Acute Myeloid Leukemia in Children: A Review of Risk Factors and Recent Trials

REFERENCES

• Robison L.L. General Principles of the Epidemiology of Childhood Cancer. Principles and Practice of Pediatric Oncology, P.A. Pizzo, D.G. Poplack. 3rd Ed., Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia 1997; 1–10
   Google Scholar
• Woods W.G., Neudorf S., Gold S., Sanders J., Buckley J.D., Barnard D.R., et al. A Comparison of Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation, Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantation, and Aggressive Chemotherapy in Children with Acute Myeloid Leukemia in Remission: A Report from the Children's Cancer Group. Blood 2001; 97: 56–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creutzig U., Ritter J., Zimmermann M., Hermann J., Gadner H., Sawatzki D.B., et al. Idarubicin Improves Blast Cell Clearance During Induction Therapy in Children with AML: Results of Study AML-BFM 93. AML-BFM Study Group. Leukemia 2001; 15: 348–354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravindranath Y., Yeager A.M., Chang M.N., Steuber C.P., Krischer J., Graham-Pole J., et al. Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantation Versus Intensive Consolidation Chemotherapy for Acute Myeloid Leukemia in Childhood. Pediatric Oncology Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 1996; 334: 1428–1434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens R.F., Hann I.M., Wheatley K., Gray R.G. Marked Improvements in Outcome with Chemotherapy Alone in Paediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Results of the United Kingdom Medical Research Council's 10th AML Trial. MRC Childhood Leukaemia Working Party. Br. J. Haematol. 1998; 101: 130–140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurwitz C.A., Mounce K.G., Grier H.E. Treatment of Patients with Acute Myelogenous Leukemia: Review of Clinical Trials of the Past Decade. J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol. 1995; 17: 185–197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulad F., Kernan N.A. Treatment of Childhood Acute Nonlymphoblastic Leukemia: A Review. Cancer Investig. 1993; 11: 534–553
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boiron M., Weil M., Jacquillat C., Tanzer J., Levy D., Sultan C., et al. Daunorubicin in the Treatment of Acute Myelocytic Leukaemia. Lancet 1969; 1: 330–333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellison R.R., Holland J.F., Weil M., Jacquillat C., Boiron M., Bernard J., et al. Arabinosyl Cytosine: A Useful Agent in the Treatment of Acute Leukemia in Adults. Blood 1968; 32: 507–523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckley J.D., Lampkin B.C., Nesbit M.E., Bernstein I.D., Feig S.A., Kersey J.H., et al. Remission Induction in Children with Acute Non-Lymphocytic Leukemia Using Cytosine Arabinoside and Doxorubicin or Daunorubicin: A Report from the Childrens Cancer Study Group. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 1989; 17: 382–390
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Creutzig U., Ritter J., Schellong G. Identification of Two Risk Groups in Childhood Acute Myelogenous Leukemia After Therapy Intensification in Study AML-BFM-83 as Compared with Study AML-BFM-78. AML-BFM Study Group. Blood 1990; 75: 1932–1940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravindranath Y., Steuber C.P., Krischer J., Civin C.I., Ducore J., Vega R., et al. High-Dose Cytarabine for Intensification of Early Therapy of Childhood Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Pediatric Oncology Group Study. J. Clin. Oncol. 1991; 9: 572–580
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steuber C.P., Civin C., Krischer J., Culbert S., Ragab A., Ruymann F.B., et al. A Comparison of Induction and Maintenance Therapy for Acute Nonlymphocytic Leukemia in Childhood: Results of a Pediatric Oncology Group Study. J. Clin. Oncol. 1991; 9: 247–258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creutzig U., Ritter J., Riehm H., Langermann H.J., Henze G., Kabisch H., et al. Improved Treatment Results in Childhood Acute Myelogenous Leukemia: A Report of the German Cooperative Study AML-BFM-78. Blood 1985; 65: 298–304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahl G.V., Kalwinsky D.K., Murphy S., Look A.T., Amadori S., Kumar M., et al. Cytokinetically Based Induction Chemotherapy and Splenectomy for Childhood Acute Nonlymphocytic Leukemia. Blood 1982; 60: 856–863
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods W.G., Kobrinsky N., Buckley J.D., Lee J.W., Sanders J., Neudorf S., et al. Timed-Sequential Induction Therapy Improves Postremission Outcome in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Report from the Children's Cancer Group. Blood 1996; 87: 4979–4989
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feig S.A., Lampkin B., Nesbit M.E., Woods W.G., Versteeg C.M., Buckley J.D., et al. Outcome of BMT During First Complete Remission of AML: A Comparison of Two Sequential Studies by the Children's Cancer Group. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1993; 12: 65–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassileth P.A., Harrington D.P., Appelbaum F.R., Lazarus H.M., Rowe J.M., Paietta E., et al. Chemotherapy Compared with Autologous or Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation in the Management of Acute Myeloid Leukemia in First Remission. N. Engl. J. Med. 1998; 339: 1649–1656
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies S.M., Wagner J.E., Shu X.O., Blazar B.R., Katsanis E., Orchard P.J., et al. Unrelated Donor Bone Marrow Transplantation for Children with Acute Leukemia. J. Clin. Oncol. 1997; 15: 557–565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amadori S., Testi A.M., Arico M., Comelli A., Giuliano M., Madon E., et al. Prospective Comparative Study of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Postremission Chemotherapy for Childhood Acute Myelogenous Leukemia. The Associazione Italiana Ematologia ed Oncologia Pediatrica Cooperative Group. J. Clin. Oncol. 1993; 11: 1046–1054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creutzig U., Ritter J., Zimmermann M., Reinhardt D., Hermann J., Berthold F., et al. Improved Treatment Results in High-Risk Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients After Intensification with High-Dose Cytarabine and Mitoxantrone: Results of Study Acute Myeloid Leukemia—Berlin–Frankfurt–Munster 93. J. Clin. Oncol. 2001; 19: 2705–2713
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer R.J., Davis R.B., Schiffer C.A., Berg D.T., Powell B.L., Schulman P., et al. Intensive Postremission Chemotherapy in Adults with Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancer and Leukemia Group B. N. Engl. J. Med. 1994; 331: 896–903
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiedemann K., Waters K.D., Tauro G.P., Tucker D., Ekert H. Results of Intensive Therapy in Childhood Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Incorporating High-Dose Melphalan and Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantation in First Complete Remission. Blood 1993; 82: 3730–3738
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiedemann K., Ekert H., Waters K.D., Downie P., Smibert E., Tauro G., Tucker D., Rigutto G., Smith P. Intensive Induction–Consolidation Therapy Followed by Autologous BMT in 1st CR for Childhood AML—An RCH Update. Blood 1996; 88: 494, (abstract). Ref. Type: Generic
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grier H.E., Gelber R.D., Camitta B.M., Delorey M.J., Link M.P., Price K.N., et al. Prognostic Factors in Childhood Acute Myelogenous Leukemia. J. Clin. Oncol. 1987; 5: 1026–1032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pui C.H., Raimondi S.C., Srivastava D.K., Tong X., Behm F.G., Razzouk B., et al. Prognostic Factors in Infants with Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Leukemia 2000; 14: 684–687
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett J.M., Catovsky D., Daniel M.T., Flandrin G., Galton D.A., Gralnick H.R., et al. Proposed Revised Criteria for the Classification of Acute Myeloid Leukemia. A Report of the French–American–British Cooperative Group. Ann. Intern. Med. 1985; 103: 620–625
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimwade D., Walker H., Oliver F., Wheatley K., Harrison C., Harrison G., et al. The Importance of Diagnostic Cytogenetics on Outcome in AML: Analysis of 1,612 Patients Entered into the MRC AML 10 Trial. The Medical Research Council Adult and Children's Leukaemia Working Parties. Blood 1998; 92: 2322–2333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheatley K., Burnett A.K., Goldstone A.H., Gray R.G., Hann I.M., Harrison C.J., et al. A Simple, Robust, Validated and Highly Predictive Index for the Determination of Risk-Directed Therapy in Acute Myeloid Leukaemia Derived from the MRC AML 10 Trial. United Kingdom Medical Research Council's Adult and Childhood Leukaemia Working Parties. Br. J. Haematol. 1999; 107: 69–79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tallman M.S., Andersen J.W., Schiffer C.A., Appelbaum F.R., Feusner J.H., Ogden A., et al. All-trans-retinoic Acid in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 1997; 337: 1021–1028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raimondi S.C., Chang M.N., Ravindranath Y., Behm F.G., Gresik M.V., Steuber C.P., et al. Chromosomal Abnormalities in 478 Children with Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Clinical Characteristics and Treatment Outcome in a Cooperative Pediatric Oncology Group Study-POG 8821. Blood 1999; 94: 3707–3716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang M., Raimondi S.C., Ravindranath Y., Carroll A.J., Camitta B., Gresik M.V., et al. Prognostic Factors in Children and Adolescents with Acute Myeloid Leukemia (Excluding Children with Down Syndrome and Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia): Univariate and Recursive Partitioning Analysis of Patients Treated on Pediatric Oncology Group (POG) Study 8821. Leukemia 2000; 14: 1201–1207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloomfield C.D., Lawrence D., Byrd J.C., Carroll A., Pettenati M.J., Tantravahi R., et al. Frequency of Prolonged Remission Duration After High-Dose Cytarabine Intensification in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Varies by Cytogenetic Subtype. Cancer Res. 1998; 58: 4173–4179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lie S.O., Jonmundsson G., Mellander L., Siimes M.A., Yssing M., Gustafsson G. A Population-Based Study of 272 Children with Acute Myeloid Leukaemia Treated on Two Consecutive Protocols with Different Intensity: Best Outcome in Girls, Infants, and Children with Down's Syndrome. Nordic Society of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology (NOPHO). Br. J. Haematol. 1996; 94: 82–88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lange B.J., Kobrinsky N., Barnard D.R., Arthur D.C., Buckley J.D., Howells W.B., et al. Distinctive Demography, Biology, and Outcome of Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrome in Children with Down Syndrome: Children's Cancer Group Studies 2861 and 2891. Blood 1998; 91: 608–615
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravindranath Y., Abella E., Krischer J.P., Wiley J., Inoue S., Harris M., et al. Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) in Down's Syndrome Is Highly Responsive to Chemotherapy: Experience on Pediatric Oncology Group AML Study 8498. Blood 1992; 80: 2210–2214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sievers E.L., Appelbaum F.R., Spielberger R.T., Forman S.J., Flowers D., Smith F.O., et al. Selective Ablation of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Using Antibody-Targeted Chemotherapy: A Phase I Study of an Anti-cd33 Calicheamicin Immunoconjugate. Blood 1999; 93: 3678–3684
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin J.A., Tobal K. Detection of Minimal Residual Disease in Acute Myeloid Leukaemia: Methodologies, Clinical and Biological Significance. Br. J. Haematol. 1999; 106: 578–590
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sievers E.L., Lange B.J., Buckley J.D., Smith F.O., Wells D.A., Daigneault-Creech C.A., et al. Prediction of Relapse of Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia by Use of Multidimensional Flow Cytometry. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 1996; 88: 1483–1488
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jurlander J., Caligiuri M.A., Ruutu T., Baer M.R., Strout M.P., Oberkircher A.R., et al. Persistence of the AML1/ETO Fusion Transcript in Patients Treated with Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation for t(8;21) Leukemia. Blood 1996; 88: 2183–2191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcucci G., Livak K.J., Bi W., Strout M.P., Bloomfield C.D., Caligiuri M.A. Detection of Minimal Residual Disease in Patients with AML1/ETO-Associated Acute Myeloid Leukemia Using a Novel Quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay. Leukemia 1998; 12: 1482–1489
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobal K., Newton J., Macheta M., Chang J., Morgenstern G., Evans P.A., et al. Molecular Quantitation of Minimal Residual Disease in Acute Myeloid Leukemia with t(8;21) Can Identify Patients in Durable Remission and Predict Clinical Relapse. Blood 2000; 95: 815–819
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar