Pharmacokinetic Studies of Intramuscular Midazolam in Guinea Pigs Challenged with Soman

References

• Anderson D. R., Harris L. W., Chang F. T., Baze W. B., Capacio B. R., Byers S. L., Lennox W. J. Antagonism of soman‐induced convulsions by midazolam, diazepam and scopolamine. Drug Chem. Toxicol. 1997; 20: 115–131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry W. K., Davies D. R. The use of carbamates and atropine in the protection of animals against poisoning by 1,2,2‐trimethylpropyl methyl‐phosphonofluoridate. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1970; 19: 927–934
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byers C. E., Merk K. A., Smith J. R., Capacio B. R. Comparison of two analytical methods for determining midazolam concentrations in plasma. FASEB. J. 2001; 15: A222
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capacio B. R., Chang F.‐C. T., Spriggs D., Byers C. E., Matthews R. L., Benton B. J. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of 4‐aminopyridine in awake guinea pigs. Drug Chem. Toxicol. 1997; 20(3)151–172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capacio B. R., Whalley C. E., Byers C. E., McDonough J. H. Intramuscular diazepam pharmacokinetics in soman‐exposed guinea pigs. J. Appl. Toxicol. 2001; 21: S67–S74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capacio B. R., Byers C. E., Caro S. T., McDonough J. H. Pharmacokinetics of intramuscularly administered biperiden in guinea pigs challenged with soman. Drug Chem. Toxicol. 2003; 26(1)1–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dirnhuber P., French M. C., Green D. M., Leadbeater L., Stratton J. A. The protection of primates against soman poisoning by pretreatment with pyridostigmine. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1979; 31: 295–299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dundee J. W., Halliday N. J., Harper K. W., Brogden R. N. Midazolam: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use. Drugs 1984; 28: 519–543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn M. A., Sidell F. R. Progress in medical defense against nerve agents. JAMA 1989; 262: 649–652
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egli M., Albani C. (1981) Relief of status epilepticus after i.m. administration of the new short‐acting benzodiazepine midazolam (dormicum). Excerpta Medica. Proceedings of the 12th World Congress of Neurology, KyotoJapan, Sept., 20–251981, Princeton, #137, 44
   Google Scholar
• Fleisher J. H., Harris L. W. Dealkylation as a mechanism for aging of cholinesterase after poisoning with pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1965; 14: 641–650
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galdames D., Aguilera L., Fabres L. Midazolam in the treatment of status epilepticus and frequent seizures in adults. Epilepsia 1997; 38: 12
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gerecke M. Chemical structure and properties of midazolam compared with other benzodiazepines. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1983; 16: 11S–16S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghilain S., van Rijckevorsel‐Harmant K., Harmant J., de Barsy T. H. Midazolam in the treatment of epileptic seizures [letter]. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1988; 51: 772
   Google Scholar
• Gordon J. J., Leadbeater L., Maidment M. P. The protection of animals against organophosphate poisoning by pretreatment with a carbamate. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1978; 43: 207–216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenblatt D. J., Abernethy D. R. Midazolam pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Anesthesiol. Rev. 1985; 12(3S)17–20
   Google Scholar
• Hayward I. J., Wall H. G., Jaax N. K., Wade J. V., Marlow D. D., Nold J. B. Decreased brain pathology in organophosphate‐exposed rhesus monkeys following benzodiazepine therapy. J. Neurol. Sci. 1990; 98: 99–106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heizman P., Ziegler W. H. Excretion and metabolism of 14C‐midazolam in humans following oral dosing. Arzneim.‐Forsch. 1981; 31: 2220–2223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillestad L., Hansen T., Melsom H., Drivenes A. Diazepam metabolism in normal man. I. Serum concentrations and clinical effects after intravenous, intramuscular, and oral administration. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 1974; 16: 479–484
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holazo A. A., Winkler M. B., Patel I. H. Effects of age, gender and oral contraceptives on intramuscular midazolam pharmacokinetics. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1988; 28: 1040–1045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hung O. R., Dyck J. B., Varvel J., Shafer S. L., Stanski D. R. Comparative absorption kinetics of intramuscular midazolam and diazepam. Can. J. Anaesth. 1996; 43: 450–455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jawad S., Oxley J., Wilson J., Richens A. A pharmacodynamic evaluation of midazolam as an antiepileptic compound. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1986; 49: 1050–1054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanto J. H. Midazolam: the first water‐soluble benzodiazepine. Pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and effficacy in insomnia and anesthesia. Pharmacotherapy 1985; 5: 138–155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leadbeater L., Inns R. H., Rylands J. M. Treatment of poisoning by soman. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1985; 5: S225–S231
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lipp J. A. Effect of diazepam upon soman‐induced seizure activity and convulsions. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1972; 32: 557–560
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lipp J. A. Effect of benzodiazepine derivatives on soman‐induced seizure activity and convulsions in the monkey. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. 1973; 202: 244–251
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McDonough J. H., Jr., Shih T.‐M. Pharmacological modulation of soman‐induced seizures. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 1993; 17: 203–215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonough J. H., Jr., McMonagle J., Copeland T., Zoeffel D., Shih T.‐M. Comparative evaluation of benzodiazepines for control of soman‐induced seizures. Arch. Toxicol. 1999; 73: 471–478
   Google Scholar
• Nordt S. P., Clark R. F. Midazolam: a review of therapeutic uses and toxicity. J. Emerg. Med. 1997; 15: 356–357
   Google Scholar
• Raines A., Henderson T. R., Swinyard E. A., Dretchen K. L. Comparison of midazolam and diazepam by the intramuscular route for the control of seizures in a mouse model of status epilepticus. Epilepsia 1990; 31: 313–317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reves J. G., Fragen R. J., Vinik H. R., Greenblatt D. J. Midazolam: pharmacology and uses. Anesthesiology 1985; 62: 310–324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shih T.‐M., Koviak T. A., Capacio B. R. Anticonvulsants for poisoning by the organophosphorus compound soman: pharmacological mechanisms. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 1991; 15: 349–362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sidell F. R. Clinical considerations in nerve agent intoxication. Chemical Warfare Agents, S. M. Somani. Academic Press, New York 1992; 55–194
   Google Scholar
• Taylor P. Anticholinesterase agents. Goodman & Gilman's the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics9th ed., J. H. Hardman, L. E. Limbird, P. B. Molinoff, R. W. Ruddon, A. Goodman Gilman. McGraw‐Hill, New York 1996; 161–176
   Google Scholar
• Towne A. R., DeLorenzo R. J. Use of intramuscular midazolam for status epilepticus. J. Emerg. Med. 1999; 17: 323–328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vale J. A., Scott G. W. Organophosphorus poisoning. Guy Hosp. Rep. 1974; 123: 13–25
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woo G. K., Williams T. H., Kolis S. J., Warinsky D., Sasso G. J., Schwartz M. A. Biotransformation of [14C]midazolam in the rat in vitro and in vivo. Xenobiotica 1981; 11: 373–384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wroblewski B. A., Joseph A. B. The use of intramuscular midazolam for acute seizure cessation or behavioral emergencies in patients with traumatic brain injury. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 1992; 15: 44–49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar