References
- American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
- American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
- Arnow, B. A., & Constantino, M. J. (2003). Effectiveness of psychotherapy and combination treatment for chronic depression. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59(8), 893–905. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.10181
- Arntz, A. (2012). Schema therapy for cluster C personality disorders. In M. van Vreeswijk, J. Broersen, & M. Nadort (Eds.), The Wiley‐Blackwell handbook of schema therapy: Theory, research and practice. (pp. 397–414). West Sussex, England: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119962830.ch30
- Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Carbin, M. G. (1988). Psychometric properties of the beck depression inventory: Twenty‐five years of evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review, 8(1), 77–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7358(88)90050-5
- Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4(6), 561–571. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004
- Brockmeyer, T., Kulessa, D., Hautzinger, M., Bents, H., & Backenstrass, M. (2015). Differentiating early‐onset chronic depression from episodic depression in terms of cognitive‐behavioral and emotional avoidance. Journal of Affective Disorders, 175, 418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.01.045
- Carr, S. N., & Francis, A. J. P. (2010). Early maladaptive schemas and personality disorder symptoms: An examination in a non‐clinical sample. Psychology and Psychotherapy, 83(4), 333–349. https://doi.org/10.1348/147608309X481351
- Carter, J. D., Mcintosh, V. V., Jordan, J., Porter, R. J., Frampton, C. M., & Joyce, P. R. (2013). Psychotherapy for depression: A randomized clinical trial comparing schema therapy and cognitive behavior therapy. Journal of Affective Disorders, 151(2), 500–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.06.034
- Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. (4th ed.). London, England: Sage.
- First, M. B., Gibbon, M., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J., & Benjamin, L. S. (1997). Structured clinical interview for DSM‐IV axis II personality disorders (SCID‐II). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
- First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. (1996). Structured clinical interview for DSM‐IV axis I disorders – Patient edition (SCID‐I/P, version 2.0). New York, NY: New York State Psychiatric Institute, Biometrics Research Department.
- Halford, W. K., Bernoth‐doolan, S., & Eadie, K. (2002). Schemata as moderators of clinical effectiveness of a comprehensive cognitive behavioral program for patients with depression or anxiety disorders. Behavior Modification, 26(5), 571–593. https://doi.org/10.1177/014544502236651
- Halvorsen, M., Wang, C. E., Richter, J., Myrland, I., Pedersen, S. K., Eisemann, M., & Waterloo, K. (2009). Early maladaptive schemas, temperament and character traits in clinically depressed and previously depressed subjects. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 16(5), 394–407. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.618
- Hawke, L. D., & Provencher, M. D. (2011). Schema theory and schema therapy in mood and anxiety disorders: A review. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly, 25(4), 257–276. https://doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.25.4.257
- Hayden, E. P., & Klein, D. N. (2001). Outcome of dysthymic disorder at 5‐year follow‐up: The effect of familial psychopathology, early adversity, personality, comorbidity, and chronic stress. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(11), 1864–1870. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.11.1864
- Hoffart lunding, S., & Hoffart, A. (2016). Perceived parental bonding, early maladaptive schemas and outcome in schema therapy of cluster C personality problems. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 23(2), 107–117. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1938
- Keller, M. B., Lavori, P. W., Mueller, T. I., Endicott, J., Coryell, W., Hirschfeld, R. M. A., & Shea, T. (1992). Time to recovery, chronicity, and levels of psychopathology in major depression: A 5‐year prospective follow‐up of 431 subjects. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49(10), 809–816. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820100053010
- Klein, D. N. (2008). Classification of depressive disorders in the DSM‐V: Proposal for a two‐dimension system. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117(3), 552–560. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.117.3.552
- Klein, D. N. (2010). Chronic depression: Diagnosis and classification. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(2), 96–100. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721410366007
- Klein, D. N., Arnow, B. A., Barkin, J. L., Dowling, F., Kocsis, J. H., Leon, A. C., … Wisniewski, S. R. (2009). Early adversity in chronic depression: Clinical correlates and response to pharmacotherapy. Depression and Anxiety, 26(8), 701–710. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20577
- Klein, D. N., & Santiago, N. J. (2003). Dysthymia and chronic depression: Introduction, classification, risk factors, and course. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59(8), 807–816. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.10174
- Klein, D. N., Shankman, S. A., & Rose, S. (2006). Ten‐year prospective follow‐up study of the naturalistic course of dysthymic disorder and double depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(5), 872–880. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.163.5.872
- Lobbestael, J., Leurgans, M., & Arntz, A. (2011). Inter‐rater reliability of the structured clinical interview for DSM‐IV axis I disorders (SCID I) and axis II disorders (SCID II). Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18, 75–79. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.693
- Malogiannis, I. A., Arntz, A., Spyropoulou, A., Tsartsara, E., Aggeli, A., Karveli, S., … Zervas, I. (2014). Schema therapy for patients with chronic depression: A single case series study. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 45(3), 319–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.02.003
- Mccullough, J. P. J., Klein, D. N., Borian, F. E., Howland, R. H., Riso, L. P., Keller, M. B., & Banks, P. L. C. (2003). Group comparisons of DSM‐IV subtypes of chronic depression: Validity of the distinctions, part 2. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112(4), 614–622. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.112.4.614
- Melartin, T. K., Haukka, J., Rytsälä, H. J., Jylhä, P. J., & Isometsä, E. T. (2010). Categorical and dimensional stability of comorbid personality disorder symptoms in DSM‐IV major depressive disorder: A prospective study. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 71(3), 287–295. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.08m04621blu
- Porter, J. S., & Risler, E. (2014). The new alternative DSM‐5 model for personality disorders: Issues and controversies. Research on Social Work Practice, 24(1), 50–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731513500348
- Rafaeli, E., Bernstein, D. P., & Young, J. (2011). Schema therapy: Distinctive features. East Sussex, England: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
- Renner, F., Arntz, A., Leeuw, I., & Huibers, M. (2013). Treatment for chronic depression using schema therapy. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 20(2), 166–180. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpsp.12032
- Renner, F., Arntz, A., Peeters, F., Lobbestael, J., & Huibers, M. J. H. (2016). Schema therapy for chronic depression: Results of a multiple single case series. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 51, 66–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.12.001
- Renner, F., Lobbestael, J., Peeters, F., Arntz, A., & Huibers, M. (2012). Early maladaptive schemas in depressed patients: Stability and relation with depressive symptoms over the course of treatment. Journal of Affective Disorders, 136(3), 581–590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.10.027
- Riso, L., Froman, S., Raouf, M., Gable, P., Maddux, R., Turini‐santorelli, N., … Cherry, M. (2006). The long‐term stability of early maladaptive schemas. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 30(4), 515–529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-006-9015-z
- Riso, L. P., du Toit, P. L., Blandino, J. A., Penna, S., Dacey, S., Duin, J. S., … Ulmer, C. S. (2003). Cognitive aspects of chronic depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112(1), 72–80. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.112.1.72
- Saariaho, T., Saariaho, A., Karila, I., & Joukamaa, M. (2009). The psychometric properties of the Finnish young schema questionnaire in chronic pain patients and a non‐clinical sample. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 40(1), 158–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2008.07.005
- Segal, Z. V. (1988). Appraisal of the self‐schema construct in cognitive models of depression. Psychological Bulletin, 103(2), 147–162. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.2.147
- Söderberg, P., Tungström, S., & Armelius, B. Å. (2005). Reliability of global assessment of functioning ratings made by clinical psychiatric staff. Psychiatric Services, 56, 434–438. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.56.4.434
- Steinert, C., Hofmann, M., Kruse, J., & Leichsenring, F. (2014). Relapse rates after psychotherapy for depression – Stable long‐term effects? A meta‐analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 168, 107–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.06.043
- Stuart, S., Simons, A. D., Thase, M. E., & Pilkonis, P. (1992). Are personality assessments valid in acute major depression? Journal of Affective Disorders, 24(4), 281–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0327(92)90113-K
- Stulz, N., Thase, M. E., Klein, D. N., Manber, R., & Crits‐christoph, P. (2010). Differential effects of treatments for chronic depression: A latent growth model reanalysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(3), 409–419. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019267
- Svrakic, D. M., Whitehead, C., Przybeck, T. R., & Cloninger, C. R. (1993). Differential diagnosis of personality disorders by the seven‐factor model of temperament and character. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50(12), 991–999. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820240075009
- Taylor, C. D. J., Bee, P., & Haddock, G. (2016). Does schema therapy change schemas and symptoms? A systematic review across mental health disorders. Psychology and Psychotherapy, 90, 456–479. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12112
- Viinamäki, H., Tanskanen, A., Honkalampi, K., Koivumaa‐honkanen, H., Haatainen, K., Kaustio, O., & Hintikka, J. (2004). Is the Beck depression inventory suitable for screening major depression in different phases of the disease? Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 58(1), 49–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039480310000798
- Viinamäki, H., Tanskanen, A., Koivumaa‐honkanen, H., Haatainen, K., Honkalampi, K., Antikainen, R., & Hintikka, J. (2003). Cluster C personality disorder and recovery from major depression: 24‐month prospective follow‐up. Journal of Personality Disorders, 17(4), 341–350. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.17.4.341.23971
- von Wolff, A., Hölzel, L. P., Westphal, A., Härter, M., & Kriston, L. (2013). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants in the acute treatment of chronic depression and dysthymia: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 144, 7–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.06.007
- Wang, C. E. A., Halvorsen, M., Eisemann, M., & Waterloo, K. (2010). Stability of dysfunctional attitudes and early maladaptive schemas: A 9‐year follow‐up study of clinically depressed subjects. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 41(4), 389–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.04.002
- Wegener, I., Alfter, S., Geiser, F., Liedtke, R., & Conrad, R. (2013). Schema change without schema therapy: The role of early maladaptive schemata for a successful treatment of major depression. Psychiatry, 76(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.2013.76.1.1
- Wells, K. B., Burnam, M. A., Rogers, W., Hays, R., & Camp, P. (1992). The course of depression in adult outpatients: Results from the medical outcomes study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49(10), 788–794. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820100032007
- Wiersma, J. E., Hovens, J. G., van Oppen, P., Giltay, E. J., van Schalk, D. J., Beekman, A. T., & Penninx, B. W. (2009). The importance of childhood trauma and childhood life events for chronicity of depression in adults. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 70(7), 983–989. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.08m04521
- Young, J. E. (1990). Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema‐focused approach. Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Exchange.
- Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner's guide. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.