Accommodative and binocular dysfunctions: prevalence in a randomised sample of university students

References

• Jeffrey S, Cooper MS, Burns RC, Cotter SA, Daum KM, Griffin JR et al. Optometric Clinical Practice Guideline Care of the Patient with Accommodative and Vergence Dysfunction. St. Louis: American Optometric Association, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Scheiman M, Wick B. Clinical Management of Binocular Vision: Heterophoric, Accommodative and Eye Movement Disorders, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Rouse MW, Borsting E, Hyman L, Hussein M, Cotter SA, Flynn M et al. Frequency of convergence insufficiency among fifth and sixth graders. The Convergence Insufficiency and Reading Study (CIRS) group. Optom Vis Sci 1999; 76: 643–649.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borsting E, Rouse MW, Deland PN, Hovett S, Kimura D, Park M et al. Association of symptoms and convergence and accommodative insufficiency in school‐age children. Optometry 2003; 74: 25–34.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Daum KM. Accommodative insufficiency. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1983; 60: 352–359.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cooper J, Jamal N. Convergence insufficiency‐a major review. Optometry 2012; 83: 137–158.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Letourneau JE, Duci S. Prevalence of convergence insufficiency among elementary school children. Can J Optom 1988; 50: 194–197.
   Google Scholar
• Scheiman M, Gallaway M, Ciner E. Divergence insufficiency: characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1986; 63: 425–431.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Borsting E, Mitchell GL, Kulp M, Scheiman M, Amster DM, Cotter SA et al. Improvement in academic behaviors after successful treatment of convergence insufficiency. Optom Vis Sci 2012; 89: 12–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin HS, Park SC, Maples WC. Effectiveness of vision therapy for convergence dysfunctions and long‐term stability after vision therapy. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2011; 31: 180–189.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahlberg M, Abdi S, Brautaset R. Treatment of accommodative insufficiency with plus lens reading addition: is +1.00 D better than +2.00 D? Strabismus 2010; 18: 67–71.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chase C, Tosha C, Borsting E, Ridder WH. Visual discomfort and objective measures of static accommodation. Optom Vis Sci 2009; 86: 883–889.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porcar E, Martinez‐palomera A. Prevalence of general binocular dysfunctions in a population of university students. Optom Vis Sci 1997; 74: 111–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lara F, Cacho‐martínez P, García‐muñoz A, Megías R. General binocular disorders: prevalence in a clinic population. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2001; 21: 70–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dwyer P. The prevalence of vergence accommodation disorders in a school‐age population. Clin Exp Optom 1992; 75: 10–18.
   Google Scholar
• Abdi S, Rydberg A. Asthenopia in schoolchildren, orthoptic and ophthalmological findings and treatment. Doc Ophthalmol 2005; 111: 65–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickwell LD, Viggars MA, Jenkins TC. Convergence insufficiency in a rural population. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1986; 6: 339–341.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marran LF, De land PN, Nguyen AL. Accommodative insufficiency is the primary source of symptoms in children diagnosed with convergence insufficiency. Optom Vis Sci 2006; 83: 281–289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheedy JE, Hayes JN, Engle J. Is all asthenopia the same? Optom Vis Sci 2003; 80: 732–739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simons HD, Grisham JD. Binocular anomalies and reading problems. J Am Optom Assoc 1987; 58: 578–587.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sterner B, Gellerstedt M, Sjöström A. Accommodation and the relationship to subjective symptoms with near work for young school children. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2006; 26: 148–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheiman M, Gallaway M, Coulter R, Reinstein F, Ciner E, Herzberg C et al. Prevalence of vision and ocular disease conditions in a clinical pediatric population. J Am Optom Assoc 1996; 67: 193–202.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hokoda SC. General binocular dysfunctions in an urban optometry clinic. J Am Optom Assoc 1985; 56: 560–562.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rouse MW, Hyman L, Hussein M, Solan H. Frequency of convergence insufficiency in optometry clinic settings. Convergence Insufficiency and Reading Study (CIRS) Group. Optom Vis Sci 1998; 75: 88–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin HS, Park SC, Park CM. Relationship between accommodative and vergence dysfunctions and academic achievement for primary school children. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2009; 29: 615–624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacho‐martínez P, García‐muñoz A, Ruiz‐cantero MT. Do we really know the prevalence of accommodative and non‐strabismic binocular dysfunctions? J Optom 2010; 3: 185–197.
   Google Scholar
• Cacho‐martínez P, García‐muñoz A, Ruiz‐cantero MT. Is there any evidence for the validity of diagnostic criteria used for accommodative and non‐strabismic binocular dysfunctions? J Optom 2014; 7: 2–21.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Conlon E, Lovegrove W, Chekaluk E, Pattison EP. Measuring visual discomfort. Vis Cognit 1999; 6: 637–663.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borsting E, Chase C, Ridder W. Measuring visual discomfort in college students. Optom Vis Sci 2007; 84: 745–751.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borsting E, Chase C, Tosha C, Ridder W. Longitudinal study of visual discomfort symptoms in college students. Optom Vis Sci 2008; 85: 992–998.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilmer JB, Buchanan GM. Near point phorias after near work predict ADHD symptoms in college students. Optom Vis Sci 2009; 86: 971–978.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell G, Wick B. A prospective study of treatment of accommodative insufficiency. Optom Vis Sci 1993; 70: 131–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García‐muñoz A, Carbonell‐bonete S, Cacho‐martínez P. Symptomatology associated with accommodative and binocular vision anomalies. J Optom 2014; 7: 178–192.
   Google Scholar
• Rainey BB, Schroeder TL, Goss DA, Grosvenor TP. Reliability of and comparisons among three variations of the alternating cover test. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1998; 18: 430–437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rainey BB , Schroeder  TL, Goss  DA, Grosvenor TP.  Inter‐examiner repeatability of heterophoria tests. Optom Vis Sci 1998; 75: 719–726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnard NA, Thomson WD. A quantitative analysis of eye movements during the cover test ‐ a preliminary report. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1995; 15: 413–419.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rouse MW, London R, Allen DC. An evaluation of the monocular estimate method of dynamic retinoscopy. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1982; 59: 234–239.
   Google Scholar
• Hofstetter HW. Useful age‐amplitude formula. Optom World 1950; 38: 42–45.
   Google Scholar
• Zellers JA, Alpert TL, Rouse MW. A review of the literature and a normative study of accommodative facility. J Am Optom Assoc 1984; 55: 31–37.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scheiman M, Gallaway M, Frantz KA, Peters RJ, Hatch S, Cuff M et al. Nearpoint of convergence: test procedure, target selection, and normative data. Optom Vis Sci 2003; 80: 214–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes GJ, Cohen BE, Rouse MW, De land PN. Normative values for the nearpoint of convergence of elementary schoolchildren. Optom Vis Sci 1998; 75: 506–512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfield M, Ciuffreda KJ, Ong E, Super S. Vergence adaptation and the order of clinical vergence range testing. Optom Vis Sci 1995; 72: 219–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfield M. Prism Adaptation: Relevance in clinical practice. J Optom Vis Dev 1997; 28: 68–75.
   Google Scholar
• Gall R, Wick B, Bedell H. Vergence facility: establishing clinical utility. Optom Vis Sci 1998; 75: 731–742.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gall R, Wick B, Bedell H. Vergence facility and target type. Optom Vis Sci 1998; 75: 727–730.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saladin JJ. Phorometry and stereopsis. In: Benjamin WJ. ed. Borish's Clinical Refraction. 2nd ed. St. Louis: Butterworth‐Heinemann, 2006. p 899–960.
   Google Scholar
• Cacho‐martínez P, García‐muñoz A, Ruiz‐cantero MT. Diagnostic validity of clinical signs associated with a large exophoria at near. J Ophthalmol 2013; 2013: 549435.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacho‐martínez P, García‐muñoz A, Lara F, Seguí MM. Diagnostic signs of accommodative insufficiency. Optom Vis Sci 2002; 79: 614–620.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García‐muñoz A, Cacho‐martínez P, Lara F. Evaluating relative accommodations in general binocular dysfunctions. Optom Vis Sci 2002; 79: 779–787.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borsting E, Rouse MW, Mitchell GL, Scheiman M, Cotter SA, Cooper J et al. Validity and reliability of the revised convergence insufficiency symptom survey in children aged 9 to 18 years. Optom Vis Sci 2003; 80: 832–838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rouse MW, Borsting E, Mitchell GL, Scheiman M, Cotter SA, Cooper J et al. Validity and reliability of the revised convergence insufficiency symptom survey in adults. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2004; 24: 384–390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borsting E, Rouse MW, De land PN. Prospective comparison of convergence insufficiency and normal binocular children on CIRS symptom surveys. Convergence Insufficiency and Reading Study (CIRS) group. Optom Vis Sci 1999; 76: 221–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoorwood AM, Toor S, Riddell PM. Screening for convergence insufficiency using the CISS is not indicated in young adults. Br J Ophthalmol 2014: 98: 679–683.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludvigh E. Amount of eye movement objectively perceptible to the unaided eye. Am J Ophthalmol 1949; 32: 649.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romano PE, von Noorden GK. Limitations of cover test in detecting strabismus. Am J Ophthalmol 1971; 72: 10–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fogt N, Baughman BJ, Good G. The effect of experience on the detection of small eye movements. Optom Vis Sci 2000; 77: 670–674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacho‐martínez P, García‐muñoz A, Ruiz‐cantero MT. Treatment of accommodative and non‐strabismic binocular dysfunctions: a systematic review. Optometry 2009; 80: 702–716.
   Google Scholar
• Cacho‐martínez P, García‐muñoz A. Evaluación clínica de la visión binocular. In: Montés‐micó R. ed. Optometría: Principios básicos y aplicación clínica. Barcelona: Elsevier, 2011. p 289–317.
   Google Scholar