References
- Andreasen GF, Bishara S. Comparison of Alastik chains with elastics involved with intra-arch molar–to molar forces. Angle Orthod 1970; 40: 151–158.
- Killiany DM, Duplessis J. Relaxation of elastomeric chains. J Clin Orthod 1985; 19: 592–593.
- Nattrass C, Ireland AJ, Sherriff M. The effect of environmental factors on elastomeric chain and nickel titanium coil springs. Eur J Orthod 1998; 20: 169–176.
- Huget EF, Patrick KS, Nunez L. Observations on the elastic behaviour of a synthetic orthodontic elastomer. J Dent Res 1990; 69: 496–501.
- De Genova DC, McInnes-Ledoux P, Weinberg R, Shaye R. Force degradation of orthodontic elastomeric chains—a product comparison study. Am J Orthod 1985; 87: 377–384.
- Lu TC, Wang WN, Tarng TH, Chen JW. Force decay of elastomeric chain—a serial study. Part II. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1993; 104: 373–377.
- Ash JL, Nikolai RJ. Relaxation of orthodontic elastomeric chains and modules in vitro and in vivo. J Dent Res 1978; 57: 685–690.
- Arnold EB, Cunningham JS. Coil springs as application of force. Int J Orthod Oral Surg Rad 1934; 20: 577–579.
- Miura F, Mogi M, Ohura Y, Karibe M. The super-elastic Japanese NiTi alloy wire for use in orthodontics. Part III. Studies on the Japanese NiTi alloy coil springs. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1988; 94: 89–96.
- Angolkar PV, Arnold JV, Nanda RS, Duncanson MG. Force degradation of closed coil springs. An in vitro evaluation. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1992; 102: 127–133.
- Miura F, Mogi M, Ohura Y, Hamanaka H. The super-elastic property of the Japanese NiTi alloy wire for use in orthodontics. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1986; 90: 1–10.
- Samuels RHA, Rudge SJ, Mair LH. A comparison of the rate of space closure using a nickel-titanium spring and an elastic module: a clinical study. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1993; 103: 464–467.
- Dixon V, Read MJ, O’Brien KD, Worthington HV, Mandell MA. A randomized clinical trial to compare three methods of orthodontic space closure. J Orthod 2002; 29: 31–36.
- Sonis AL. Comparison of NiTi coil springs vs elastics in canine retraction. J Clin Orthod 1994; 28: 293–295.
- Manhertsberger C, Seldenbrusch W. Force delivery of Ni-Ti coil springs. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1996; 109: 8–21.
- Tripolt H, Burstone CJ, Bantleon P, Manschiebel W. Force characteristics of nickel-titanium coil springs. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1999; 15: 498–507.
- Barwart O. The effect of temperature changes on the load value of Japanese NiTi coil springs in the superelastic range. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1996; 110: 553–558.
- Bourauel C, Drescher D, Ebling J, Broome D, Kananachos A. Superelastic nickel titanium alloy retraction springs—an experimental investigation of force systems. Eur J Orthod 1997; 19: 491–500.
- Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet 1986; 1: 58–61.
- Nattrass C, Ireland AJ, Sherriff M. An investigation into the placement of force delivery systems and the initial forces applied by clinicians during space closure. Br J Orthod 1997; 24: 127–131.
- Ren Y, Maltha JC, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM. Optimum force magnitude for orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic literature review. Angle Orthod 2003; 73: 86–92.
- Quinn RS, Yoshikawa DK. A reassessment of force magnitude in orthodontics. Am J Orthod 1985; 83: 252–260.