METABOLIC ACTIVATION CAPACITY OF NEONATAL MICE IN RELATION TO THE NEONATAL MOUSE TUMORIGENICITY BIOASSAY

REFERENCES

• Guidelines for Carcinogen Bioassay in Small Rodents. NCI-CG-TR-1, DHEW/PHS/NIH/NCI, Washington, DC 1976
   Google Scholar
• Weisburger E. K. History of the bioassay program of the National Cancer Institute. Prog. Exp. Tumor Res. 1983; 26: 187–201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The National Toxicology Program. Identifying and Regulating Carcinogens. OTA-BP-H-42, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 1987; 145-167
   Google Scholar
• Ames B. N., Gold L. S. Too many rodent carcinogens: mitogenesis increases mutagenesis. Science 1990; 249: 970–971
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Contrera J. F., Jacobs A. C., DeGeorge J. J. Carcinogenicity testing and the evaluation of regulatory requirements for pharmaceuticals. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 1997; 25: 130–145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flammang T. J., Von Tungeln L. S., Kadlubar F. F., Fu P. P. Neonatal mouse assay for tumorigenicity: Alternative to the chronic rodent bioassay. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 1997; 26: 230–240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu P. P., Von Tungeln L. S., Yi P., Xia Q., Casciano D. A., Flammang T. J., Kadlubar F. F. Neonatal mouse tumorigenicity bioassay. Drug Inform. J. 1998; 32: 711–728
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DHHS/FDA/ICH International Conference on Harmonization: Draft Guidelines on Testing for Carcinogenicity of Pharmaceuticals. Fed. Reg. 1996; 61: 43,298-43,300
   Google Scholar
• Pietra G., Spencer K., Shubik P. Response of newly born mice to a chemical carcinogen. Nature 1959; 183: 1689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pietra G., Rappaport H., Shubik P. The effects of carcinogenic chemicals in newborn mice. Cancer 1961; 14: 308–317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Della Porta G., Terracini B. Chemical carcinogenesis in infant animals. Prog. Exp. Tumor Res. 1969; 11: 334–363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Della Porta G., Capitano J., Parmi L., Colnaghi M. I. Urethan carcinogenesis in newborn, suckling, and adult mice of C57BL, C3H, BC3F1, C3Hf, and SWR strains. Tumori 1967; 53: 81–102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flaks A. The effect if 9, 10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene on young mice of low and high cancer strain. Br. J. Cancer 1965; 19: 547–550
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Toth B., Rappaport H., Shubik P. Accelerated development of malignant lymphomas in AKR mice injected at birth with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1962; 110: 881–884
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toth B., Rappaport H., Shubik P. The influence of dose and age on the induction of malignant lymphomas and other tumors by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene in Swiss mice. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1963; 30: 723–741
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toth B. A critical review of experiments in chemical carcinogenesis using newborn animals. Cancer Res. 1968; 28: 727–738
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vesselinovitch S. D., Mihailovich N. Significance of newborn age and dose of urethan in leukomogenesis. Cancer Res. 1966; 26: 1633–1637
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walters M. A. The induction of lung tumors by the injection of 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene (DMBA) into newborn suckling and young adult mice. Br. J. Cancer 1966; 20: 148–160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walters M. A., Roe F. J. The time of appearance of lung tumours in mice injected when newly born with 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene (DMBA). Br. J. Cancer 1966; 20: 161–167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chieco-Bianchi L., Fiore-Donati L., Tridente G., De Benedictis G. Role of age and other factors influencing the oncogenic effect of chemical carcinogens in mice. Tumori 1965; 51: 53–68
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klein M. Induction of lymphocytic neoplasms, hepatomas, and other tumors after oral administration of urethan to infant mice. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1962; 29: 1035–1046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly M. G., Newton W. L., O'Gara R. W. Susceptibility of newborn germ-free mice to tumor induction by 3-methylcholanthrene. Cancer Res 1963; 23: 978–983
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roe F. J. C., Mitchley B. C. V., Walters M. Tests for carcinogenesis using newborn mice: 1,2-Benzanthracene, 2-naphthylamine, 2-naphthylhydroxylamine and ethyl methane sulphonate. Br. J. Cancer 1963; 17: 255–260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roe F. J. C., Millican D., Mallety J. M. Induction of melanotic lesions of the iris in rats by urethane given during the neonatal period. Nature 1963; 199: 1201–1202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roe F. J., Waters M. A. Induction of hepatoma in mice by carcinogens of the polycyclic hydrocarbon type. Nature 1967; 214: 299–300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vesselinovitch S. D., Rao K. V., Mihailovich N. Neoplastic response of mouse tissues during perinatal age periods and its significance in chemical carcinogenesis. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 1979; 51: 239–250
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vesselinovitch S. D. Perinatal mouse liver carcinogenesis as a sensitive carcinogenesis model and the role of the sex hormonal environment in tumor development. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 1990; 331: 53–68
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vesselinovitch S. D., Mihailovich N., Itze L. Comparative studies on the kinetics of the neoplasic competence in mice. Cancer Res. 1970; 30: 2548–2551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vesselinovitch S. D., Mihailovich N., Rao K. V., Itze L. Perinatal carcinogenesis by urethan. Cancer Res. 1971; 31: 2143–2147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dooley K. L., Stavenuiter J. F., Westra J. G., Kadlubar F. F. Comparative carcinogenicity of the food pyrolysis product, 2-amino-5-phenylpyridine, and the known human carcinogen, 4-aminobiphenyl, in the neonatal B6C3F1 mouse. Cancer Lett. 1988; 41: 99–103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dooley K. L., Von Tungeln L. S., Bucci T., Fu P. P., Kadlubar F. F. Comparative carcinogenicity of 4-aminobiphenyl and the food pyrolysates, Glu-P-1, IQ, PhIP, and MeIQx in the neonatal B6C3F1 male mouse. Cancer Lett. 1992; 62: 205–209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hecht S. S., Radok L., Amin S., Huie K., Melikian A. A., Hoffmann D., Pataki J., Harvey R. G. Tumorigenicity of 5-methylchrysene dihydrodiols and dihydrodiol epoxides in newborn mice and on mouse skin. Cancer Res. 1985; 45: 1449–1452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu P. P., Von Tungeln L. S., Zhan D. J., Bucci T. Potent tumorigenicity of 7-chlorobenz[a]anthracene and 7-bromobenz[a]anthracene in the neonatal B6C3F1 male mouse. Cancer Lett. 1996; 101: 37–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiseman R. W., Miller E. C., Miller J. A., Liem A. Structure-activity studies of the hepatocarcinogenicities of alkenylbenzene derivatives related to estragole and safrole on administration to preweanling male C57BL/6J × C3H/HeJ F1 mice. Cancer Res. 1987; 47: 2275–2283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai C. C., Miller E. C., Miller J. A., Liem A. Initiation of hepatocarcinogenesis in infant male B6C3F1 mice by N-hydroxy-2-aminofluorene or N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene depends primarily on metabolism to N-sulfooxy-2-aminofluorene and formation of DNA-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-2-aminofluorene adducts. Carcinogenesis 1987; 8: 471–478
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaVoie E. J., He Z. M., Wu Y., Meschter C. L., Weyand E. H. Tumorigenic activity of the 4,5- and 9,10-dihydrodiols of benzo[j]fluoranthene and their syn- and anti-diol epoxides in newborn mice. Cancer Res. 1994; 54: 962–968
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conney A. H. Induction of microsomal enzymes by foreign chemicals and carcinogenesis by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: G. H. A. Clowes Memorial Lecture. Cancer Res. 1982; 42: 4875–4917
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujii K. Evaluation of the newborn mouse model for chemical tumorigenesis. Carcinogenesis 1991; 12: 1409–1415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia Q., Yi P., Zhan D. -J., Von Tungeln L. S., Hart R. W., Heflich R. H., Fu P. P. Liver tumors induced in B6C3F1 mice by 7-chlorobenz[a]anthracene and 7-bromobenz[a]anthracene contain K-ras oncogene mutations. Cancer Lett. 1998; 123: 21–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wislocki P. G., Bagan E. S., Lu A. Y., Dooley K. L., Fu P. P., Han-Hsu H., Beland F. A., Kadlubar F. F. Tumorigenicity of nitrated derivatives of pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, chrysene and benzo[a]pyrene in the newborn mouse assay. Carcinogenesis 1986; 7: 1317–1322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu P. P., Von Tungeln L. S., Unruh L. E., Ni Y. C., Chou M. W. Comparative regioselective and stereoselective metabolism of 7-chlorobenz[a]anthracene and 7-bromobenz[a]anthracene by mouse and rat liver microsomes. Carcinogenesis 1991; 12: 371–378
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Tungeln L. S., Xia Q., Bucci T., Heflich R. H., Fu P. P. Tumorigenicity and liver tumorras-protooncogene mutations in CD-1 mice treated neonatally with 1- and 3-nitrobenzo[a]pyrene and their trans-7,8-dihydrodiol aminobenzo[a]py-rene metabolites. Cancer Lett. 1999; 137: 137–143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein S. S., Joshi S., Andrea J., Mantel N., Sawicki E., Stanley T., Tabor E. C. Carcinogenicity of organic particulate pollutants in urban air after administration of trace quantities to neonatal mice. Nature 1966; 212: 1305–1307
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewtas J., Dooley K., Von Tungeln L., Fu P., Savela K., Gallagher J., Kadlubar F. Comparative tumorigenicity of complex environmental mixtures in the newborn mouse and mouse skin tumor assays. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 1993; 34: A697
   Google Scholar
• Boberg E. W., Miller E. C., Miller J. A., Poland A., Liem A. Strong evidence from studies with brachymorphic mice and pentachlorophenol that 1′-sulfooxysafrole is the major ultimate electrophilic and carcinogenic metabolite of 1′-hydroxysafrole in mouse liver. Cancer Res. 1983; 43: 5163–5173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delclos K. B., Tarpley W. G., Miller E. C., Miller J. A. 4-Aminoazobenzene and N,N-dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene as equipotent hepatic carcinogens in male C57BL/6 × C3H/He F1 mice and characterization of N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-4-aminoazobenzene as the major persistent hepatic DNA-bound dye in these mice. Cancer Res. 1984; 44: 2540–2550
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delclos K. B., Miller E. C., Miller J. A., Liem A. Sulfuric acid esters as major ultimate electrophilic and hepatocarcinogenic metabolites of 4-aminoazobenzene and its N-methyl derivatives in infant male C57BL/6J × C3H/HeJ F1 (B6C3F1) mice. Carcinogenesis 1986; 7: 277–287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fennell T. R., Wiseman R. W., Miller J. A., Miller E. C. Major role of hepatic sulfotransferase activity in the metabolic activation, DNA adduct formation, and carcinogenicity of 1′-hydroxy-2′,3′-dehydroestragole in infant male C57BL/6J × C3H/HeJ F1 mice. Cancer Res. 1985; 45: 5310–5320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leithauser M. T., Liem A., Stewart B. C., Miller E. C., Miller J. A. 1, N6-Ethenoadenosine formation, mutagenicity and murine tumor induction as indicators of the generation of an electrophilic epoxide metabolite of the closely related carcinogens ethyl carbamate (urethane) and vinyl carbamate. Carcinogenesis 1990; 11: 463–473
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai C. C., Miller J. A., Miller E. C., Liem A. N-Sulfooxy-2-aminofluorene is the major ultimate electrophilic and carcinogenic metabolite of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene in the livers of infant male C57/6J × C3H/HeJ F1 (B6C3F1) mice. Carcinogenesis 1985; 6: 1037–1045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Tungeln L. S., Bucci T., Kadlubar F. F., Fu P. P. Tumorigenicity of nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the neonatal B6C3F1 male mouse. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 1994; 35: A969
   Google Scholar
• Fu P. P., Dooley K. L., Von Tungeln L. S., Bucci T., Hart R. W., Kadlubar F. F. Caloric restriction profoundly inhibits liver tumor formation after initiation by 6-nitrochrysene in male mice. Carcinogenesis 1994; 15: 159–161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Tungeln L. S., Bucci T. J., Hart R. W., Kadlubar F. F., Fu P. P. Inhibitory effect of caloric restriction on tumorigenicity induced by 4-aminobiphenyl and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo-[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) in the CD1 newborn mouse bioassay. Cancer Lett. 1996; 104: 133–136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herreno-Saenz D., Heflich R. H., Von Tungeln L. S., Lewtas J., Fu P. P. DNA adduct formation by 2-nitrofluoranthene in Salmonella typhimurium and neonatal B6C3F1 mice. Polycycl. Arom. Compounds 1994; 6: 79–85
   Google Scholar
• Von Tungeln L. S., unpublished data
   Google Scholar
• Melnick R. L., Kohn M. C., Portier C. J. Implications for risk assessment of suggested nongenotoxic mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis. Environ. Health Perspect 1996; 104: 123–134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapitulnik J., Wislocki P. G., Levin W., Yagi H., Thakker D. R., Akagi H., Koreeda M., Jerina D. M., Conney A. H. Marked differences in the carcinogenic activity of optically pure (+)- and (−)-trans-7,8-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene in newborn mice. Cancer Res. 1978; 38: 2661–2665
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wislocki P. G., Kapitulnik J., Levin W., Conney A. H. Tumorigenicity of benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-, 7,8-,10- and 11,12-oxides in newborn mice. Cancer Lett. 1978; 5: 191–197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Tungeln L. S., Yi P., Kadlubar F. F., Fu P. P. Tumorigenicity of chloral hydrate (CH), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), trichloroethanol (TCE), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the B6C3F1 neonatal mouse. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 1997; 38: A2370
   Google Scholar
• Von Tungeln L. S., Xia Q., Herreno-Saenz D., Bucci T. J., Heflich R. H., Fu P. P. Tumorigenicity of nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the neonatal B6C3F1 mouse bioassay and characterization of ras mutations in liver tumors from treated mice. Cancer Lett. 1999; 146: 1–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox T. R., Schumann A. M., Watanabe P. G., Yano B. L., Maher V. M., McCormick J. J. Mutational analysis of the H-ras oncogene in spontaneous C57BL/6× C3H/He mouse liver tumors and tumors induced with genotoxic and nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogens. Cancer Res. 1990; 50: 4014–4019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds S. H., Stowers S. J., Patterson R. M., Maronpot R. R., Aaronson S. A., Anderson M. W. Activated oncogenes in B6C3F1 mouse liver tumors: Implications for risk assessment. Science 1987; 237: 1309–1316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiseman R. W., Stowers S. J., Miller E. C., Anderson M. W., Miller J. A. Activating mutations of the c-Ha-ras protooncogene in chemically induced hepatomas of the male B6C3 F1 mouse. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1986; 83: 5825–5829
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman J. I., Ward J. M., Popp J. A., Klaunig J. E., Fox T. R. Mouse liver carcinogenesis: mechanisms and relevance. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1991; 17: 651–665
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Richardson K. K., Rexroat M. A., Helvering L. M., Copple D. M., Richardson F. C. Temporal changes in the mutant frequency and mutation spectra of the 61st codon of the H-ras oncogene following exposure of B6C3F1 mice to N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN). Carcinogenesis 1992; 13: 1277–1279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sohn Y. W., Lee G. H., Liem A., Miller J. A. Activation of H-ras oncogenes in male B6C3F1 mouse liver tumors induced by vinthionine or 2-chloroethyl-methyl sulfide. Carcinogenesis 1996; 17: 1361–1364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helvering L. M., Richardson F. C., Horn D. M., Rexroat M. A., Engelhardt J. A., Richardson K. K. H-ras 61st codon activation in archival proliferative hepatic lesions isolated from female B6C3F1 mice exposed to the leukotriene D4-antagonist, LY171883. Carcinogenesis 1994; 15: 331–333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manjanatha M. G., Li E. E., Fu P. P., Heflich R. H. H- and K-ras mutational profiles in chemically induced liver tumors from B6C3F1 and CD-1 mice. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1996; 47: 195–208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMahon G., Davis E., Wogan G. N. Characterization of c-Ki-ras oncogene alleles by direct sequencing of enzymatically amplified DNA from carcinogen- induced tumors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1987; 84: 4974–4978
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirvish S., Cividalli G., Berenblum I. Slow elimination of urethan in relation to its high carcinogenicity in newborn mice. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1964; 116: 265–268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao K. V., Vesselinovitch S. D. Age- and sex-associated diethylnitrosamine dealkylation activity of the mouse liver and hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 1973; 33: 1625–1627
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jannetti R. A., Anderson L. M. Dimethylnitrosamine demethylase activity in fetal, suckling, and maternal mouse liver and its transplacental and transmammary induction by polychlorinated biphenyls. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1981; 67: 461–466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coccia P., Salmona M., Diomede L., Citti L., Mariani L., Romano M. Liver DNA alkylation after a single carcinogenic dose of dimethylnitrosamine to newborn and adult CFW Swiss mice. Chem.–Biol. Interact. 1988; 68: 259–271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frei J. V. Toxicity, tissue changes and tumor induction in inbred Swiss mice by methylnitrosamine and -amide compounds. Cancer Res. 1979; 30: 11–17
   Google Scholar
• Melikian A. A., Bagheri K., Hecht S. S., Hoffmann D. Metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene and 7 beta, 8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha, 10 alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-benzo[a]-pyrene in lung and liver of newborn mice. Chem.–Biol. Interact. 1989; 69: 245–257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Bayoumy K., Shiue G. -H., Hecht S. S. Comparative tumorigenicity of 6-nitrochrysene and its metabolites in newborn mice. Carcinogenesis 1989; 10: 369–372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delclos K. B., E1-Bayoumy K., Hecht S. S., Walker R. P., Kadlubar F. F. Metabolism of the carcinogen [3H]6-nitrochrysene in the preweanling mouse: Identification of 6-aminochrysene-1,2-dihydrodiol as the probable proximate carcinogenic metabolite. Carcinogenesis 1988; 9: 1875–1884
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tjalve H., Castonguay A., Hecht S. S. Fate of the tobacco-specific carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone in pregnant and newborn C57BL mice. IARC 1984; 57: 787–796
   Google Scholar
• Fu P. P., Yang S. K. reoselective metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environmental Carcinogens—Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Research, S. K. Yang, Y. K. Cheng. The Health Publisher, Beijing 1990; 49-71
   Google Scholar
• Hong F., Von Tungeln L. S., Fu P. P., Watson F. Stereoselective metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene, 7-chlorobenz[a]anthracene, and 7-nitrobenz[a]anthracene by liver microsomes of 15-day-old male B6C3F1 mice. 16th International Symposium on Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, Charlotte, NC, November, 1997. abstract B-2
   Google Scholar
• Fu P. P., unpublished data
   Google Scholar
• Raza H., King R. S., Squires R. B., Guengerich F. P., Miller D. W., Freeman J. P., Lang N. P., Kadlubar F. F. Metabolism of 2-amino-α-carboline, a food-borne heterocyclic amine mutagen and carcinogen by human and rodent liver microsomes and by human cytochrome P4501A2. Drug Metab. Dispos. 1996; 24: 395–400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Tungeln L. S., King R. S., Bucci T. J., Kadlubar F. F., Fu P. P. Tumorigenicity and metabolism of 2-amino-α-carboline in the B6C3F1, neonatal mouse. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 1999; 40: A1000
   Google Scholar
• King R. S., Doerge D., Lang N. P., Kadlubar F. F. Metabolic activation of N-hydroxy-2-amino-α-carboline (N-OH-AαC) and identification of the AαC-nucleotide adducts formed in vitro and in vivo. Pro. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res 1997; 38: A2270
   Google Scholar
• Felton J. S., Knize M. G. Occurrence, identification, and bacterial mutagenicity of heterocyclic amines in cooked food. Mutat. Res. 1991; 259: 205–217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujii K., Sakai A., Nomoto K., Nakamura K. Tumor induction in mice administered neonatally with 2-amino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2-a:3′,2′-d]imidazole or 2-aminodipyrido[1,2-a:3′,2′-d]imidazole. Cancer Lett. 1988; 41: 75–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin D. X., Lang N. P., Kadlubar F. F. Species differences in the biotransformation of the food-borne carcinogen 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine by hepatic microsomes and cytosols from humans, rats, and mice. Drug Metab. Dispos. 1995; 23: 518–524
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Bayoumy K., Shiue G. -H., Hecht S. S. Metabolism and DNA binding of 1-nitropyrene and 1-nitrosopyrene in newborn mice. Chem. Res. Toxicol 1988; 1: 243–247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roe F. J., Carter R. L., Adamthwaite S. Induction of liver and lung tumours in mice by 6-aminochrysene administered during the 1st 3 days of life. Nature 1969; 221: 1063–1064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busby W. F., Jr., Garner R. C., Chow F. L., Martin C. N., Stevens E. K., Newberne P. M., Wogan G. N. 6-Nitrochrysene is a potent tumorigen in newborn mice. Carcinogenesis 1985; 6: 801–803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delclos K. B., Walker R. P., Dooley K. L., Fu P. P., Kadlubar F. F. Carcinogen-DNA adduct formation in the lungs and livers of preweanling CD-1 male mice following administration of [3H]-6-nitrochrysene, [3H]-6-aminochrysene, and [3H]-1,6-dinitropyrene. Cancer Res. 1987; 47: 6272–6277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Debaun J. R., Rowley J. Y., Miller E. C., Miller J. A. Sulfotransferase activation of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene in rodent livers susceptible and resistant to this carcinogen. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1968; 129: 268–273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King C. M., Phillips B. Enzyme-catalyzed reactions of the carcinogen N-hydroxy-2-fluorenylacetamide with nuclei acid. Science 1968; 159: 1351–1353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller J. A. Sulfonation in chemical carcinogenesis-history and present status. Chem.–Biol. Interact. 1994; 92: 329–341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar