Does the Dark Triad Predict Prejudice?: The Role of Machiavellianism, Psychopathy, and Narcissism in Explaining Negativity Toward Asylum Seekers

References

• Akrami, N., Ekehammar, B., & Araya, T. (2000). Classical and modern racial prejudice: A study of attitudes toward immigrants in Sweden. European Journal of Social Psychology, 30(4), 521–532. doi:10.1002/1099‐0992
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual: Mental disorders (Vol. 5). Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. R. (2016). Implicit and explicit attitudes toward asylum seekers: Demographic and ideological correlates. Australian Psychologist, 1–11. doi:10.1111/ap.12229
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. R., & Antalíková, R. (2014). Framing (implicitly) matters: The role of religion in attitudes toward immigrants and Muslims in Denmark. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 55, 593–600. doi:10.1111/sjop.12161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. R., & Koc, Y. (2015). Exploring patterns of explicit and implicit anti‐gay attitudes in Muslims and Atheists. European Journal of Social Psychology. 45, 687–701. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2126
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. R., Stuart, A., & Rossen, I. (2015). Not all negative: Macro justice principles predict positive attitudes towards asylum seekers in Australia. Australian Journal of Psychology, 67, 207–213. doi:10.1111/ajpy.12085
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banse, R., Seise, J., & Zerbes, N. (2001). Implicit attitudes towards homosexuality: Reliability, validity, and controllability of the IAT. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie, 48, 145–160. Retrieved from <Go to ISI>://WOS:000168600100007.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Batson, C. D., Polycarpou, M. P., Harmon‐jones, E., Imhoff, H. J., Mitchener, E. C., Bednar, L. L., & Highberger, L. (1997). Empathy and attitudes: Can feeling for a member of a stigmatized group improve feelings toward the group? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 105–118. doi:10.1037/0022‐3514.72.1.105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blair, I. V. (2001). The malleability of automatic stereotypes and prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6, 242–261. doi:10.1207/S15327957PSPR0603_8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carnahan, T., & Mcfarland, S. (2007). Revisiting the Stanford Prison Experiment: Could participant self‐selection have led to the cruelty? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 603–614. doi:10.1177/0146167206292689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cattell, R. B. (1966). The scree test for the number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1(2), 245–276. doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr0102_10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corry, N., Merritt, R. D., Mrug, S., & Pamp, B. (2008). The factor structure of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 90, 593–600. doi:10.1080/00223890802388590
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5–18. doi:10.1037/0022‐3514.56.1.5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devine, P. G., & Monteith, M. J. (1999). Automaticity and control in stereotyping. In S. C. Y.Trope (Ed.), Dual‐process theories in social psychology (pp. 339–360). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dovidio, J. F., Kawakami, K., & Beach, K. R. (2008). Implicit and explicit attitudes: Examination of the relationship between measures of intergroup bias. In R.Brown & S.Gaertner (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of social psychology, vol 4: Intergroup relations (pp. 175–197). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Ekehammar, B., Akrami, N., Gylje, M., & Zakrisson, I. (2004). What matters most to prejudice: Big Five personality, Social Dominance Orientation, or Right‐Wing Authoritarianism? European Journal of Personality, 18(6), 463–482. doi:10.1002/per.526
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Every, D., & Augustinos, M. (2008). “Taking advantage” or fleeing persecution? Opposing accounts of asylum seeking. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 12, 648–667. doi:10.1111/j.1467‐9841.2008.00386.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazio, R. H. (2007). Attitudes as object‐evaluation associations of varying strength. Social Cognition, 25, 603–637. doi:10.1521/soco.2007.25.5.603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazio, R. H., & Olson, M. A. (2003). Implicit measures in social cognition research: Their meaning and use. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 297–327. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazio, R. H., & Towles‐schwen, T. (1999). The MODE model of attitude‐behavior processes. In S.Chaiken & Y.Trope (Eds.), Dual process theories in social psychology (pp. 97–116). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS (3rd ed.). London, England: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Francis, W., & Kucera, H. (1982). Frequency analysis of English usage. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company.
   Google Scholar
• Furnham, A., & Crump, J. (2005). Personality traits, types, and disorders: An examination of the relationship between three self‐report measures. European Journal of Personality, 19(3), 167–184. doi:10.1002/per.543
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furnham, A., Richards, S. C., & Paulhus, D. L. (2013). The Dark Triad of personality: A 10 year review. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7, 199–216. doi:10.1111/spc3.12018
   Google Scholar
• Gallego, A., & Pardos‐prado, S. (2014). The Big Five personality traits and attitudes towards immigrants. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 40, 79–99. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2013.826131
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gawronski, B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2006). Associative and propositional processes in evaluation: An integrative review of implicit and explicit attitude change. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 692–731. doi:10.1037/0033‐2909.132.5.692
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geis, F. L., & Moon, T. H. (1981). Machiavellianism and deception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 766–775. doi:10.1037/0022‐3514.41.4.766
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, D. M., & Swets, J. A. (1966). Signal detection theory and psychophysics (Vol. 1). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc..
   Google Scholar
• Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self‐esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4–27. doi:10.1037/0033‐295X.102.1.4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hare, R. D. (1985). Comparison of procedures for the assessment of psychopathy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53(1), 7–16. doi:10.1037/0022‐006X.53.1.7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hare, R. D. (1996). Psychopathy a clinical construct whose time has come. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 23(1), 25–54. doi:10.1177/0093854896023001004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartley, L. K., & Pedersen, A. (2007). Asylum seekers: How attributions and emotion affect Australians’ views on mandatory detention of “the other”. Australian Journal of Psychology, 59(3), 119–131. doi:10.1080/00049530701449455
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haslam, N., & Holland, E. (2012). Attitudes towards asylum seekers: The Australian experience. In D.Bretherton & N.Balvin (Eds.), Peace psychology in Australia (pp. 107–120). New York, NY: Springer US.
   Google Scholar
• Hodson, G., Hogg, S. M., & Macinnis, C. C. (2009). The role of “dark personalities” (narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy), Big Five personality factors, and ideology in explaining prejudice. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 686–690. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.02.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmann, W., Gawronski, B., Gschwendner, T., Le, H., & Schmitt, M. (2005). A meta‐analysis on the correlation between the Implicit Association Test and explicit self‐report measures. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 1369–1385. doi:10.1177/0146167205275613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmann, W., Gschwendner, T., Nosek, B. A., & Schmitt, M. (2005). What moderates implicit‐explicit consistency? European Review of Social Psychology, 16(1), 335–390. doi:10.1080/10463280500443228
   Google Scholar
• Jaccard, J. J. (1974). Predicting social behavior from personality traits. Journal of Research in Personality, 7, 358–367. doi:10.1016/0092‐6566(74)90057‐9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakobwitz, S., & Egan, V. (2006). The dark triad and normal personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 331–339. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.07.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonason, P. K. (2015). How “dark” personality traits and perceptions come together to predict racism in Australia. Personality and Individual Differences, 72, 47–51. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.08.030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonason, P. K., Li, N. P., Webster, G. D., & Schmitt, D. P. (2009). The dark triad: Facilitating a short‐term mating strategy in men. European Journal of Personality, 23(1), 5–18. doi:10.1002/per.698
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonason, P. K., & Webster, G. D. (2010). The dirty dozen: A concise measure of the dark triad. Psychological Assessment, 22, 420–423. doi:10.1037/a0019265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2009). Machiavellianism. In M. R.Leary & R. H.Hoyle (Eds.), Handbook of individual differences in social behavior (pp. 93–108). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2010). Differentiating the Dark Triad within the interpersonal circumplex. In L.Horowitz & S.Strack (Eds.), Handbook of interpersonal theory, research, assessment, and therapeutic interventions (pp. 249–267). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2005). Psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and narcissism in the Five‐Factor Model and the HEXACO model of personality structure. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 1571–1582. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2004.09.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louis, W. R., Duck, J. M., Terry, D. J., Schuller, R. A., & Lalonde, R. N. (2007). Why do citizens want to keep refugees out? Threats, fairness and hostile norms in the treatment of asylum seekers. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37(1), 53–73. doi:10.1002/ejsp.329
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lusher, D., Balvin, N., Nethery, A., & Tropea, J. (2007). Australia's response to asylum seekers. Yearning to breathe free: Seeking asylum in Australia (pp. 9–20). Sydney, Australia: The Federation Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lyall, H. C., & Thorsteinsson, E. B. (2007). Attitudes to the Iraq war and mandatory detention of asylum seekers: Associations with authoritarianism, social dominance, and mortality salience. Australian Journal of Psychology, 59(2), 70–77. doi:10.1080/00049530601148421
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markus, A. (2015). Mapping Social Cohesion. The Scanlon Foundation Surveys National Report 2015. Retrieved from Melbourne: Monash University: http://scanlonfoundation.org.au/wp‐content/uploads/2015/10/2015‐Mapping‐Social‐Cohesion‐Report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Mccrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1987). Validation of the five‐factor model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(1), 81–90. doi:10.1037/0022‐3514.52.1.81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mchoskey, J. W., Worzel, W., & Szyarto, C. (1998). Machiavellianism and psychopathy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 192–210. doi:10.1037/0022‐3514.74.1.192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mckay, F. H., Thomas, S. L., & Kneebone, S. (2012). ‘It would be okay if they came through the proper channels’: Community perceptions and attitudes toward asylum seekers in Australia. Journal of Refugee Studies, 25(1), 113–133. doi:10.1093/jrs/fer010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers, I. B. (1962). The Myers‐Briggs type indicator: Manual (1962). Palo Alto, CA.: Consulting Psychologists Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nickerson, A. M., & Louis, W. R. (2008). Nationality versus humanity? Personality, identity, and norms in relation to attitudes toward asylum seekers. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 38(3), 796–817. doi:10.1111/j.1559‐1816.2007.00327.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nosek, B. A. (2005). Moderators of the relationship between implicit and explicit evaluation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 134, 565–584. doi:10.1037/0096‐3445.134.4.565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nosek, B. A. (2007). Implicit–explicit relations. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 65–69. doi:10.1111/j.1467‐8721.2007.00477.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2001). The go/no‐go association task. Social Cognition, 19, 625–666. doi:10.1521/soco.19.6.625.20886
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nosek, B. A., & Smyth, F. L. (2007). A multitrait‐multimethod validation of the Implicit Association Test: Implicit and explicit attitudes are related but distinct constructs. Experimental Psychology, 54, 14–29. doi:10.1027/1618‐3169.54.1.14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002). The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36, 556–563. doi:10.1016/S0092‐6566(02)00505‐6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paunonen, S. V., & Ashton, M. C. (2001). Big Five factors and facets and the prediction of behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(3), 524–539. doi:10.1037/0022‐3514.81.3.524
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen, A., Attwell, J., & Heveli, D. (2005). Prediction of negative attitudes toward Australian asylum seekers: False beliefs, nationalism, and self‐esteem. Australian Journal of Psychology, 57(3), 148–160. doi:10.1080/00049530500125157
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen, A., Watt, S., & Hansen, S. (2006). The role of false beliefs in the community's and the federal government's attitudes toward Australian asylum seekers. Australian Journal of Social Issues, 41, 105–124. Retrieved from http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=157615711086279;res=IELFSC.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettigrew, T. F. (1958). Personality and sociocultural factors in intergroup attitudes: A cross‐national comparison. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2, 29–42. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/172842.
   Google Scholar
• Rauthmann, J. F., & Kolar, G. P. (2012). How “dark” are the Dark Triad traits? Examining the perceived darkness of narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(7), 884–889. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.06.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rauthmann, J. F., & Kolar, G. P. (2013). The perceived attractiveness and traits of the Dark Triad: Narcissists are perceived as hot, Machiavellians and psychopaths not. Personality and Individual Differences, 54, 582–586. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.11.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Refugees, UNHCR. (2014). Global trends: Forced displacement in 2014. Retrieved from http://unhcr.org/556725e69.html
   Google Scholar
• Schuette, R. A., & Fazio, R. H. (1995). Attitude accessibility and motivation as determinants of biased processing: A test of the MODE model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(7), 704–710. doi:10.1177/0146167295217005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schweitzer, R., Perkoulidis, S., Krome, S., Ludlow, C., & Ryan, M. (2005). Attitudes towards refugees: The dark side of prejudice in Australia. Australian Journal of Psychology, 57(3), 170–179. doi:10.1080/00049530500125199
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sibley, C. G., & Duckitt, J. (2008). Personality and prejudice: A meta‐analysis and theoretical review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 12(3), 248–279. doi:10.1177/1088868308319226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suhnan, A., Pedersen, A., & Hartley, L. K. (2012). Re‐examining prejudice against asylum seekers in Australia: The role of people smugglers, the perception of threat, and acceptance of false beliefs. The Australian Community Psychologist, 24(2), 79–97. Retrieved from http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/17603.
   Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Experimental designs using ANOVA. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2015). UNHCR mid‐year trends 2014. Retrieved from http://www.unhcr.org/54aa91d89.html
   Google Scholar
• Vernon, P. A., Villani, V. C., Vickers, L. C., & Harris, J. A. (2008). A behavioral genetic investigation of the Dark Triad and the Big 5. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 445–452. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.09.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, B. J., & Kaufmann, L. M. (2012). Reliability of the go/no go association task. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 879–891. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2012.03.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, T. D., Lindsey, S., & Schooler, T. Y. (2000). A model of dual attitudes. Psychological Review, 107(1), 101–126. doi:10.1037/0033‐295X.107.1.101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar