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Original

A DOZEN YEARS OF DRUG TREATMENT COURTS: UNCOVERING OUR THEORETICAL FOUNDATION AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF A MAINSTREAM PARADIGM

Pages 1469-1488 | Published online: 03 Jul 2009

REFERENCES

  • Hora P., Schma W., Rosental J. Therapeutic Jurisprudence and the Drug Treatment Court Movement: Revolutionizing the Criminal Justice System's Response to Drug Abuse and Crime in America. Notre Dame Law Rev. 1999; 74(2)439–537
  • Number of New Commitments to State Prisons for Drug Offenses Has Increased Dramatically Since 1980; May be Leveling Off, 9 CESAR FAX 42, University of Maryland, College Park (Oct. 23, 2000). On Valentine's Day, 2000, we reached the benchmark of two million people behind bars. With 5% of the world's population, the United States has 25% of the world's prisoners. Newsweek 2000; February 28: 54
  • Butterfield F. States Ease Laws on Time in Prison. The New York Times 2001; September 2: 1, 16, CL (51,864)
  • Bureau of Justice Statistics. Profile of jail inmates, 1996. U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics: Washington, DC, 1998
  • See, e.g., “Treating the Brain in Drug Abuse,” 15 NIDA Notes 4 (2000).
  • Winick B., Wexler D. Therapeutic Jurisprudence and Drug Treatment Courts: A Symbiotic Relationship. Principles of Addiction Medicine, 3rd Ed., A.W. Graham, T.K. Schultz. American Society of Addiction Medicine, Chevy Chase, MD, in press
  • This is not in any way meant to suggest no one was captivated intellectually by the drug treatment court approach; the opposite is true. Austin, TX District Attorney Ronnie Earle, Judges Tom Merrigan in Orange MA and John Parnham in Pensacola FL were all early “movers” who combined the practical and intellectual aspects of drug treatment courts. They were not, however, familiar with the Therapeutic Jurisprudence movement in the early days of drug treatment courts.
  • Slobogin C. Therapeutic Jurisprudence: Five Dilemmas to Ponder. Law in a Therapeutic Key, D. Wexler, B. Winick. Carolina Academic Press, Durham, NC 1996
  • Wexler D., Winick B. Therapeutic Jurisprudence as a New Approach to Mental Health Law Policy Analysis and Research. Univ. Miami Law Rev. 1991; 45: 979–1004
  • Wexler D. Therapeutic jurisprudence: an overview, www.therapeuticjurisprudence.org.
  • Casey P., Rottman D., Therapeutic Jurisprudence in the Courts http://www.ncsc.dni.us/icm/distance/therapeutic/2000_08/index.html
  • Daicoff S. The Role of Therapeutic Jurisprudence in the Comprehensive Law Movement. Practicing Therapeutic Jurisprudence: Law as a Healing Profession, D.B. Wexler, B.J. Winick. Carolina Academic Press, Durham, NC 2001
  • It was brilliant serendipity that the Hon. William G. Meyer (Ret.) of the Denver CO drug treatment court and his committee proposed principles that fit so well with the therapeutic jurisprudential lens.
  • Hora P., Schma W. Legal Strategy. Addiction Intervention: Strategies to Motivate Treatment-Seeking Behavior, R.K. White, D.G. Wright. The Haworth Press, Binghamton, NY 1998
  • Quinn M. Whose Team Am I On Anyway? Musings of a Public Defender About Drug Treatment Court Practice. NY Univ. Review Law Social Change 2000–2001; 26(1&2)37–75
  • J. Psychoact. Drugs 2000; 32: 177–181, The Hayward Drug Treatment Court, Alameda County Superior Court, CA is a research site for the MATRIX project. “[O]riginally referred to as the neurobehavioral model, [MATRIX] is an outpatient treatment approach…[which] integrates a number of specific strategies including relapse prevention, motivational interviewing, psychoeducation, family therapy, and 12-Step program involvement.” Treatment for Stimulant Use Disorders, Treatment Improvement Protocol #33, Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, 1999; 41. See, also, Freese, Thomas, E., et al., Methamphetamine Abuse: Issues for Special Populations
  • See, e.g., www.thewhizzinator.com or type “urine test” into any search engine on the World Wide Web to find freeze dried urine, adulterants, and other products to prevent discovery of drug use when required to take a urine test. Drug users also have an entire folklore on how to “get over” a test from drinking pickle juice to taking Golden Seal found at the health food store.
  • Marlow D., Kirby K. Effective Use of Sanctions in Drug Courts: Lessons from Behavioral Research. National Drug Court Inst. Rev. 1999; II(1)1–31
  • Chase D., Hora P. The Implications of Therapeutic Jurisprudence for Judicial Satisfaction. Court Rev. 2000; 37(1)12–20, also see http://aja.ncsc.dni.us/courtrv/cr37/cr37-1/CR9ChaseHora.pdf.
  • Belenko S. R. Research on Drug Courts: A Critical Review. National Drug Court Inst. Rev. 1998; 1(1)1–42
  • Belenko S. R. Research on Drug Courts: A Critical Review, 1999 Update. National Drug Court Inst. Rev. 1999; 2(1)1–58
  • Robinson K. D. Reports on Recent Drug Court Research. National Drug Court Inst. Rev. 2000; 3(1)121–134
  • See http://www.nadcp.org/mentorcourt.
  • TIPs may be viewed online at http://hstat.nim.nih.gov (at the HSTAT collections search, enter TIPS to view material)
  • The 1998 Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program (ADAM) Report shows 67% of women arrested in New York City tested positive for cocaine and one third of both male and female arrestees in San Diego tested positive for methamphetamine. (ADAM) sites are found in 35 cities for adults and at 13 sites for juveniles. Plans to expand the adult sites by 15 additional cities are underway. (A complete list of cities may be found at the ADAM web site located at www.adam-nij.net.) In these cities, once a quarter for one week, all arrestees are drug tested with an EMIT™ test. The panel includes amphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cocaine, marijuana, methadone, methaqualone, opiates, PCP and propoxyphene. For cases in which a specimen screens positive for amphetamine, it is subjected to confirmation testing to detect whether a specific form of amphetamine or methamphetamine was used. This snapshot of recent drug use (excluding alcohol) by arrestees is helpful to understand the extent of the drug problem in the local criminal justice setting.
  • Winick B. Harnessing the Power of the Bet: Wagering with the Government as a Mechanism for Social and Individual Change. Univ. Miami Law Rev. 1991; 45: 737–814
  • Treatment Services in Adult Drug Courts. US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Drug Court Program Office: Washington, DC, 2001
  • Kaye J.S. Making the Case for Hands-On Courts. Newsweek 1999, October 11
  • Trial Court Performance Standards with Commentary. US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Drug Court Program Office: Washington, DC, 1997
  • For a copy of the full text, see, http://cosca.ncsc.dni.us/resolutionproblemsolvingcts.html (last visited May 25, 2001).
  • Americal Bar Association October 2000.
  • Allen M. Bush Suggests Shift in Drug Strategy. The Washington Post 2001; May 10: A06
  • Letter from Karen Freeman-Wilson, Chief Executive Officer. National Association of Drug Court Professionals, Aug. 21, 2001
  • Nolan J. Reinventing Justice: The American Drug Court Movement. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ 2001
  • Boldt R. Rehabilitative Punishment and the Drug Treatment Court Movement. Washington Law Quart. 1998; 76: 1205–1306

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