Scattering from a layer of discrete random medium over a random interface: application to microwave backscattering from forests

References

• Barabanenkov , Y N . 1973 . Wave corrections to the transfer equation for backscattering . Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Radiofiz. , 16 : 88 – 94 .
   Google Scholar
• Chauh , H T and Tan , H S . 1992 . A radar backscatter model for forest stands . Waves Random Media , 2 : 7 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Chauhan , N S , Lang , R H and Ranson , K J . 1991 . Radar modeling of a Boreal forest . IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. , 29 : 627 – 38 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobson , M C , Ulaby , F T , Hallikainen , M T and El-Rayes , M A . 1985 . Microwave dielectric behavior of wet soils-Part II: dielectric mixing models . IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. , 23 : 35 – 46 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Rayes , M A and Ulaby , F T . 1987 . Microwave dielectric spectrum of vegetation-Part I: experimental observations . IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. , 25 : 541 – 9 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrazzoli , P , Solimini , D , Luzi , G and Paloscia , S . 1991 . Model analysis of backscatter and emission from layered vegetation . J. Electromagn. Waves Appl. , 5 : 175 – 93 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foldy , L . 1945 . The multiple scattering of waves . Phys. Rev. , 67 : 107 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung , A K . 1994 . Microwave Scattering and Emission Models and their Applications , MA: Boston : Artech House Publishers . chapter 2
   Google Scholar
• Greffet , J J . 1991 . Backscattering of s-polarized light from a cloud of small particles above a dielectric substrate . Waves Random Media , 3 : S65-S73
   Google Scholar
• Hsu , C C , Han , H C , Shin , R T , Kong , J A , Beaudoin , A and Le Toan , T . 1994 . Radiative transfer theory for polarimetric remote sensing of pine forest at P band . Int. J. Remote Sens. , 15 : 2943 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishimaru , A . 1978 . Waves in Random Media , sections 21–9 vol 2 , Englewood Cliff, NJ : Prentice-Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Ishimaru , A . 1997 . Waves in Random Media , vol 2 , Piscataway, NJ : IEEE .
   Google Scholar
• Ismagilov , F M . 1995 . Polarization effects in backscattering by a particle near the interface . Waves Random Media , 5 : 27 – 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karam , M A and Fung , A K . 1982 . Propagation and scattering in multi-layered random media with rough surfaces . Electromagnetics , 2 : 239 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Karam , M A , Fung , A K , Lang , R H and Chauhan , N S . 1992 . A microwave scattering model for layered vegetation . IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. , 30 : 767 – 83 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kong , J A . 1986 . Electromagnetic Theory , New York : Wiley . chapter 6
   Google Scholar
• Kravtsov , Y A and Saichev , A I . 1982 . Effects of double passage of waves in randomly inhomogeneous media . Sov. Phys. Usp. , 25 : 494 – 508 .
   Google Scholar
• Kuga , Y and Ishimaru , A . 1984 . Retroreflectance from a dense distributionof spherical particles . J. Opt. Soc. Am. , A 1 : 831 – 5 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuga , Y , Whitt , M W , McDonald , K C and Ulaby , F T . 1990 . “ Scattering models for distributed targets ” . In Radar Polarimetry for Geoscience Applications , chapter 3 Edited by: Ulaby , F and Elachi , C . Boston, MA : Artech House Publishers . chapter 3
   Google Scholar
• Lang , R H . 1981 . Electromagnetic backscattering from a sparse distribution of lossy dielectric scatterers . Radio Sci. , 16 : 15 – 30 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang , R H and Sidhu , J S . 1983 . Electromagnetic backscattering from a layer of vegetation: a discrete approach . IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. , 21 : 62 – 71 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang , R H , Seker , S S and LeVine , D M . 1986 . Vector solution for the mean electromagnetic fields in a layer of random particles . Radio Sci. , 21 : 771 – 86 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang , R H , Landry , R , Kavakhioglu , O and Deguise , J C . 1994 . Simulation of microwave backscatter from a red pine stand . Multispectral and Microwave Sensing of Forestry, Hydrology and Natural Resources SPIE , 2314 : 538 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Lin , Y and Sarabandi , K . 1999 . A Monte Carlo coherent scattering model for forest canopies using fractal generated trees . IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. , 37 : 440 – 51 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudaliar , S . 2001 . Diffuse waves in a random medium layer with rough boundaries . Waves Random Media , 11 : 45 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peplinski , N R , Ulaby , F T and Dobson , M C . 1995 . Dielectric properties of Soils in the 0.3–1.3 GHz range . IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. , 33 : 803 – 7 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rytov , S M , Kravtsov , Y A and Tatarskii , V I . 1989 . Principle of Statistical Radiophysics , vol 4 , Berlin : Springer . chapter 5
   Google Scholar
• Saatchi , S S and McDonald , K C . 1997 . Coherent Effects in Microwave Backscattering Models for Forest Canopies . IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. , 35 : 1032 – 44 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarabandi , K , Polatin , P F and Ulaby , F T . 1993 . Monte Carlo Simulation of scattering from a layer of vertical cylinders . IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. , 41 : 465 – 75 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seker , S S . 1982 . “ Resonant scattering from sparsely distributed lossy dielectric scatterers ” . In PhD Thesis , Washington DC : The George Washington University . (UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, MI, www.il.proquest.com)
   Google Scholar
• Tsang , L , Kubacsi , M C and Kong , J A . 1981 . Radiative transfer theory for active remote sensing of a layer of small ellipsoidal scatterers . Radio Sci. , 16 : 321 – 9 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsang , L and Ishimaru , A . 1984 . Backscattering enhancement of random discrete scatterers . J. Opt. Soc. Am. , A 1 : 836 – 9 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsang , L , Ding , K H , Zhang , G , Hsu , C C and Kong , J A . 1995 . Backscattering enhancement and clustering effects of randomly distributed dielectric cylinders overlying a dielectric half space based on Monte Carlo simulations . IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. , 43 : 488 – 99 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsang , L , Kong , J A and Ding , K H . 2001 . Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves: Theories and Applications , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Ulaby , F T , Moore , R K and Fung , A K . 1982 . Microwave Remote Sensing , chapter 12 vol 2 , Reading, MA : Addison-Wesley .
   Google Scholar
• Ulaby , F T and El-Rayes , M A . 1987 . Microwave Dielectric Spectrum of Vegetation: II. Dual-dispersion model . IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. , 25 : 550 – 7 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulaby , F T , Sarabandi , K , McDonald , K C , Whitt , M and Dobson , M C . 1990 . Michigan microwave canopy scattering model(MIMICS) . Int. J. Remote Sens. , 11 : 1223 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , M L , Quegan , S and Blacknell , D . 1997 . Distribution of backscattered intensity in the distorted Born approximation: application to C-band images of woodland . Waves Random Media , 7 : 643 – 60 .
   Google Scholar