ACROLEIN: HAZARD CHARACTERIZATION AND EXPOSURE–RESPONSE ANALYSIS

REFERENCES

• Meek , M. E. , Newhook , R. , Liteplo , R. and Armstrong , V. 1994 . Approach to Assessment of Risk to Human Health for Priority Substances under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act . J. Environ. Sci. Health Pt. C, Environ. Carcinogen. Ecotoxicol. Rev. , C12 ( 2 ) : 105 – 134 .
   Google Scholar
• " Health Canada ." Canadian Environmental Protection Act. Human Health Risk Assessment for Priority Substances , Catalogue No. En40-215/41E . Minister of Supply and Services: Ottawa, Canada, 1994 pp. 36 . available from Environmental Health Centre, Room 104, Health Canada, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0L2 or at http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ehp/ehd/catalogue/bch.htm
   Google Scholar
• " Health Canada ." Supporting Documentation for Acrolein , Priority Substances Section, Environmental Health Directorate, Health Canada: Ottawa, Canada, 1999 available from Environmental Health Centre, Room 104, Health Canada, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0L2
   Google Scholar
• " Environment Canada; Health Canada ." Canadian Environmental Protection Act. Priority Substances List Assessment Report. Acrolein , Minister of Public Works and Government Services: Ottawa, Canada, 2000 available from Environmental Health Centre, Room 104, Health Canada, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0L2 or at http://www.ec.gc.ca/cceb1/eng/final/index\_e.html
   Google Scholar
• Susten , A. S. and Breitenstein , M. J. 1990 . Failure of Acrolein to Produce Sensitization in the Guinea Pig Maximization Test . Contact Dermatitis , 22 : 299 – 230 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albin , T. B. 1964 . “ Handling and Toxicology ” . In Acrolein Edited by: Smith , C. W. 34 – 239 . New York : John Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• " Bioassay Systems Corporation ." Primary Skin Irritation Study of Acrolein in Rabbits , BSC Project No. 10258 Bioassay Systems Corporation: Woburn, MA, 1980
   Google Scholar
• " Bioassay Systems Corporation ." Primary Eye Irritation Study of Acrolein in Rabbits , BSC Project No. 10258 . Bioassay Systems Corporation: Woburn, MA, 1980
   Google Scholar
• " Beratergremium für Umweltrelevante Altstoffe (GDCh Advisory Committee on Existing Chemicals of Environmental Relevance) ." Acrolein , BUA Report 157; BUA: Hirzel-Wiss. Verl.-Ges., Stuttgart, Germany, 1994 pp. 236 .
   Google Scholar
• Cassee , F. , Groten , J. and Feron , V. 1996 . Changes in the Nasal Epithelium of Rats Exposed by Inhalation to Mixtures of Formaldehyde, Acetaldehyde, and Acrolein . Fundam. Appl. Toxicol , 29 : 208 – 218 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kutzman , R. , Wehner , R. and Haber , S. 1984 . Selected Responses of Hypertension- sensitive and Resistant Rats to Inhaled Acrolein . Toxicology , 31 : 53 – 65 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leach , C. , Hatoum , N. , Ratajczac , H. and Gerhart , J. 1987 . The Pathologic and Immunologic Effects of Inhaled Acrolein in Rats . Toxicol. Lett. , 39 : 189 – 198 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kutzman , R. , Popenoe , E. , Schmaeler , M. and Drew , R. 1985 . Changes in Rat Lung Structure and Composition as a Result of Subchronic Exposure to Acrolein . Toxicology , 34 : 139 – 151 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa , D. , Kutzman , R. , Lehmann , J. and Drew , R. 1986 . Altered Lung Function and Structure in the Rat after Subchronic Exposure to Acrolein . Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , 133 : 286 – 291 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kutzman , R. A Subchronic Inhalation Study of Fischer 344 Rats Exposed to 0, 0.4, 1.4 or 4.0 ppm Acrolein , Brookhaven National Laboratory:Upton NY1981
   Google Scholar
• Lyon , J. P. , Jenkins , L. J. , Jones , R. A. , Coon , R. A. and Siegel , J. 1970 . Repeated and Continuous Exposure of Laboratory Animals to Acrolein . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 17 : 726 – 732 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feron , V. , Kruysse , A. and Immel , H. 1978 . Repeated Exposure to Acrolein Vapour: Subacute Studies in Hamsters, Rats and Rabbits . Toxicology , 9 : 47 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• " Bioassay Systems Corporation ." 14-day Oral Toxicity Test in Mice , BSC Project No. 11496 . Bioassay Systems Corporation: Woburn, MA, 1983
   Google Scholar
• " National Toxicology Program ." 13-week Gavage Toxicity Studies of Allyl Acetate, Allyl Alcohol and Acrolein in Fischer 344 Rats and B6C3F1 Mice , National Institutes of Health: Research Triangle Park, NC 1995 abstract of study and Pathology Working Group review received from S. Soward, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1998
   Google Scholar
• Newell , G. Acute and Subacute Toxicity Studies of Acrolein , SRI Project No. S-868-2 . Stanford Research Institute: Menlo Park CA 1958
   Google Scholar
• " Bioassay Systems Corporation ." 21-day Dermal Test of Acrolein in Rabbits , BSC Project No. 10258 . Bioassay Systems Corporation: Woburn, MA, 1982
   Google Scholar
• LeBouffant , L. , Martin , J. , Daniel , H. , Henin , J. and Normand , C. 1980 . Action of Intensive Cigarette Smoke Inhalations on the Rat Lung. Role of Particulate and Gaseous Cofactors . J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , 64 : 273 – 284 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feron , V. and Kruysse , A. 1977 . Effects of Exposure to Acrolein Vapour in Hamsters Simultaneously Treated with Benzo[a]pyrene or Diethylnitrosamine . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 3 : 379 – 394 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parent , R. , Caravello , H. and Long , J. 1992 . Two-year Toxicity and Carcinogenicity Study of Acrolein in Rats . J. Appl. Toxicol , 12 : 131 – 139 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parent , R. , Caravello , H. and Long , J. 1991 . Oncogenicity Study of Acrolein in Mice . J. Am. Coll. Toxicol , 10 : 647 – 659 .
   Google Scholar
• Lijinsky , W. and Reuber , M. 1987 . Chronic Carcinogenesis Studies of Acrolein and Related Compounds . Toxicol. Ind. Health , 3 : 337 – 345 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parent , R. , Caravello , H. , Balmer , M. , Shellenberger , T. and Long , J. 1992 . One-year Toxicity of Orally Administered Acrolein to the Beagle Dog . J. Appl. Toxicol , 12 : 311 – 316 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemminiki , K. , Falck , K. and Vainio , H. 1980 . Comparison of Alkylation Rates and Mutagenicity of Directly Acting Industrial and Laboratory Chemicals . Arch. Toxicol , 46 : 277 – 285 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lijinsky , W. and Andrews , A. 1980 . Mutagenicity of Vinyl Compounds in Salmonella typhimurium . Teratogen. Carcinogen. Mutagen , 1 : 259 – 267 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hales , B. 1982 . Comparison of the Mutagenicity and Teratogenicity of Cyclophosphamide and Its Active Metabolites, 4-Hydroxycyclophosphamide, Phosphoramide Mustard, and Acrolein . Cancer Res. , 42 : 3016 – 3021 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutz , D. , Eder , E. , Neudecker , T. and Henschler , D. 1982 . Structure-Mutagenicity Relationship in Unsaturated Carbonylic Compounds and Their Corresponding Allylic Alcohols . Mutat. Res. , 93 : 305 – 315 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haworth , S. , Lawlor , T. , Mortelmans , K. , Speck , W. and Zeiger , E. 1983 . Salmonella Mutagenicity Test Results for 250 Chemicals . Environ. Mutagen , S1 : 3 – 142 .
   Google Scholar
• Marnett , L. , Hurd , H. , Hollstein , M. , Levin , D. , Esterbauer , H. and Ames , B. 1985 . Naturally Occurring Carbonyl Compounds Are Mutagens in Salmonella Tester Strain TA104 . Mutat. Res. , 148 : 25 – 34 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foiles , P. , Akerkar , S. and Chung , F. 1989 . Application of an Immunoassay for Cyclic Acrolein Deoxyguanosine Adducts to Assess Their Formation in DNA of Salmonella typhimurium under Conditions of Mutation Induction by Acrolein . Carcinogenesis , 10 : 87 – 90 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parent , R. , Caravello , H. and San , R. 1996 . Mutagenic Activity of Acrolein in S. typhimurium and E. coli . J. Appl. Toxicol , 16 : 103 – 108 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , R. , Cohen , S. and Lawson , T. 1990 . Short Communication: Acrolein Mutagenicity in the V79 Assay . Carcinogenesis , 11 : 479 – 498 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Au , W. , Sokova , O. , Kopnin , B. and Arrighi , F. 1980 . Cytogenetic Toxicity of Cyclophosphamide and Its Metabolites In Vitro . Cytogenet. Cell Genet , 26 : 108 – 116 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Galloway , S. , Armstrong , M. , Reuben , C. , Colman , S. , Brown , B. , Cannon , C. , Bloom , A. , Nakamura , F. , Ahmed , M. , Duk , S. , Rimpo , J. , Margolin , B. , Resnick , M. , Anderson , B. and Zeiger , E. 1987 . Chromosome Aberrations and Sister Chromatid Exchanges in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells: Evaluations of 108 Chemicals . Environ. Mol. Mutagen , 10 : 1 – 175 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilmer , J. , Erexson , G. and Klingerman , A. 1986 . Attenuation of Cytogenetic Damage by 2-Mercaptoethanesulfonate in Cultured Human Lymphocytes Exposed to Cyclophosphamide and Its Reactive Metabolites . Cancer Res. , 46 : 203 – 210 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grafstrom , R. , Dupbukt , J. , Willey , J. , Sundqvist , K. , Edman , C. , Atzori , L. and Harris , C. 1988 . Pathobiological Effects of Acrolein in Cultured Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells . Cancer Res. , 48 : 1717 – 1721 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dupbukt , J. , Atzori , L. , Edman , C. and Graftstrom , R. 1993 . Thiol Status and Cytopathological Effects of Acrolein in Normal and Xeroderma Pigmentosum Skin Fibroblasts . Carcinogenesis , 14 : 975 – 980 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curren , R. , Yang , L. , Conklin , P. , Grafstrom , R. and Harris , C. 1988 . Mutagenesis of Xeroderma Pigmentosum Fibroblasts by Acrolein . Mutat. Res. , 209 : 17 – 22 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenbrand , G. , Schumacher , J. and Golzer , P. 1995 . The Influence of Glutathione and Detoxifying Enzymes on DNA Damage Induced by 2-Alkenals in Primary Rat Hepatocytes and Human Lymphoblastoid Cells . Chem. Res. Toxicol , 8 : 40 – 46 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam , C. , Casanova , M. and Heck , H. 1985 . Depletion of Nasal Mucosa Glutathione by Acrolein and Enhancement of Formaldehyde-induced DNA-Protein Cross-linking by Simultaneous Exposure to Acrolein . Arch. Toxicol , 51 : 67 – 71 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein , S. , Arnold , E. , Andrea , J. , Bass , W. and Bishop , Y. 1972 . Detection of Chemical Mutagens by the Dominant Lethal Assay in the Mouse . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol , 23 : 288 – 325 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• " Bioassay Systems Corporation ." Effects of Acrolein on the In Vivo Induction of Chromosomal Aberrations in Rat Bone Marrow Cells , BSC Project No. 10258 . Bioassay Systems Corporation: Woburn, MA, 1982
   Google Scholar
• Parent , R. , Caravello , H. and Hoberman , A. 1992 . Reproductive Study of Acrolein on Two Generations of Rats. Fundam . Appl. Toxicol , 19 : 228 – 237 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parent , R. , Caravello , H. , Christian , M. and Hoberman , A. 1993 . Developmental Toxicity of Acrolein in New Zealand White Rabbits . Fundam. Appl. Toxicol , 20 : 248 – 256 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• " Bioassay Systems Corporation ." Teratology Study of Acrolein in Rats , BSC Project No. 10258 . Bioassay Systems Corporation: Woburn, MA, 1982
   Google Scholar
• " Bioassay Systems Corporation ." Teratology Study of Acrolein in Mice , BSC Project No. 10258 . Bioassay Systems Corporation: Woburn, MA, 1982
   Google Scholar
• Bouley , G. , Dubreuil , A. , Godin , J. , Boisset , M. and Boudene , C. 1976 . Phenomena of Adaptation in Rats Continuously Exposed to Low Concentrations of Acrolein . Ann. Occup. Hyg. , 19 : 27 – 32 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gusev , M. , Svechnikova , A. , Dronov , I. , Grebenskova , M. and Golvina , A. 1966 . Determination of Daily Average Maximum Permissible Concentration of Acrolein in the Atmosphere . Hyg. Sanit , 31 : 8 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Aranyi , C. , O'Shea , W. , Graham , J. and Miller , F. 1986 . The Effects of Inhalation of Organic Chemical Air Contaminants on Murine Lung Host Defences . Fundam. Appl. Toxicol , 6 : 713 – 720 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gurtoo , H. , Marinello , A. and Struck , R. 1981 . Studies on the Mechanism of Denaturation of Cytochrome P-450 by Cyclophosphamide and Its Metabolites . J. Biol. Chem. , 256 : 11691 – 11701 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marinello , A. , Bansal , S. , Paul , B. , Koser , P. , Love , J. , Struck , R. and Gurtoo , H. 1984 . Metabolism and Binding of Cyclophosphamide and Its Metabolite Acrolein in Rat Hepatic Microsomal Cytochrome P-450 . Cancer Res. , 44 : 4615 – 4621 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell , D. and Petersen , D. 1989 . Metabolism of Glutathione-Acrolein Adduct, S-(2-Aldehydrethyl)glutathione, by Rat Liver Alcohol and Aldehyde Dehydrogenase . J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , 251 : 193 – 198 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horvath , J. , Witmer , C. and Witz , G. 1992 . Nephrotoxicity of the 1:1 Acrolein-Glutathione Adduct in the Rat . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 117 : 200 – 207 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramu , K. , Perry , C. , Ahmed , T. , Pakenham , G. and Kehrer , J. 1996 . Studies on the Basis for the Toxicity of Acrolein Mercapturates . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol , 140 : 487 – 498 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casanova , M. , Morgan , K. T. , Gross , E. A. , Moss , O. R. and Heck , H. d'A. 1994 . DNA-Protein Cross-links and Cell Replication at Specific Sites in the Nose of F344 Rats Exposed Subchronically to Formaldehyde . Fundam. Appl. Toxicol , 23 : 525 – 536 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lam , C.-L. , Casanova , M. and Heck , H. 1986 . Decreased Extractibility of DNA and Proteins in the Rat Nasal Mucosa after Acetaldehyde Exposure . Fundam. Appl. Toxicol , 6 : 541 – 550 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roemer , E. , Anton , H. and Kindt , R. 1993 . Cell Proliferation in the Respiratory Tract of the Rat after Acute Inhalation of Formaldehyde or Acrolein . J. Appl. Toxicol , 13 : 103 – 107 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Champeux , J. , Courtial , L. , Perche , E. and Catalina , P. 1966 . Acute Bronchopneumopathy from Acrolein Vapours . Arch. Mal. Prof. , 27 : 794 – 796 . in French
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gosselin , B. , Wattel , F. , Chopin , C. , Degand , P. , Fruchart , J. , Van der Loo , D. and Crasquin , O. 1979 . Acute Poisoning by Acrolein.] Nouv . Presse Med. , 8 : 2469 – 2472 . in French
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schielke , D. 1987 . Gastrectomy Following a Rare Caustic Lesion . Chirurg , 58 : 50 – 52 . in German, cited in 76
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mahut , B. , Delacourt , C. , deBlic , J. , Mani , T. and Scheinmann , P. 1996 . Bronchiectasis in a Child after Acrolein Intoxication . Chest , 104 : 1286 – 1287 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darley , E. , Middleton , J. and Garber , M. 1960 . Plant Damage and Eye Irritation from Ozone-Hydrocarbon Reactions . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 8 : 483 – 485 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber-Tschopp , A. , Fischer , T. , Gierer , R. and Grandjean , E. 1977 . Experimental Irritation by Acrolein in Humans . Z. Arbeitswiss , 32 : 166 – 171 . in German, cited in 76
   Google Scholar
• Einhorn , I. 1975 . Physiological and Toxicological Aspects of Smoke Produced during the Combustion of Polymeric Materials . Environ. Health Perspect , 11 : 163 – 189 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kirk , R. , Othmer , D. , Grayson , M. and Eckroth , D. 1991 . Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology , 4th Edition Vol. 1 , 232 – 251 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Lacroix , M. , Burckel , H. , Foussereau , J. , Grosshans , E. , Cavelier , C. , Limasset , J. , Ducos , P. , Gradinski , D. and Duprat , P. 1976 . Irritant Dermatitis from Diallylglycol Carbonate Monomer in the Optical Industry . Contact Dermatitis , 2 : 183 – 195 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bittersohl , G. 1975 . Epidemiological Research on Cancer Risk by Aldol and Aliphatic Aldehydes . Environ. Qual. Saf , 4 : 235 – 238 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buckley , L. , Jiang , X. , James , R. , Morgan , T. and Barrow , C. 1984 . Respiratory Tract Lesions Induced by Sensory Irritants at RD50 . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol , 74 : 417 – 429 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howe , R. B. 1995 . THRESH: A Computer Program to Compute a Reference Dose from Quantal Animal Toxicity Data Using the Benchmark Dose Method Ruston, LA : ICF Kaiser Engineers, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• McNulty , M. , Heck , H. and Casanova-Schmitz , M. 1984 . Depletion of Glutathione in Rat Respiratory Mucosa by Inhaled Acrolein . Fed. Proc. , 43 : 1695 abstract 1695
   Google Scholar
• Sinkuvene , D. 1970 . Hygienic Evaluation of Acrolein as an Air Pollutant . Gig. Sanit. , 35 : 6 – 10 . in Russian, cited in 76
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• " International Programme on Chemical Safety ." Acrolein , Environmental Health Criteria 127; World Health Organization: Geneva Switzerland
   Google Scholar