Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist: An investigation with culturally and linguistically diverse youth in Australia

References

• Amone‐p'olak, K., Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2007). Adolescents caught between fires: Cognitive emotion regulation in response to war experiences in northern Uganda. Journal of Adolescence, 30, 655–669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.05.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). (2012). Cultural diversity in Australia, Reflecting a Nation: Stories from the 2011 Census. Retrieved from http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/Lookup/2071.0main+features902012-2013
   Google Scholar
• Baird, M., & Skariah, E. (2016). Translating the Hopkins symptom checklist‐25 (HSCL‐25) into Dinka, a south Sudanese tribal language. The International Journal of Translation and Interpreting Research, 8, 96–109. https://doi.org/10.12807/ti.108202.2016.a07
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bean, T., Derluyn, I., Eurelings‐bontekoe, E., Broekaert, E., & Spinhoven, P. (2007). Comparing psychological distress, traumatic stress reactions, and experiences of unaccompanied refugee minors with experiences of adolescents accompanied by parents. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195, 288–297. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000243751.49499.93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beehler, S., Birman, D., & Campbell, R. (2012). The effectiveness of cultural adjustment and trauma services (CATS): Generating practice‐based evidence on a comprehensive, school‐based mental health intervention for immigrant youth. American Journal of Community Psychology, 50, 15–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-011-9486-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betancourt, T. S., Yudron, M., Wheaton, W., & Smith‐fawzi, M. C. (2012). Caregiver and adolescent mental health in Ethiopian Kunama refugees participating in an emergency education program. Journal of Adolescent Health, 51, 357–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.01.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birman, D., Simon, C., Chan, W., & Tran, N. (2014). A life domains perspective on acculturation and psychological adjustment: A study of refugees from the former Soviet Union. American Journal of Community Psychology, 53, 60–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-013-9614-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carswell, K., Blackburn, P., & Barker, C. (2011). The relationship between trauma, post‐migration problems and the psychological well‐being of refugees and asylum seekers. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 57, 107–119. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764008105699
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cattell, R. (1966). The scree test for the number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1, 245–276. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr0102_10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derluyn, I., Mels, C., & Broekaert, E. (2009). Mental health problems in separated refugee adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 44, 291–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.07.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derogatis, L., Lipman, R., Rickels, K., Uhlenhuth, E., & Covi, L. (1974). The Hopkins symptom checklist (HSCL): A self‐report symptom inventory. Behavioral Science, 19, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/bs.3830190102
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ellis, B., Abdi, S., Lazarevic, V., White, M., Lincoln, A., Stern, J., & Horgan, J. (2016). Relation of psychosocial factors to diverse behaviors and attitudes among Somali refugees. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 86, 393–408. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazel, M., Reed, R., Panter‐brick, C., & Stein, A. (2012). Mental health of displaced and refugee children resettled in high‐income countries: Risk and protective factors. The Lancet, 379, 266–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60051-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodenow, C. (1993). The psychological sense of school membership among adolescents: Scale development and educational correlates. Psychology in the Schools, 30(1), 79–90. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6807(199301)30:1<79::AID-PITS2310300113>3.0.CO;2-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman, R. (1997). The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 581–586. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grenier, N., Persson, T., & Rousseau, C. (2014). Teacher‐youth inter‐informant agreement on the strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ) in a community sample of refugee and immigrant adolescents in Montreal. Canadian Journal for New Scholars in Education, 5, 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Grgic, M., Vidovic, V., Butkovic‐soldo, S., Vuksic‐mihaljevic, Z., Degmecic, D., & Laufer, D. (2005). The mental health of children upon their return home after a long displacement period. Collegium Antropologicum, 29, 537–542.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hasanovic, M., Sinanovic, O., Selimbasic, Z., Pajevic, I., & Avdibegovic, E. (2006). Psychological disturbances of war traumatized children from different foster and family settings in Bosnia And Herzegovina. Croatian Medical Journal, 47, 85–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hesbacher, P. T., Rickels, K., Morris, R. J., Newman, H., & Rosenfeld, H. (1980). Psychiatric illness in family practice. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 41, 6–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hocking, D. C., Kennedy, G. A., & Sundram, S. (2015). Mental disorders in asylum seekers: The role of the refugee determination process and employment. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 203, 28–32. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.000000000000023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodes, M., Jadev, D., Chandra, N., & Cuniff, A. (2008). Risk and resilience for psychological distress amongst unaccompanied asylum seeking adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 723–732. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01912
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoge, C., Auchterlonie, J., & Milliken, C. (2006). Mental health problems, use of mental health services, and attrition from military service after returning from deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan. JAMA, 295, 1023–1032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakobsen, M., Thoresen, S., & Johansen, L. (2011). The validity of screening for post‐traumatic stress disorder and other mental health problems among asylum seekers from different countries. Journal of Refugee Studies, 24, 171–186. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/feq053
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jibeen, T., & Khalid, R. (2010). Predictors of psychological well‐being of Pakistani immigrants in Toronto, Canada. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 34, 452–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2010.04.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaaya, S., Fawzi, M., Mbwambo, J., Lee, B., Msamanga, G., & Fawzi, W. (2002). Validity of the Hopkins symptom Checklist‐25 amongst HIV‐positive pregnant women in Tanzania. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 106, 9–19. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2002.01205.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khawaja, N. G. (2007). An investigation of the psychological distress of Muslim migrants in Australia. Journal of Muslim Mental Health, 2, 39–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564900701238526
   Google Scholar
• Khawaja, N. G., Allan, E., & Schweitzer, R. (2017). The role of school connectedness and social support in the acculturation in culturally and linguistically diverse youth in Australia. Australian Psychologist, 53, 355–364. https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12327
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khawaja, N. G., Ibrahim, O., & Schweitzer, R. (2017). Mental wellbeing of students from refugee and migrant backgrounds: The mediating role of resilience. School Mental Health, 9, 284–293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-017-9215-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline, R. (2013). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. In Y. Petscher & C. Schatsschneider (Eds.), Applied quantitative analysis in the social sciences (pp. 171–207). New York: Routledge. http://psychology.concordia.ca/fac/kline/library/k13b.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Lavik, N. J., Laake, P., Hauff, E., & Solberg, O. (1999). The use of self‐reports in psychiatric studies of traumatized refugees: Validation and analysis of HSCL‐25. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 53, 17–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/080394899426666
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, B., Kaaya, S., Mbwambo, J., Smith‐fawzi, M., & Leshabari, M. (2008). Detecting depressive disorder with the Hopkins Symptom Checklist‐25 in Tanzania. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 54(1), 7–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lhewa, D., Banu, S., Rosenfeld, B., & Keller, S. (2007). Validation of a Tibetan translation of the Hopkins symptom Checklist‐25 and the Harvard trauma questionnaire. Assessment, 14(3), 223–230. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191106298876
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liddle, I., & Carter, G. (2015). Emotional and psychological well‐being in children: The development and validation of the Stirling Children's well‐being scale. Educational Psychology in Practice, 31, 174–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/02667363.2015.1008409
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mels, C., Derluyn, I., Broekaert, E., & Rosseel, Y. (2010). The psychological impact of forced displacement and related risk factors on eastern Congolese adolescents affected by war. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 1096–1104. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02241.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, K., Madhur, K., & Kushner, H. (2006). Beyond trauma‐focused psychiatric epidemiology: Bridging research and practice with war‐affected populations. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76, 409–422. https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchelson, M. R., Erskine, H. E., Ramirez, E., Suleman, F., Prasad‐ildes, R., Siskind, D., & Harris, M. (2010). BRiTA Futures: A resilience‐building program for children and young people from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds‐Program description and preliminary findings. Advances in Mental Health, 9(1), 243–254. https://doi.org/10.5172/jamh.9.3.243
   Google Scholar
• Nickerson, A., Bryant, R., Schnyder, U., Schick, M., Mueller, J., & Morina, N. (2015). Emotion dysregulation mediates the relationship between trauma exposure, post‐migration living difficulties and psychological outcomes in traumatized refugees. Journal of Affective Disorders, 173, 185–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'connor, B. (2000). SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer's MAP test. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 32, 396–402. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03200807
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pacione, L., Measham, T., & Rousseau, C. (2013). Refugee children: Mental health and effective interventions. Current Psychiatry Reports, 15, 341–359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-012-0341-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parloff, M., Kelman, H., & Frank, J. (1954). Comfort, effectiveness, and self‐awareness as criteria for improvement in psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 3, 343–351. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.111.5.343
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinlan, R., Schweitzer, R., Khawaja, N., & Griffin, J. (2016). Evaluation of a school‐based creative arts therapy program for adolescents from refugee backgrounds. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 47, 72–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aip.2015.09.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renner, W., & Salem, I. (2009). Post‐traumatic stress in asylum seekers and refugees from Chechnya, Afghanistan, and West Africa: Gender differences in symptomatology and coping. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 55, 99–108. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764008092341
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheper‐hughes, N., & Lock, M. M. (1987). The mindful body: A prolegomenon to future work in medical anthropology. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 1, 6–41.
   Google Scholar
• Skogen, J. C., Øverland, S., Smith, O. R. F., & Aarø, L. E. (2017). The factor structure of the Hopkins symptoms checklist (HSCL‐25) in a student population: A cautionary tale. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 45(4), 357–365. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494817700287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syed, H., Zachrisson, H., Dalgard, O., Dalen, I., & Ahlberg, N. (2008). Concordance between Hopkins symptom checklist (HSCL‐10) and Pakistan anxiety and depression questionnaire (PADQ), in a rural self‐motivated population in Pakistan. BMC Psychiatry, 8, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-8-59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Osterlind, S. J. (2001). Using multivariate statistics. Boston, MA: California State University.
   Google Scholar
• Tempany, M. (2009). What research tells us about the mental health and psychosocial well‐being of Sudanese refugees: A literature review. Transcultural Psychiatry, 46, 300–315. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461509105820
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terheggen, M. A., Stroebe, M. S., & Kleber, R. J. (2001). Western conceptualizations and eastern experience: A cross‐cultural study of traumatic stress reactions among Tibetan refugees in India. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14, 391–403. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011177204593
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tousignant, M., Habimana, E., Biron, C., Malo, C., Sidoli‐leblanc, E., & Bendris, N. (1999). The Quebec adolescent refugee project: Psychopathology and family variables in a sample from 35 nations. Journal of American Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 142611432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNICEF. 2017. Unicef data: Monitoring the situation of children and women. Retrieved from https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-migration-and-displacement/migration/
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. (2017). International migration report. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/publications/migrationreport/docs/MigrationReport2017_Highlights.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Vervliet, M., Lammertyn, J., Broekaert, E., & Derluyn, I. (2014). Longitudinal follow‐up of the mental health of unaccompanied refugee minors. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 23, 337–346. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-013-0463-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vonnahme, L., Lankau, E., Ao, T., Shetty, S., & Cardozo, B. L. (2015). Factors associated with symptoms of depression among Bhutanese refugees in the United States. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 17, 1705–1714. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-014-0120-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen, J. (1998). Folk belief, illness behavior and mental health in Taiwan. Chang‐Keng i Hsueh Tsa Chih, 21, 1–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Whitley, R., Kirmayer, L. J., & Groleau, D. (2006). Understanding immigrants' reluctance to use mental health services: A qualitative study from Montreal. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 205–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, M., Kviz, F., & Miller, A. (2009). Identifying individual and contextual barriers to seeking mental health services among Korean American immigrant women. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 30, 78–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840802595204
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yurtbay, T., Alyanak, B., Abali, O., Kaynak, N., & Durukan, M. (2003). The psychological effects of forced emigration on Muslim Albanian children and adolescents. Community Mental Health Journal, 39, 203–212. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023386122344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar