Desurvire , E. 1994 . The golden age of optical fibre amplifiers . Phys. Today , 94 ( 1 ) : 20 – 27 .
  • An , D. , Yue , Z. and Chen , R. T. 1998 . Dual‐functional polymeric waveguide with optical amplification and electro‐optic modulation . Appl. Phys. Lett. , 72 ( 22 ) : 2806 – 2807 .
  • Beeby , A. , Parker , D. and Williams , J. A.G. 1996 . Photochemical investigations of functionalised 1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane ligands encorporating napthyl chromophores . J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2 , 8 : 1565 – 1580 .
  • Faulkner , S. , Beeby , A. , Dickins , R. S. , Parker , D. and Williams , J. A.G. 1999 . Generating a warm glow: lanthanide complexes which luminenscence in the near‐IR . J. Flouresc. , 9 : 45 – 49 .
  • Beeby , A. and Faulkner , S. 1997 . Luminescence from neodymium(III) in solution . Chem. Phys. Lett. , 266 ( 1–2 ) : 116 – 122 .
  • Beeby , A. , Clarkson , I. M. , Dickins , R. S. , Faulkner , S. , Parker , D. , Royale , L. , Sousa , A. S. , Williams , J. A.G. and Woods , M. 1999 . Non‐radiative deactivation of the excited states of europium, terbium and ytterbium complexes by proximate energy‐matched OH, NH and CH oscillators: an improved luminescence method for establishing solution hydration states . J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans 2 , 3 : 493 – 504 .
  • Kropp , J. L. and Windsor , M. W. 1963 . Enhancement of fluorescence yield of rare earth ions by heavy water . J. Chem. Phys. , 39 ( 10 ) : 2769 – 2770 .
  • Kropp , J. L. and Windsor , M. W. 1965 . Luminescence and energy transfer in solutions of rare‐earth complexes. I. Enhancement of fluorescence by deuterium substitution . J. Chem. Phys. , 42 ( 5 ) : 1599 – 1609 .
  • Kropp , J. L. and Windsor , M. W. 1966 . Fluorescence of trivalent europium in D2O–H2O mixtures . J. Chem. Phys. , 45 : 761
  • Haas , Y. and Stein , G. 1971 . Pathways of radiative and radiationless transitions in europium(III) solutions. Role of solvents and anions . J. Phys. Chem. , 75 ( 24 ) : 3668 – 3677 .
  • Stein , G. and Wurzberg , E. 1975 . Energy gap law in the solvent isotope effect on radiationless transition of rare earth anions . J. Chem. Phys. , 62 ( 1 ) : 208 – 213 .
  • Haas , Y. and Stein , G. 1972 . Radiative and non‐radiative pathways in solutions. Excited state of the europium(III) ion . J. Phys. Chem. , 76 ( 8 ) : 1093 – 1104 .
  • Hole , R. C. and Horrocks , W. D. 1990 . Spectroscopic characterization of some rare earth complexes of triethylenetetraaminehexaacetic acid . Inorg. Chim. Acta , 171 ( 2 ) : 193 – 198 .
  • Frey , S. T. , Chang , C. A. , Pounds , K. L. and Horrocks , W. D. 1994 . Characterisation of lanthanide complexes with a series of amide‐based macrocycles, potential MRI contrast agents, using Eu3+ luminescence spectroscopy and molecular mechanics . Inorg. Chem. , 33 ( 13 ) : 2882 – 2889 .
  • Horrocks , W. D. Jr. and Sudnick , D. R. 1979 . Time‐resolved europium(III) excitation spectroscopy: a luminescence probe of metal ion binding . Science , 206 ( 4423 ) : 1194 – 1196 .
  • Horrocks , W. D. Jr. , Schmidt , G. R. , Sudnick , D. R. , Kittrell , C. and Bernheim , R. A. 1977 . Laser‐induced lanthanide ion luminescence lifetime measurements by direct excitation of metal ion levels. A new class of structural probe for calcium‐binding proteins and nucleic acids . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 99 ( 7 ) : 2378 – 2380 .
  • Horrocks , W. D. Jr. and Sudnick , D. R. 1979 . Lanthanide ion probes of structure in biology. Environmentally sensitive fine structure in laser‐induced terbium(III) luminescence . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 101 ( 2 ) : 334 – 340 .
  • Klink , S. I. , Hebbink , G. A. , Grave , L. , van Veggel , F. C.J.M. , Reinhoudt , D. N. , Slooff , L. H. , Polman , A. and Hofstraat , J. W. 1999 . Sensitized near‐infrared luminescence from polydentate triphenylene‐functionalized Nd3+, Yb3+, and Er3+ complexes . J. Appl. Phys. , 86 : 1181 – 1185 .
  • Klink , S. I. , Hebbink , G. A. , Grave , L. , Peters , F. G.A. , van Veggel , F. C.J.M. , Reinhoudt , D. N. and Hofstraat , J. W. 2000 . Near‐infrared and visible luminescence from terphenyl‐based lanthanide (III) complexes bearing amido and sulfonamido pendant arms . Eur. J. Org. Chem. , : 1923 – 1931 .
  • Werts , M. H.V. , Hofstraat , J. W. , Geurts , F. A.J. and Verhoeven , J. W. 1997 . Fluorescein and eosin as sensitizing chromophores in near‐infrared luminescent ytterbium(III), neodymium(III) and erbium(III) chelates . Chem. Phys. Lett. , 276 : 196 – 201 .
  • Murov , S. L. , Carmichael , I. and Hug , G. L. 1993 . Handbook of Photochemistry , 2nd Ed. New York : Marcel Dekker .
  • Werts , M. H.V. , Verhoeven , J. W. and Hofstraat , J. W. 2000 . Efficient visible light sensitisation of water soluble near infrared luminescent lanthanide complexes . J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2 , : 433
  • Werts , M. H.V. , Woudenberg , R. H. , Emmerink , P. G. , van Gassel , R. , Hofstraat , J. W. and Verhoeven , J. W. 2000 . A near‐infrared luminescent label based on Yb‐III ions and its application in a fluoroimmunoassay . Angew Chem. Int. Ed. , 39 : 4542
  • Steemers , F. J. , Verboom , W. , Hofstraat , J. W. , Geurts , F. A.J. and Reinhoudt , D. N. 1998 . Near‐infrared luminescence of Yb3+, Nd3+, and Er3+ azatriphenylene complexes . Tetrahedron Lett. , 39 : 7583 – 7586 .
  • Shavaleev , N. M. , Pope , S. J.A. , Bell , Z. R. , Faulkner , S. and Ward , M. D. 2003 . Efficient visible‐light sensitisation of near‐infrared luminescence from Yb(III), Nd(III) and Er(III) complexes of 3,6‐bis(2‐pyridyl)tetrazine . J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. , : 808 – 814 .
  • Beeby , A. , Burton‐Pye , B. P. , Faulkner , S. , Motson , G. R. , Jeffery , J. C. , McCleverty , J. A. and Ward , M. D. 2002 . Synthesis and near‐IR luminescence properties of neodymium(III) and ytterbium(III) complexes with poly(pyrazolyl) borate ligands . J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. , : 1923 – 1928 .
  • Hasegawa , Y. , Ohkubo , T. , Sogabe , K. , Kawamura , Y. , Wada , Y. , Nakashima , N. and Yanagida , S. 2000 . Luminescence of novel neodymium sulfonylaminate complexes in organic media . Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. , 39 ( 2 ) : 357 – 360 .
  • Elhabiri , M. , Scopelliti , R. , Bünzli , J.‐C. G. and Piguet , C. 1999 . Lanthanide helicates self‐assembled in water: a new class of highly stable and luminescent dimetallic carboxylates . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 121 : 10747 – 10762 .
  • Goncalves e Silva , F. R. , Malta , O. L. , Reinhard , C. , Güdel , H.‐U. , Piguet , C. , Moser , J. E. and Bünzli , J.‐C. G. 2002 . Visible and near‐infrared luminescence of lanthanide‐containing dimetallic triple‐stranded helicates: energy transfer mechanisms in the Sm‐III and Yb‐III molecular edifices . J. Phys. Chem. A , 106 : 1670 – 1677 .
  • Horrocks , W. D. Jr. , Bolender , J. P. , Smith , W. D. and Supkowski , R. M. 1997 . Photosensitized near infrared luminescence of ytterbium(III) in proteins and complexes occurs via an internal redox process . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 119 : 5972 – 5973 .
  • Faulkner , S. , Beeby , A. , Carrie , M.‐C. , Dadabhoy , A. , Kenwright , A. M. and Sammes , P. G. 2001 . Time‐resolved near‐IR luminescence from ytterbium and neodymium complexes of the Lehn cryptand . Inorg. Chem. Comm. , 4 : 187 – 190 .
  • Beeby , A. , Clarkson , I. M. , Dickins , R. S. , Faulkner , S. , Parker , D. , de Sousa , A. S. and Williams , J. A.G. 1999 . Non‐radiative deactivation of the excited states of europium, terbium and ytterbium complexes by proximate energy‐matched OH, NH and CH oscillators: an improved luminescence method for establishing solution hydration states . J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2 , : 493 – 503 .
  • Reinhard , C. and Güdel , H. U. 2002 . High‐resolution optical spectroscopy of Na‐3[Ln(dPa)(3)] · 13H(2)O with Ln = Er3+, Tm3+, Yb3+ . Inorg. Chem. , 41 : 1048 – 1055 .
  • Shavaleev , N. M. , Moorcraft , L. P. , Pope , S. J.A. , Bell , Z. R. , Faulkner , S. and Ward , M. D. 2003 . Sensitised near‐infrared emission from lanthanides using a covalently‐attached Pt(II) fragment as an antenna group . Chem. Commun. , : 1134 – 1135 .
  • Destri , S. , Porzio , W. , Meinardi , F. , Tubino , R. and Salerno , G. 2003 . Novel erbium‐substituted oligothiophene chelates for infrared emission . Macromolecules , 36 ( 2 ) : 273 – 275 .
  • Vicinelli , V. , Ceroni , P. , Maestri , M. , Balzani , V. , Gorka , M. and Vögtle , F. 2002 . Luminescent lanthanide ions hosted in a fluorescent polylysin dendrimer. Antenna‐like sensitization of visible and near‐infrared emission . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 124 : 6461 – 6468 .
  • Parker , D. , Senanayake , P. K. and Williams , J. A.G. 1998 . Luminescent sensors for pH, pO(2), halide and hydroxide ions using phenanthridine as a photosensitiser in macrocyclic europium and terbium complexes . J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2 , : 2129 – 2139 .
  • Beeby , A. , Faulkner , S. and Williams , J. A.G. 2002 . pH dependence of the energy transfer mechanism in a phenanthridine‐appended ytterbium complex . J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. , : 1918 – 1922 .
  • Sato , S. and Wada , M. 1970 . Relations between intramolecular energy transfer efficiencies and triplet state energies in rare earth beta-diketone chelates . Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan , 43 : 1955
  • Klink , S. I. , Keizer , H. and van Veggel , F. C.J.M. 2000 . Transition metal complexes as photosensitizers for near‐infrared lanthanide luminescence . Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. , 39 : 4319 – 4321 .
  • Klink , S. I. , Keizer , H. , Hofstraat , H. W. and van Veggel , F. C.J.M. 2002 . Transition metal complexes as a new class of photosensitizers for near‐infrared lanthanide luminescence . Synth. Met. , 127 : 213 – 216 .
  • Beeby , A. , Dickins , R. S. , Fitzgerald , S. , Govenlock , L. J. , Maupin , C. L. , Parker , D. , Riehl , J. P. , Siligardi , G. and Williams , J. A.G. 2000 . Porphyrin sensitization of circularly polarised near‐IR lanthanide luminescence: enhanced emission with nucleic acid binding . Chem. Comm. , : 1183 – 1184 .
  • Shavaleev , N. M. , Moorcraft , L. P. , Pope , S. J.A. , Bell , Z. R. , Faulkner , S. and Ward , M. D. 2003 . Sensitized near‐infrared emission from complexes of Yb‐III, Nd‐III and Er‐III by energy‐transfer from covalently attached Pt‐II‐based antenna units . Chem. Eur. J. , 9 ( 21 ) : 5283 – 5291 .
  • Riesen , A. , Kaden , T. A. , Ritter , W. and Maecke , H. R. 1989 . Synthesis and x‐ray structural characterization of seven‐coordinate macrocyclic indium(3+) complexes with relevance to radiopharmaceutical applications . J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Comm. , : 460 – 462 .
  • Dischino , D. D. , Delaney , E. J. , Emswiler , J. E. , Gaughan , G. T. and Prasad , J. S. 1991 . Synthesis of nonionic gadolinium chelates useful as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging: 1,4,7‐tris(carboxymethyl)‐10‐substituted‐1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecanes and their corresponding gadolinium chelates . Inorg. Chem. , 30 : 1265 – 1269 .
  • Faulkner , S. , Burton‐Pye , B. P. , Khan , T. , Martin , L. R. , Wray , S. D. and Skabara , P. J. 2002 . Interaction between tetrathiafulvalene carboxylic acid and ytterbium DO3A‐solution state self‐assembly of a ternary complex which is luminescent in the near IR . Chem. Comm. , : 1668 – 1669 .
  • Pope , S. J.A. , Kenwright , A. M. , Heath , S. L. and Faulkner , S. 2003 . Synthesis and luminescence properties of a kinetically stable dinuclear ytterbium complex with differentiated binding sites . Chem. Comm. , : 1550 – 1551 .
  • Pope , S. J.A. , Boote , V. A. , Kenwright , A. M. and Faulkner , S. 2003 . Synthesis and luminescence properties of dinuclear lanthanide complexes derived from covalently linked macrocyclic ligands . J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. , : 3780 – 3784 .
  • Faulkner , S. and Pope , S. J.A. 2003 . Lanthanide sensitized lanthanide luminescence: terbium sensitized ytterbium luminescence in a trinuclear complex . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 125 : 10526 – 10527 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.