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Original Articles

ISSUE DEFINITION AND THE POLITICS OF STATE ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE POLICY ADOPTION

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Pages 351-389 | Published online: 07 Feb 2007

References

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  • The models estimated do not include external political factors since, as we noted in the text, such factors appear to be of no consequence to environmental justice policy adoption
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  • This measure counts the members of three large mainstream groups: the National Wildlife Federation, the Sierra Club and Friends of the Earth. Measures including grassroots group membership are unavailable
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  • Several variables in this full model approach statistical significance at a conventional level and achieve significance in the reduced model in Table 2. Potentially, some of the borderline significance is a partial result of the large number of independent variables in such a small sample (N=41; k=13). This micronumerosity problem (like multicollinearity–a close relative) does not bias estimates, nor does it make them inconsistent. Achen (1982: 82) remarks, “the only effect of multicollinearity is to make it hard to get coefficient estimates with small standard error. But having a small number of observations also has that effect, as does having independent variables with small variances.” If anything, the small sample makes it more difficult to achieve statistical significance–the probability of a Type I error (falsely rejecting a true null hypothesis) is small. Achen also notes that no statistical remedy for small sample size (micronumerosity) is readily available
  • Probit coefficients are not directly interpretable in the manner least squares coefficients are since the effect of any independent variable is conditioned by the levels of the other variables. The marginal effects for both models in Table 2 are computed to represent the effect of a one standard deviation change in the variable of interest on the dependent variable while all other variables are held constant at their means. Marginal effects are computed for all variables in the models. Meaningful interpretation of marginal effects, however, depends upon the statistical significance of the coefficient associated with the variable. We do not interpret the marginal effects where we cannot say with some degree of confidence that the coefficient is different from zero
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  • Capek , S. 1993 . The Environmental Justice Frame: A Conceptual Discussion and an Application . Social Problems , 20 : 5 – 24 .
  • Capek , S. 1993 . The Environmental Justice Frame: A Conceptual Discussion and an Application . Social Problems , 20 : 5 – 24 .

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