ELECTRICALLY DRIVEN SEPARATION PROCESSES: ANALYTICAL AND PREPARATIVE METHODS^*

REFERENCES

• Andrews , A. T. 1986 . Electrophoresis: Theory, Techniques, and Biochemical and Clinical Applications Oxford : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Arcus , A. C. , McKinnon , A. E. , Livesey , J. H. , Metcalf , W. S. , Vaughan , S. and Keey , R. B. 1980 . Continuous-flow, support-free, electrophoretic separation in thin layers: towards large-scale operation . J. Chromatogr. , 202 : 157
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrollier , J. , Watzke , E. and Gibian , H. 1958 . Einfache Apparatur für die trägerfreie preparative Durchlauf-Elektrophorese . Z. Naturforsch. , 13b : 754
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beckwith , J. B. 1987 . Stability of a horizontal continuous flow electrophoresis device , Ph.D. thesis University of Notre Dame .
   Google Scholar
• Beckwith , J. B. and Ivory , C. F. 1987 . The influence of diffusion on elution profiles in the Philpot-Harwell electrophoretic separator . Chem. Eng. Commun. , 54 ( 1–6 ) : 301
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bier , M. 1986 . “ Scale-up of isoelectric focusing ” . In Separation, Recovery, and Purification in Biotechnology , ACS Symposium Series 314 Edited by: Asenjo , J. and Hong , J. Washington , D.C : American Chemical Society .
   Google Scholar
• Bier , M. and Egan , N. B. 1979 . “ Large-scale recycling electrofocusing ” . In Developments in Biochemistry Edited by: Haglung , Westerfield and Ball . Vol. 7 , Amsterdam : Elsevier/North Holland .
   Google Scholar
• Bier , M. , Mosher , R. A. and Palusinski , O. A. 1981 . Computer simulation and experimental validation of isoelectric focusing in ampholine-free systems . J. Chromatogr. , 211 : 313
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bier , M. , Palusinski , O. A. , Mosher , R. A. and Saville , D. A. 1983 . Electro-phoresis: mathematical modeling and computer simulation . Science (Washington, D.C.) , 219 ( 4590 ) : 1281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bier , M. , Egan , N. B. , Twitty , G. E. , Mosher , R. A. and Thormann , W. 1986 . “ Preparative electrophoresis comes of age ” . In Chemical Separations Edited by: King , C. J. and Navratil , J. D. Vol. I , Denver , Colo. : Litarvan Literature .
   Google Scholar
• Bjellqvist , B. , Elk , K. , Righetti , P. G. , Gianazza , E. , Görg , A. , Westermeier , R. and Postel , W. 1982 . Isoelectric focusing in immobilized pH gradients: principle, methodology and some applications . J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods , 6 ( 4 ) : 317
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Booth , F. 1950a . The cataphoresis of spherical, solid non-conducting particles in a symmetrical electrolyte . Proc. R. Soc. A , 203 : 514
   Google Scholar
• Booth , F. 1950b . The cataphoresis of spherical particles in strong fields . J. Chem. Phys. , 18 ( 10 ) : 1361
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brockris , J. O'M. and Reddy , A. K.N. 1970 . Modern Electrochemistry, An Introduction to an Interdisciplinary Area Vol. 1 and 2 , New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Creighton , T. E. 1983 . Proteins: Structures and Molecular Principles New York : W. H. Freeman .
   Google Scholar
• Consden , P. , Gordon , A. and Martin , A. 1944 . Qualitative analysis of proteins: a partition chromatographic method of using paper . Biochem. J. , 38 : 224
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Datta , R. , Yoshisato , R. A. and Carmichael , G. R. 1986 . “ Development of a theoretical model for continuous rotating annular-bed electrophoresis column for biochemical separations ” . In Recent Advances in Separation Techniques-III , ACS Symposium Series 250 Vol. 82 , 179 Washington , D.C. : American Chemical Society .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , B. J. 1964 . Disc electrophoresis. I. Method and application to human serum proteins . Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. , 121 : 404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durrum , E. L. 1951 . Two dimensional electrophoresis and ionophoresis . J. Colloid Sci. , 6 : 274
   Google Scholar
• Everaerts , F. M. , Mikkers , F. E.P. and Verheggen , Th. P. E. M. 1977 . Isotachophoresis . Sep. Purif. Methods , 6 ( 2 ) : 287
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fawcett , J. S. 1973 . Continuous flow isoelectric focusing vs. isotachophoresis . Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. , 209 : 112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gionnovario , J. R. , Griffin , R. N. and Gray , E. L. 1978 . A mathematical model of free-flow electrophoresis . J. Chromatogr. , 153 : 329
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gobie , W. A. 1987 . Recycle continuous flow electrophoresis , Ph. D. thesis University of Notre Dame .
   Google Scholar
• Gobie , W. A. and Ivory , C. F. 1986 . “ High resolution, high-yield continuous flow electrophoresis ” . In Separation, Recovery, and Purification in Biotechnology , ACS Symposium Series 314 Edited by: Asenjo , J. A. and Hong , J. 169 Washington , D.C. : American Chemical Society .
   Google Scholar
• Gobie , W. A. and Ivory , C. F. 1988 . Recycle continuous-flow electrophoresis: zero-diffusion theory . AIChE J. , 34 ( 3 ) : 474
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gobie , W. A. , Beckwith , J. B. and Ivory , C. F. 1985 . High resolution, continuous flow electrophoresis . Biotechnol. Prog. , 1 ( 1 ) : 60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grassmann , W. 1950 . Uber ein Verfahren zur Stofftrennung durch Kataphorese . Angew. Chem. , 62 ( 7 ) : 170
   Google Scholar
• Grassmann , W. and Hannig , K. 1950 . Ein einfaches Verfahren zur Kontinuierlichen Trennung von Stoffgemischen auf Filter-papier durch elektrophorese . Naturwissenschaften , 37 : 397
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hames , B. D. and Rickwood , D. , eds. 1981 . Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins. A Practical Approach Oxford : IRL Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hannig , K. 1971 . “ Free-flow electrophoresis. A technique for continuous preparative and analytical separation ” . In Methods in Microbiology Edited by: Norris , J. R. and Ribbons , D. W. Vol. 5B , 513 New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hannig , K. , Wirth , H. , Meyer , B.-H. and Zeiller , K. 1975 . Free-flow electrophoresis. I. Theoretical and experimental investigations of the influence of mechanical and electrokinetic variables on the efficiency of the method . Hoppe-Seyler' Z. Physiol. Chem. , 356 : 1220
   Google Scholar
• Henry , D. C. 1931 . The cataphoresis of suspended particles. I. The equation of cataphoresis . Proc. Roy. Soc. , 133 : 106
   Google Scholar
• Hjertén , S. 1961 . Agarose as an anticonvectant agent in zone electrophoresis . Biochem. Biophys. Acta , 53 : 514
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoburg , J. F. and Melcher , J. R. 1977 . Electrohydrodynamic mixing and instability induced by colinear fields and conductivity gradients . Phys. Fluids , 20 ( 6 ) : 903
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter , R. J. 1981 . Zeta Potential in Colloid Science New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hunter , J. B. 1986 . “ Concentration and temperature profiles in counteracting chromatographic electrophoresis ” . In Symposium on Advances in Biological Separation Technology Anaheim , Calif : American Chemical Society National Meeting .
   Google Scholar
• Hunter , J. B. 1988 . Progress in mathematical modelling of CACE . Sep. Sci. Technol. , 23 ( 8–9 ) : 913
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hybarger , R. M. , Tobias , C. W. and Vermeulen , T. 1963 . Design principles for annular-bed electrochromatography . Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. , 2 ( 1 ) : 65
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivory , C. F. 1980 . Continuous flow electrophoresis, the crescent phenomenon revisted. I. Isothermal effects . J. Chromatogr. , 195 : 165
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivory , C. F. and Beckwith , J. B. 1986 . “ Magnetic stabilization of the continuous flow electrophoresis device ” . In Symposium on Recent Advances in Separation Science Miami , Fla : AIChE Annual Meeting .
   Google Scholar
• Ivory , C. F. , Gobie , W. A. , Beckwith , J. B. , Hergenrother , R. and Malec , M. 1987 . Electromagnetic stabilization of weakly conducting fluids . Science (Washington, D.C.) , 238 ( 4823 ) : 58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King , C. J. 1980 . Separation Processes New York : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Kunkel , H. G. and Trautman , R. 1959 . “ Zone electrophoresis in various types of supporting media ” . In Electrophoresis Edited by: Bier , M. New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Levich , V. G. 1962 . Physicochemical Hydrodynamics Englewood Cliffs , N.J : Prentice-Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Longsworth , L. G. 1959 . “ Moving boundary electrophoresis—theory ” . In Electrophoresis Edited by: Bier , M. New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mattock , P. , Aitchison , G. F. and Thompson , A. R. 1980 . Velocity gradient stabilized, continuous flow electrophoresis. A review . Sep. Purif. Methods , 9 ( 1 ) : 1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCoy , B. J. 1986a . “ Counteracting chromatographic electrophoresis: a multiple-field fractionation process ” . In Chemical Separations Edited by: King , C. J. and Navratil , J. D. Vol. I , Denver , Colo : Litarvan Literature .
   Google Scholar
• McCoy , B. J. 1986b . Counteracting chromatographic electrophoresis and related imposed-gradient separation processes . AIChE J. , 32 ( 9 ) : 1570
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikkers , F. E.P. and Everaerts , F. M. 1981 . “ Theoretical and practical aspects of isotachophoresis ” . In Analytical Isotachophoresis , Analytical Chemistry Symposium Series 6 Edited by: Everaerts , F. M. , Mikkers , F. E.P. and Verheggen , Th. P. E. M. New York : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Newman , J. 1973 . Electrochemical Systems Englewood Cliffs , N.J. : Prentice-Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Noble , P. T. 1985 . Evaluation of rotational flow stabilized continuous electrophoresis for protein fractionation . Biotechnol. Prog. , 1 ( 4 ) : 237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien , R. W. and White , L. R. 1979 . Electrophoretic mobility of a spherical colloidal particle . J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. , 72 ( 2 ) : 1607
   Google Scholar
• O'Farrell , P. H. 1975 . High resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis of proteins . J. Biol. Chem. , 250 : 4007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Farrell , P. H. 1985 . Separation techniques based on the opposition of two counteracting forces to produce a dynamic equilibrium . Science (Washington, D.C.) , 227 ( 4694 ) : 1586
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ornstein , L. 1964 . Disc electrophoresis. I. Background and theory . Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. , 121 : 321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostrach , S. 1977 . Convection in continuous-flow electrophoresis . J. Chromatogr. , 140 : 187
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overbeek , J. Th. G. 1950 . Quantitative interpretation of the electrophoretic velocity of colloids . Adv. Colloid Sci. , 3 : 97
   Google Scholar
• Palusinski , O. A. , Bier , M. and Saville , D. A. 1981a . Mathematical model for transient isoelectric focusing of simple ampholytes . Biophys. Chem. , 14 : 389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palusinski , O. A. , Allgyer , T. T. , Mosher , R. A. , Bier , M. and Saville , D. A. 1981b . Mathematical modeling and computer simulation of isoelectric focusing with electrochemically defined ampholytes . Biophys. Chem. , 13 : 193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palusinski , O. A. , Graham , A. , Mosher , R. A. , Bier , M. and Saville , D. A. 1986 . Theory of electrophoresis. Part II . AIChE J. , 32 ( 2 ) : 215
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philpot , J. St. L. 1940 . The use of thin layers in electrophoresis separation . Trans. Faraday Soc. , 39 : 38
   Google Scholar
• Philpot , J. St. L. 1973 . “ Apparatus for continuous flow preparative electrophoresis ” . In Methodological Developments in Biochemistry, Preparative Techniques Edited by: Reid , E. Vol. 2 , Harlow, Essex , , England : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Prusik , Z. 1979 . “ Continuous flow-through electrophoresis ” . In Electrophoresis: A Survey of Techniques and Applications Edited by: Deyl , Z. Vol. 18b , Amsterdam : Elsevier . J. Chromatogr. Library
   Google Scholar
• Pucar , Z. 1961 . “ Continuous electrophoresis and two-dimensional electrochromatography ” . In Chroamtographic Reviews Edited by: Lederer , M. Vol. 3 , New York : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Raymond , S. and Wang , Y.-J. 1959 . Preparation and properties of acrylamide gel for use in electrophoresis . Anal. Biochem. , 1 : 39
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raymond , S. and Weintraub , L. 1954 . Acrylamide gel as a supporting medium for zone electrophoresis . Science , 130 : 711 (Washington, D.C.)
   Google Scholar
• Reis , J. F.G. , Lightfoot , E. N. and Lee , H.-L. 1974 . Concentration profiles in free-flow electrophoresis . AIChE J. , 20 ( 2 ) : 363
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes , P. H. 1979 . Sample Stream Distortion Modeled in Continuous Flow Electrophoresis , TM-78178 NASA .
   Google Scholar
• Rhodes , P. H. and Snyder , R. N. 1982 . “ The effect of small temperature gradients on flow in a continuous flow electrophoresis chamber ” . In Materials Processing in the Reduced Gravity Environment of Space , Materials Research Society Symposia Series 9 Edited by: Rindone , G. E. Amsterdam : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Roberts , P. H. 1969 . Electrodynamic convection . Q. J. Mech. Appl. Math. , 22 ( 2 ) : 211
   Google Scholar
• Saville , D. A. 1977 . “ Fluid mechanics and electrophoresis ” . In Physicochemical Hydrodynamics Edited by: Levich Festschrift , V. G. and Spaulding , B. D. 893 – 912 . London : Advance Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Saville , D. A. 1980 . The fluid mechanics of continuous flow electrophoresis in perspective . Phys. Chem. Hydrodyn. , 1 : 297
   Google Scholar
• Saville , D. A. and Ostrach , S. 1978 . Fluid Mechanics of Continuous Electrophoresis , Final report, contract NAS-8-31349 Code 361
   Google Scholar
• Saville , D. A. and Palusinski , O. A. 1986 . Theory of electrophoresis. Part I . AIChE J. , 32 ( 2 ) : 207
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro , A. L. , Viñuela , E. and Maizel , J. V. 1967 . Molecular weight estimation of polypeptide chains by electrophoresis in SDS-polyacrylamide fels . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , 28 : 815
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strickler , A. 1967 . Continuous particle electrophoresis: a new analytical and preparative capability . Sep. Sci. , 2 ( 3 ) : 335
   Google Scholar
• Strickler , A. and Sacks , T. 1973a . Continuous free-film electrophoresis: the crescent phenomenon . Prep. Biochem. , 3 ( 3 ) : 269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strickler , A. and Sacks , T. 1973b . Focusing in continuous-flow electrophoresis systems by electrical control of effective wall zeta potentials . Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. , 209 : 497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Summer , C. G. and Henry , D. C. 1931 . Cataphoresis. II. A new experimental method, and confirmation of Smoluchowski' equation . Proc. R. Soc. , 133 : 130
   Google Scholar
• Svensson , H. 1962 . Isoelectric fractionation, analysis, and characterization of ampholytes in natural pH gradients. III. Description of apparatus for electrolysis in columns stabilized by density gradients and direct determination of isoelectric points . Arch. Biochem. Biophys. Suppl. , 1 : 132
   Google Scholar
• Svensson , H. and Brattsten , I. 1949 . An apparatus for continuous flow electrophoretic separation in flowing liquids . Ark. Kemi , 1 ( 47 ) : 401
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , A. R. 1983 . “ Free-flow electrophoresis ” . In Electrophoretic Techniques Edited by: Simpson , C. F. and Whittaker , M. New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , A. R. 1984 . Recent developments in protein recovery and purification . J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. , 34B : 190
   Google Scholar
• Tiselius , A. 1937 . A new apparatus for electrophoretic analysis of colloidal mixtures . Trans. Faraday Soc. , 33 : 524
   Google Scholar
• Vermeulen , T. , Nady , L. , Krochta , J. M. , Ravoo , E. and Howery , D. 1971 . Design theory and separations in preparative-scale continuous flow annular-bed electrophoresis . Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. , 10 ( 1 ) : 91
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verwey , E. J.W. and Overbeek , J. Th. G. 1948 . Theory of the Stability of Lyophobic Colloids New York : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Vesterberg , O. 1971 . “ Isoelectric focusing of proteins ” . In Methods in Enzymology Edited by: Jakoby , W. B. Vol. 22 , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• von Klobusitsky , D. and Konig , P. 1939 . Venom of the genus Bothropotoxin VI . Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmakol. , 192 : 271
   Google Scholar
• Wagner , H. and Kessler , R. 1983 . “ Free flow field step focusing—a new method for preparative protein isolation ” . In Electrophoresis '82 Edited by: Stathakos , D. 303 West Berlin : Walter de Gruyter .
   Google Scholar
• Wagner , H. , Mang , V. , Kessler , R. , Heydt , A. and Manzoni , R. 1984 . “ Preparative free-flow field step focusing of proteins, peptides and related compounds ” . In Electrophoresis '83 West Berlin : Walter de Gruyter .
   Google Scholar
• Wiersema , P. H. , Loeb , A. L. and Overbeek , J. Th. G. 1966 . Calculation of the electrophoretic mobility of a spherical colloid particle . J. Colloid Interface Sci. , 22 : 78
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wooding , R. A. 1960 . Instability of a viscous liquid of variable density in a vertical Hele-Shaw cell . J. Fluid Mech. , 7 : 501
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wrigley , C. W. 1971 . “ Gel electrofocusing of proteins ” . In Methods in Enzymology Edited by: Jakoby , W. B. Vol. 22 , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Yoshisato , R. A. , Korndorf , L. M. , Carmichael , G. R. and Datta , R. 1986 . Performance analysis of a continuous rotating annular electrophoresis column . Sep. Sci. Technol. , 21 ( 8 ) : 727
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar