The Circadian Rhythm of Core Temperature: Origin and some Implications for Exercise Performance

References

• Aizawa S., Cabanac M. The influence of temporary semi‐supine and supine postures on temperature regulation in humans. J. Thermal Biol. 2002; 27: 109–114
   Google Scholar
• Aldemir H., Atkinson G., Cable T., Edwards B., Waterhouse J., Reilly T. A comparison of the immediate effects of moderate exercise in the early morning and late afternoon on core temperature and cutaneous thermoregulatory mechanisms. Chronobiol. Int. 2000; 17: 197–207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aoki K., Kondo N., Shimomura Y., Iwanaga K., Harada H., Katsuura T. Time‐of‐day effect on nonthermal control of sweating response to maintained static exercise in humans. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2002; 86: 388–393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aschoff J., Heise A. Thermal conductance in man; its dependence on time of day and on ambient temperature. Advances in Climatic Physiology, S. Itoh, K. Ogata, H. Toshimura. Igaku Shoin, Tokyo 1972; 334–348
   Google Scholar
• Burgess H., Holmes A., Dawson D. The relationship between slow‐wave activity, body temperature, and cardiac activity during nighttime sleep. Sleep 2001; 24: 343–349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cagnacci A. Influences of melatonin on human circadian rhythms. Chronobiol. Int. 1997; 14: 205–220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davenne D., Lagarde D. Circadian rhythm of vigilance and temperature during 24 hours of continuous exercise. Med. Sci. Res. 1995; 23: 767–770
   Google Scholar
• Dijk D.‐J., Czeisler C. Contribution of the circadian pacemaker and the sleep homeostat to sleep propensity, sleep structure, electroencephalographic slow waves, and spindle activity in humans. J. Neurosci. 1995; 15: 3525–3538
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drust B., Cable N., Reilly T. Investigation of the effects of pre‐cooling on the physiological responses to soccer‐specific intermittent exercise. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2000; 81: 11–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy J., Dijk D.‐J. Getting through to circadian oscillators: why use constant routines?. J Biol. Rhythms 2002; 17: 4–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edholm O., Fox R., Wolf H. Body temperature during exercise and rest in cold and hot climates. Arch. Sci. Physiol. 1973; 27: A339–A355
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Edwards B., Waterhouse J., Reilly T., Waterhouse J. A comparison of the suitabilities of rectal, gut and insulated axilla temperatures for measurement of the circadian rhythm of core temperature in field studies. Chronobiol. Int. 2002; 19: 579–597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folkard S. The pragmatic approach to masking. Chronobiol. Int. 1989; 6: 55–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregson W., Drust D., Batterham A., Cable N. The effects of pre‐warming on the metabolic and thermoregulatory responses to prolonged submaximal exercise in moderate ambient temperatures. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2002; 86: 526–533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gundel A., Wegmann H. Transition between advance and delay responses to eastbound transmeridian flight. Chronobiol. Int. 1989; 6: 147–156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haskell E., Palca J., Walker J., Berger R., Heller H. Metabolism and thermoregulation during stages of sleep in humans exposed to heat and cold. J. Appl. Physiol. 1981; 51: 948–954
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hessemer V., Langusch D., Bruck K., Bodeker R. K., Breidenbach T. Effects of slightly lowered body temperature on endurance performance in humans. J. Appl. Physiol. 1984; 57: 1731–1737
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hildebrandt G. Circadian variations of thermoregulatory response in man. Chronobiology, L. Scheving, F. Halberg, J. Pauly. Igaku Shoin, Tokyo 1974; 234–240
   Google Scholar
• Klerman E., Lee Y., Czeisler C., Kronauer R. Linear demasking techniques are unreliable for estimating the circadian phase of ambulatory temperature data. J. Biol. Rhythms 1999; 14: 260–274
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krauchi K., Wirz‐Justice A. Circadian rhythm of heat production, heart rate, and skin and core temperature under unmasking conditions in men. Am. J. Physiol. 1994; 267: R819–R829
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krauchi K., Wirz‐Justice A. Circadian clues to sleep onset mechanisms. Neuropsychoparmacol. 2001; 25: S92–S96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills J., Minors D., Waterhouse J. Adaptation to abrupt time shifts of the oscillator(s) controlling human circadian rhythms. J. Physiol. 1978; 285: 455–470
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore R. Organization of the mammalian circadian system. Circadian Clocks and their Adjustment, Ciba Foundation Symposium 183, D. Chadwick, K. Ackrill. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester 1995; 88–106
   Google Scholar
• Moran D., Mendal L. Core temperature measurement: methods and current insights. Sports Medicine 2002; 32: 879–885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison S., Sleivert G., Cheung S. Passive hyperthermia reduces voluntary activation and isometric force production. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2004; 91: 729–736
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen B., Nybo L. Cerebral changes during exercise in the heat. Sports Medicine 2003; 33: 1–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noakes T., St Clair Gibson A. Logical limitations to the “catastrophe” models of fatigue during exercise in humans. Br. J. Sports Medicine 2004; 38: 648–649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Refinetti R. Body temperature and behavior of tree shrews and flying squirrels in a thermal gradient. Physiol. Behav. 1998; 63: 517–520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Refinetti R., Menaker M. The circadian rhythm of body temperature. Physiol. Behav. 1991; 51: 613–637
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Refinetti R., Menaker M. The circadian rhythm of body temperature. Physiol. Behav. 1992; 51: 613–637
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly T., Brooks G. Investigations in metabolic responses to exercise. Ergonomics 1982; 25: 1093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly T., Brooks G. Exercise and the circadian variation in body temperature measures. Int. J. Sports Med. 1986; 7: 358–362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly T., Garrett R. Effect of time of day on self‐paced performances of prolonged exercise. J. Sports Med. Physical Fitness 1995; 35: 99–102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly T., Garrett R. Investigation of diurnal variation in sustained exercise performance. Ergonomics 1998; 41: 1085–1094
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly T., Atkinson G., Waterhouse J. Chronobiology and physical performance. Exercise and Sport Science, W. Garrett, D. Kirkendall. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, , Philadelphia 2000; 351–372
   Google Scholar
• Sagot J., Amoros C., Candas V., Libert J. Sweating responses and body temperature during nocturnal sleep in humans. Am. J. Physiol. 1987; 252: R462–R470
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sargeant A. Effect of muscle temperature on leg extension force and short term‐power output in humans. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 1987; 56: 693–698
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smolander J., Harma M., Lindquist A., Kolari P., Laitinen L. Circadian variation in peripheral blood flow in relation to core temperature at rest. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 1993; 67: 192–196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torii M., Nakayama H., Sasaki T. Thermoregulation of exercising men in the morning rise and evening fall phases of internal temperature. Br. J. Sports Med. 1995; 29: 113–120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waterhouse J. Time in biology with particular reference to humans. Eur. Rev. 2001; 9: 31–42
   Google Scholar
• Waterhouse J., DeCoursey P. The relevance of circadian rhythms for human welfare. Chronobiology. Biological Timekeeping, J. Dunlap, J. Loros, P. DeCoursey. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA 2004; 325–356
   Google Scholar
• Waterhouse J., Edwards B., Mugarza J., Flemming R., Minors D., Calbraith D., Williams D., Atkinson D., Reilly T. Purification of masked temperature data from humans; some preliminary observations on a comparison of the use of an activity diary, wrist actimetry, and heart rat monitoring. Chronobiol. Int. 1999; 16: 461–475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waterhouse J., Weinert D., Minors D., Folkard S., Owens D., Atkinson G., Macdonald I., Sytnik N., Tucker P., Reilly T. A comparison of some different methods for purifying core temperature data from humans. Chronobiol. Int. 2000; 17: 539–566
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waterhouse J., Minors D., Akerstedt T., Reilly T., Atkinson G. Rhythms of human performance. Handbook of Behavioral Neurobiology, Circadian Clocks, J. Takahashi, F. Turek, R. Moore. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, , New York 2001a; 12: 571–601
   Google Scholar
• Waterhouse J., Nevill A., Weinert D., Folkard S., Minors D., Atkinson G., Reilly T., Macdonald I., Owens D., Sytnik N., Tucker P. Modelling the effect of spontaneous activity on core temperature in healthy human subjects. Biol. Rhythms Res. 2001b; 32: 511–528
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waterhouse J., Edwards B., Bedford P., Hughes A., Robinson K., Nevill A., Weinert D., Reilly T. Thermoregulation during mild exercise at different circadian times. Chronobiol. Int. 2004; 21: 253–275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watts R., Refinetti R. Circadian modulation of cold‐induced thermogenesis in the golden‐hamster. J. Biol. Rhythm Res. 1996; 27: 87–94
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinert D., Waterhouse J. Diurnally changing effects of locomotor activity on body temperature in laboratory mice. Physiol. Behav. 1998; 63: 837–843
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinert D., Nevill A., Weinandy R., Waterhouse J. The development of new purification methods to assess the circadian rhythms of body temperature in Mongolian gerbils. Chronobiol. Int. 2003; 20: 249–270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wever R. Internal interactions within the human circadian system: the masking effect. Experientia 1985; 41: 332–342
   PubMedGoogle Scholar