A comparison of self-ligating and conventional orthodontic bracket systems.

References

• Alst, K. (1983) Meine Erfahrungen mit den Mobil-Lock Brackets Information aus Orthodontie und Kiefer orthopadie, 1, 65–76.
   Google Scholar
• Andreasen, G. F. and Quevedo, F. R. (1970) Evaluation of friction forces in the 0·022” 3 0·028” Edgewise bracket in vitroiJournal of Biomechanics, 3, 151–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armitage, P. and Berry, G. (1987) Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 2nd edn, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Baker, K. L., Nieberg, L. G., Welmer, A. D. and Hanna, M. (1987) Frictional changes in force values caused by saliva substitution, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, 91, 316–320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bednar, J. R., Gruendeman, G. W. and Sandrik, J. L. (1991) A comparative study of frictional forces between orthodontic brackets and archwires, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, 100, 513–522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger, J. L. (1990) The influence of the SPEED bracket’s self-ligating design on force levels in tooth movement: a comparative in vitro study, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, 97, 219–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger, J. L. (1992) Letters to the editor: (Up)righting misconceptions concerning the SPEED bracket system, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, 102, 17A–19A.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger, J. L. (1994) The SPEED appliance: a 14-year update on this unique self-ligating orthodontic mechanism, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, 105, 217–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulman, J. S. and Osborn, J. F. (1989) Statistics in Dentistry, British Dental Association, London.
   Google Scholar
• Burstone, C. J. and Koenig, H. A. (1976) Optimizing anterior and canine retraction, American Journal of Orthodontics, 70, 1–19.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dickson, J. A. S., Jones, S. P. and Davies, E. H. (1994) A comparison of the frictional characteristics of five initial alignment wires and stainless steel brackets at three bracket to wire angulations, British Journal of Orthodontics, 21, 15–22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Drescher, D., Bourauel, C. and Schumacher, H. A. (1989) Frictional forces between bracket and archwire, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, 96, 397–404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drescher, D., Bourauel, C. and Schumacher, H. A. (1989) [The loss of force by friction in arch-guided tooth movement,] Abst, Fortschritte Der Keiferorthopadie, 51, 99–105.
   Google Scholar
• Farrant, S. D. (1976) An evaluation of different methods of canine retraction, British Journal of Orthodontics, 4, 5–15.
   Google Scholar
• Forestadentw (1981) Product information, Forestadentw, 5, rue Jacques Peirotes, Strasbourg, France.
   Google Scholar
• Frank, C. A. and Nikolai, R. J. (1980) A comparative study of frictional resistances between orthodontic brackets and archwire, American Journal of Orthodontics, 78, 593–609.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garner, L. D., Allai, W. W. and Moore, B. K. (1986) A comparison of frictional forces during simulated canine retraction of continuous edgewise archwire, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, 90, 199–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffies, J. M., Meyers, C. E. and Hondrum, S. (1993) Evaluation of Activa bracket on friction resistance in sliding mechanics, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, 103, 97 (Abst.).
   Google Scholar
• Hanson, G. H. (1986) Journal of Clinical Orthodontics interviews Dr G. H. Hanson on the SPEED bracket, Journal of Clinical Orthodontics, 10, 183–189.
   Google Scholar
• Huffman, D. J. and Way, D. C. (1983) A clinical evaluation of tooth movement along archwires of two different sizes, American Journal of Orthodontics, 83, 453–459.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jastrzebski, Z. D. (1959) Nature and Properties of Engineering Materials, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
   Google Scholar
• Kajdas, C., Harvey, S. S. K. and Wilusz, E. (1990) Encyclopedia of Tribology, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam.
   Google Scholar
• Kapila, S., Angolkar, P. V., Duncanson, M. G. and Nanda, R. S. (1990) Evaluation of friction between edgewise stainless steel brackets and orthodontic wires of four alloys, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, 98, 117–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koran, A., Craig, R. G. and Tillitson, E. W. (1972) Coefficient of friction of prosthetic tooth materials, Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 27, 269–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kusy, R. P. (1991) Materials and appliances in orthodontics: brackets, archwires, and friction, Current Opinion in Dentistry, 1, 634–644.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kusy, R. P. and Saunders, C. R. (1991) Surface texture and frictional characteristics of ceramic brackets, Journal of Dental Research, 70, 483 (A1734).
   Google Scholar
• Kusy, R. P. and Whitley, J. Q. (1992) Influence of fluid media on the frictional coefficients in orthodontic sliding, Journal of Dental Research, 71, 168 (A499).
   Google Scholar
• Kusy, R. P., Whitley, J. Q. and Wiess, M. J. (1990) Tribology of selected orthodontic arch wires and brackets. Journal of Dental Research, 69, 312 (A1630).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kusy, R. P., Whitley, J. Q. and Prewitt, M. J. (1991) Comparison of the frictional coefficients for selected arch wirebracket slot combinations in the dry and wet states, Angle Orthodontist, 61, 293–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicolls, J. (1968) Frictional forces in fixed orthodontic appliances, Dental Practitioner (Transactions BSSO), 18, 362–366.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paulson, R. C., Speidel, T. M. and Isaacson, R. J. (1970) A laminographic study of cuspid retraction versus molar anchorage loss, Angle Orthodontist, 40, 20–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, L., Spencer, R. and Andreasen, G. F. (1982) A comparison of friction resistance for nitinol and stainless steel wire in edgewise brackets, Quintessence International, 5, 563–571.
   Google Scholar
• Proffit, W. R. (1993) Contemporary Orthodontics, C. V. Mosby Company, St Louis, U.S.A.
   Google Scholar
• Riley, J. L., Garrett, S. G. & Moon, P. C. (1979) Frictional forces of ligated plastic and metal edgewise brackets, Journal of Dental Research, 58B, 98 (A21).
   Google Scholar
• Schumacher, H. A., Bourauel, C. and Drescher, D. (1990) The effect of the ligature on the friction between bracket and arch [abst] Fortschritte Der Keiferorthopadie, 51, 106–116.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shivapuja, P. K. and Berger, J. L. (1994) A comparative study of conventional ligation and self-ligation bracket systems, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, 106, 472–480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sims, A. P. T., Waters, N. E., Birnie, D. J. and Pethybridge, R. J. (1993) A comparison of the forces required to produce tooth movement in vitro using two self-ligating brackets and a pre-adjusted bracket employing two types of ligation, European Journal of Orthodontics, 15, 377–385.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sims, A. P. T., Waters, N. E. and Birnie, D. J. (1994) A comparison of the forces required to produce tooth movement ex vivo through three types of pre-adjusted brackets when subjected to determined tip or torque values, British Journal of Orthodontics, 21, 367–373.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spiller, R. E., De Franco, D. J., Story, R. J. and von Fraunhofer, J. A. (1990) Friction forces in bracket-wire-ligature combinations, Journal of Dental Research, 69, 155 (A369).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stannard, J. G., Gau, J. M. and Hanna, M. A. (1986) Comparative friction of orthodontic wires under dry and wet conditions, American Journal of Orthodontics, 89, 485–491.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stolzenberg, J. (1935) The Russell attachment and its improved advantages, International Journal of Orthodontic Dentistry in Children, 9, 837–840.
   Google Scholar
• Stolzenberg, J. (1946) The efficiency of the Russell attachment, American Journal of Orthodontics and Oral Surgery, 32, 572–582.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stoner, M. M. (1960) Force control in clinical practice, American Journal of Orthodontics, 46, 163–168.
   Google Scholar
• Tanne, K., Matsubara, S., Shibaguchi, T. and Sakuda, M. (1991) Wire friction from ceramic brackets during simulated canine retraction, Angle Orthodontist, 61, 285–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tidy, D. C. (1989) Frictional forces in fixed appliances, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, 96, 249–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar