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Original Articles

UNCERTAINTY, ACCULTURATION, AND CORRUPTION IN HONG KONG

Pages 909-928 | Published online: 11 Dec 2006

REFERENCES

  • The poll was conducted by Liberal Party in October 1996. The public expected the Chief Executive to regard “upholding rule of law” as the most important political issue
  • 1993 . ICAC . Annual Report by the Commissioner of the ICAC , 1994, 1995, 1996
  • Klitgaard , R. 1986 . Controlling Corruption Vol. 51 , 101 – 191 . Berkeley : University of California Press . 1988. Piliavin, Irving, Thornton, Craig, Gartner, Rosemary & Matsueda, Ross L. Crime, Deterrence, and Rational Choice. American Sociological Review
  • Chan , K. M. 2000 . For details of the framework, see Toward an Integrated Model of Corruption: Opportunity and Control in China . International Journal of Public Administration , 23 ( 4 ) : 507 – 551 .
  • Cloward , R. A. and Ohlin , L. E. 1960 . Delinquency and Opportunity: A Theory of Delinquent Gangs New York : Free Press .
  • Cressey , D. R. 1960 . Other People's Money Glencoe : Free Press .
  • Gottfredson , M. R. and Hirschi , T. 1990 . A General Theory of Crime Stanford : Stanford University Press .
  • Akers , R. L. 1997 . Criminological Theories: Introduction and Evaluation 58 – 78 . Los Angeles : Roxbury Publishing .
  • Harding , H. 1993 . The Concept of ‘Greater China’: Themes, Variations and Reservation . The China Quarterly , : 660 – 686 .
  • Hood , J. N. and Koberg , C. S. 1994 . Patterns of Differential Assimilation and Acculturation for Women in Business Organizations . Human Relations , 47 ( 2 ) : 164 – 165 .
  • 1998 . “ Hong Kong Government ” . In Hong Kong—A New Era 381 Hong Kong
  • The Internet Corruption Perception Index can be found at , http://www1.gwdg.de/~uwvw/rank-96.htm
  • 1997 . Procuratorial Yearbook of China
  • Chan , K. M. November 1995 . Popular Perception of Corruption in Post-Mao China , Ph.D. dissertation 220 – 222 . Yale University . UMI No: 9615440
  • Huntington , S. P. 1968 . Political Order in Changing Societies 59 – 62 . New Haven : Yale University Press .
  • Chan , K. M. 1999 . “ Corruption in China: A Principal-agent Perspective ” . In Handbook of Comparative Public Administration in the Asia-Pacific Basin Edited by: Wong , H. K. and Chan , H. S. 299 – 324 . New York : Marcel Dekker .
  • Walder , A. G. , ed. 1986 . Communist Neo-Traditionalism 26 Berkeley : University of California Press . Defined by Walder as “network of instrumental personalites.” These social relations refer to the exchange of favors or a reliance on personal connections or petty corruption to obtain a public or private good
  • May 3, 1996 . Far Eastern Economic Review, February 25, 1993 . Apple Daily ,
  • Cross boundary corruption is defined by the ICAC as: (i) cases with the use of corruption to achieve the unlawful trafficking of goods or persons across the boundary; and (ii)corrupt activities in cross boundary trade/business
  • Information kindly provided by the ICAC
  • Lin , C. P. and Kan , C. Y. , eds. 1996 . Vol. 17 , Chinese Business Firms and Hong Kong Economy . To assess whether PRC-related companies commit more corruption cases than other types of companies, we need to compare the rates of corruption in these two different groups. From a report issued by the Ministry of Supervision of the Chinese government, we know that there were 3,220 Chinese-funded businesses in Hong Kong in 1994. Asian Studies. The definition used in that report, however, is different from the one used by the ICAC which makes it difficult to calculate the rate of corruption
  • 1996 . ICAC . Report on the Survey of Young People's Attitude Toward Work Ethics , Community Relations Department, ICAC
  • 1998 . “ Hong Kong Government ” . In Hong Kong—A New Era Vol. 381 , Hong Kong
  • August 21, 1993 . Ming Pao ,
  • Chan , K. M. 1997 . “ For details of the challenges in the court, Combating Corruption and the ICAC ” . In The Other Hong Kong Report 1997 Edited by: Cheng , J. 112 – 114 . Hong Kong : The Chinese University Press .
  • Lau , S. K. 1996 . Democratization and the Decline of Trust in Public Institutions in Hong Kong . Democratization , 3 ( 2 ) : 158 – 180 .
  • June 14, 1996 . Hong Kong Economic Journal ,
  • September 30, 1997 . Ming Pao ,
  • According to the monthly polls conducted by the Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies that were sponsored by the Apple Daily, the public assessment of the Chief Executives performance was at 63.7 (from 0 to 100) in July 1997. It rose to its highest point at 68 in September 1997 and plunged to its lowest point at 51 in October 1998. The polls also found that the percentage of people who found the Hong Kong government's performance unsatisfactory had increased from 12% in July 1997 to 53.4% in July 1998. Concerning people's confidence in the future, in July 1997, only 18.1% of respondents believed that Hong Kong would get worse in the future. In July 1998, the figure rose to 34.2%. The Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies at the Chinese University of Hong Kong kindly provided the results of these polls
  • 1999 . Information kindly provided by the ICAC in January ,
  • January 21, 1999 . South China Morning Post ,

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