REFERENCES
- McCann J. Cancer risk assessment of extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields: a critical review of methodology. Environ. Health Perspect. 1998; 106: 701–717
- Goodman E. M., Greenebaum B., Marron M. T. Effects of electromagnetic fields on molecules and cells. Int. Rev. Cytol. 1995; 158: 279–338
- Lacy-Hulbert A., Metcalfe J. C., Hesketh R. Biological responses to electromagnetic fields. FASEB J. 1998; 12: 395–420
- Sollazzo V., Massari L., Caruso A., DeMattei C., Pezzetti F. Effects of low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields on human osteoblast-like cells in vitro. Electro- Magnetobiol 1996; 15: 75–83
- Sollazzo V., Traina G. C., DeMattei M., Pellati A., Pezzetti F., Caruso A. Responses of human MG-63 osteosarcoma cell line and human osteoblast-like cells to pulsed electromagnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 1997; 18: 541–547
- Fitzsimmons R. J., Ryaby F. P., Baylink D. J. IGF-II receptor number is increased in TE-85 osteosarcoma cells by combined magnetic field. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1995; 10: 812–819
- Blumenthal N. C., Ricci J., Breger L., Zychlinsky A., Solomon H., Chen G. C., Kuznetsov D., Dorfman R. Effects of low-intensity AC and/or DC electromagnetic fields on cell attachment and induction of apoptosis. Bioelectromagnetics 1977; 18: 264–272
- Torricelli P., Fini M., Giavaresi G., Canè V., Giardino R. In vitro evaluation of the effects of electromagnetic fields used for bone healing. Electro- Magnetobiol 1998; 17: 335–342
- Cadossi R., Bersani F., Cossarizza A., Zucchini P., Emilia G., Torelli G. Lymphocytes and low-frequency electromagnetic fields. FASEB J. 1992; 6: 2667–2674
- Mammi G. I., Rocchi R., Cadossi R., Massari L., Traina G. C. The electrical stimulation of tibial osteotomies. Clin. Orthop. 1993; 288: 246–253
- Pienkowski D., Pollak S. R., Brighton C. T., Griffith N. J. Low-power electromagnetic stimulation of osteotomized rabbit fibulae. J. Bone Joint Surg 1994; 76: 489–501
- International Symposium “Electromagnetic Fields and Bone Healing”—Consensus. Conference: Impiego della stimolazione elettrica e magnetica in ortopedia e traumatologia, BolognaItalia, 1997
- Eyres K. S., Saleh M., Kanis J. A. Effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields on bone formation and bone loss during limb lengthening. Bone 1996; 18: 505–509
- Rubin C. T., McLeod K. J., Lanyon L. E. Prevention of osteoporosis by pulsed electromagnetic fields. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1989; 71: 411–416
- Tabrah F. L., Ross P., Hoffmeier M., Gilbert F., Jr. Clinical report on long-term bone density after short-term PEMFs application. Bioelectromagnetics 1998; 19: 75–78
- Giavaresi G., Fini M., Gnudi S., Martini L., Mongiorgi R., Aldini N. Nicoli, Zati A., Giardino R. Effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields on ovariectomised rats. Electro- Magnetobiol. 1999; 18: 119–131
- Halstead L. R., Scott M. J., Rifas L., Avioli L. V. Characterization of osteoblast-like cells from normal adult rat femoral trabecular bone. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1992; 50: 93–95
- Sakai A., Suzuki K., Nakamura T., Tsuchiya T. Effects of pulsing electromagnetic fields on cultured cartilage cells. 1991; 15: 341–346
- Satake T. Effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) on osteoblast-like cells. Alteration of intracellular Ca2+. Kanagawa Shigaku 1990; 24: 692–701
- Matsunaga S., Sakou T., Ijiri K. Osteogenesis by pulsing electromagnetic fields (PEMFs): 1. optimum stimulation setting. In Vivo 1996; 10: 351–356
- Fitzsimmons R. J., Baylink D. J. Growth factors and electromagnetic fields in bone. Clin. Plast. Surg. 1994; 21: 401–406
- Heermeir K., Spanner M., Trager J., Gradinger R., Strauss P. G., Kraus W., Schmidt J. Effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (PEMFs) on collagen type I mRNA expression and extracellular matrix synthesis of human osteoblastic cells. Bioelectromagnetics 1998; 19: 222–231
- Landry P. S., Sadasivan K. K., Marino A. A., Albright J. A. Electromagnetic fields can affect osteogenesis by increasing the rate of differentiation. Clin. Orthop. 1997; 338: 262–270