179
Views
11
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Developing prognostic biomarkers in intermediate age‐related macular degeneration: their clinical use in predicting progression

, GradCertOcTher BOptom (Hons), , MOptom GradCertOcTher BOptom (Hons) FAAO, , PhD BSc (Hons) FAAO, , MBiomedE MBBS BSc (Med) (Hons) FRANZCO, , MBiomedE MBBS BMedSc FRANZCO & , PhD MSc (Optom) GradCertOcTher BSc (Optom) FAAO
Pages 172-181 | Received 31 Jan 2017, Accepted 08 Aug 2017, Published online: 21 Apr 2021

REFERENCES

  • Wong WL, Su X, Li X et al. Global prevalence of age‐related macular degeneration and disease burden projection for 2020 and 2040: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2014; 2: e106–116.
  • Ferris FL, 3rd, Wilkinson CP, Bird A et al. Clinical classification of age‐related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 2013; 120: 844–851.
  • Ferris FL, Davis MD, Clemons TE et al. A simplified severity scale for age‐related macular degeneration: AREDS Report No. 18. Arch Ophthalmol 2005; 123: 1570–1574.
  • RANZCO. RANZCO Referral Pathway for AMD Screening and Management by Optometrists. 2016. [cited 2017 Jan 30]. Available from: https://ranzco.edu/ophthalmology-and-eye-health/collaborative-care/referral-pathway-for-amd-management
  • Nivison‐smith L, Milston R, Madigan M, Kalloniatis M. Age‐related macular degeneration: linking clinical presentation to pathology. Optom Vis Sci 2014; 91: 832–848.
  • Ly A, Nivison‐smith L, Assaad N, Kalloniatis M. Fundus autofluorescence in age‐related macular degeneration. Optom Vis Sci 2017; 94: 246–259.
  • Ly A, Nivison‐smith L, Assaad N, Kalloniatis M. Infrared reflectance imaging in age‐related macular degeneration. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2016; 36: 303–316.
  • American Optometric Association Consensus Panel on Care of the Patient with Age‐Related Macular Degeneration. Optometric Clinical Practice Guideline. Care of the Patient with Age‐Related Macular Degeneration. St Louis, MO; 2004. [cited 30 Jan. 2017]. Available from: http://www.aoa.org/documents/optometrists/CPG-6.pdf
  • The Royal College of Ophthalmologists. Age‐Related Macular Degeneration: Guidelines for Management. London; 2013. [cited 30 Jan. 2017]. Available from: https://www.rcophth.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/2013-SCI-318-RCOphth-AMD-Guidelines-Sept-2013-FINAL-2.pdf
  • American Academy of Ophthalmology Retina/Vitreous Panel. Prefererd Practice Pattern® Guidelines. Age‐Related Macular Degeneration. San Francisco, CA; 2015. [cited 30 Jan. 2017]. Available from: http://www.aao.org/Assets/db935a77‐1997‐4d60‐b850‐71b7602f46e2/635582143853270000/age‐related‐macular‐degeneration‐ppp‐pdf
  • Canadian Journal of Optometry. Guidelines for the Collaborative Management of Persons with Age‐Related Macular Degeneration by Health‐ and Eye‐Care Professionals. Ottawa, Canada; 2015. [cited 30 Jan. 2017]. Available from: https://opto.ca/sites/default/files/resources/documents/cjo_journal_online_ehco_guidelines_eng_v2.pdf
  • De sisternes L, Simon N, Tibshirani R, Leng T, Rubin DL. Quantitative SD‐OCT imaging biomarkers as indicators of age‐related macular degeneration progression. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55: 7093–7103.
  • Nathoo NA, Or C, Young M et al. Optical coherence tomography‐based measurement of drusen load predicts development of advanced age‐related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol 2014; 158: 757–761.e1.
  • Abdelfattah NS, Zhang H, Boyer DS et al. Drusen Volume as a Predictor of Disease Progression in Patients With Late Age‐Related Macular Degeneration in the Fellow Eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 57: 1839–1846.
  • Balaratnasingam C, Yannuzzi LA, Curcio CA et al. Associations Between Retinal Pigment Epithelium and Drusen Volume Changes During the Lifecycle of Large Drusenoid Pigment Epithelial Detachments. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 57: 5479–5489.
  • Folgar FA, Yuan EL, Sevilla MB et al. Drusen Volume and Retinal Pigment Epithelium Abnormal Thinning Volume Predict 2‐Year Progression of Age‐Related Macular Degeneration. Ophthalmology 2016; 123: 39–50.e1.
  • Schaal KB, Rosenfeld PJ, Gregori G, Yehoshua Z, Feuer WJ. Anatomic Clinical Trial Endpoints for Nonexudative Age‐Related Macular Degeneration. Ophthalmology 2016; 123: 1060–1079.
  • Seddon JM, Reynolds R, Yu Y, Rosner B. Validation of a prediction algorithm for progression to advanced macular degeneration subtypes. JAMA Ophthalmol 2013; 131: 448–455.
  • Klein ML, Ferris FL, 3rd, Armstrong J et al. Retinal precursors and the development of geographic atrophy in age‐related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 2008; 115: 1026–1031.
  • Chakravarthy U, Wong TY, Fletcher A et al. Clinical risk factors for age‐related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. BMC Ophthalmol 2010; 10: 31.
  • Silva R, Cachulo ML, Fonseca P et al. Age‐related macular degeneration and risk factors for the development of choroidal neovascularisation in the fellow eye: a 3‐year follow‐up study. Ophthalmologica 2011; 226: 110–118.
  • Lambert NG, Elshelmani H, Singh MK et al. Risk factors and biomarkers of age‐related macular degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016; 54: 64–102.
  • Virgili G, Michelessi M, Parodi MB, Bacherini D, Evans JR. Laser treatment of drusen to prevent progression to advanced age‐related macular degeneration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015: CD006537.
  • Schuman SG, Koreishi AF, Farsiu S, Jung SH, Izatt JA, Toth CA. Photoreceptor layer thinning over drusen in eyes with age‐related macular degeneration imaged in vivo with spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmology 2009; 116: 488–496.e2.
  • Michalewski J, Nawrocki J, Trebinska M, Michalewska Z. Spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography features preceding new‐onset neovascular membrane formation. Can J Ophthalmol 2014; 49: 339–344.
  • Yehoshua Z, Wang F, Rosenfeld PJ, Penha FM, Feuer WJ, Gregori G. Natural history of drusen morphology in age‐related macular degeneration using spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmology 2011; 118: 2434–2441.
  • Schlanitz FG, Baumann B, Kundi M et al. Drusen volume development over time and its relevance to the course of age‐related macular degeneration. Br J Ophthalmol 2017; 101: 198–203.
  • Wu Z, Luu CD, Ayton LN et al. Optical coherence tomography‐defined changes preceding the development of drusen‐associated atrophy in age‐related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 2014; 121: 2415–2422.
  • Sadigh S, Cideciyan AV, Sumaroka A et al. Abnormal thickening as well as thinning of the photoreceptor layer in intermediate age‐related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54: 1603–1612.
  • Giocanti‐auregan A, Tadayoni R, Fajnkuchen F, Dourmad P, Magazzeni S, Cohen SY. Predictive value of outer retina en face OCT imaging for geographic atrophy progression. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56: 8325–8330.
  • Pieroni CG, Witkin AJ, Ko TH et al. Ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography in non‐exudative age related macular degeneration. Br J Ophthalmol 2006; 90: 191–197.
  • Fragiotta S, Carnevale C, Cutini A, Vingolo EM. Correlation between retinal function and microstructural foveal changes in intermediate age related macular degeneration. Int J Retina Vitreous 2017; 3: 8.
  • Querques L, Querques G, Forte R, Souied EH. Microperimetric correlations of autofluorescence and optical coherence tomography imaging in dry age‐related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol 2012; 153: 1110–1115.
  • Wu Z, Ayton LN, Luu CD, Guymer RH. Relationship between retinal microstructures on optical coherence tomography and microperimetry in age‐related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 2014; 121: 1445–1452.
  • Toy BC, Krishnadev N, Indaram M et al. Drusen regression is associated with local changes in fundus autofluorescence in intermediate age‐related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol 2013; 156: 532–542.e1.
  • Sarks SH. Drusen patterns predisposing to geographic atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium. Aust J Ophthalmol 1982; 10: 91–97.
  • Folgar FA, Chow JH, Farsiu S et al. Spatial correlation between hyperpigmentary changes on color fundus photography and hyperreflective foci on SDOCT in intermediate AMD. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53: 4626–4633.
  • Christenbury JG, Folgar FA, O'connell RV, Chiu SJ, Farsiu S, Toth CA. Progression of intermediate age‐related macular degeneration with proliferation and inner retinal migration of hyperreflective foci. Ophthalmology 2013; 120: 1038–1045.
  • Leuschen JN, Schuman SG, Winter KP et al. Spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography characteristics of intermediate age‐related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 2013; 120: 140–150.
  • Smith RT, Sohrab MA, Busuioc M, Barile G. Reticular macular disease. Am J Ophthalmol 2009; 148: 733–743.e2.
  • Zweifel SA, Imamura Y, Spaide TC, Fujiwara T, Spaide RF. Prevalence and significance of subretinal drusenoid deposits (reticular pseudodrusen) in age‐related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 2010; 117: 1775–1781.
  • Finger RP, Wu Z, Luu CD et al. Reticular pseudodrusen: A risk factor for geographic atrophy in fellow eyes of individuals with unilateral choroidal neovascularization. Ophthalmology 2014; 121: 1252–1256.
  • Zhou Q, Daniel E, Maguire MG et al. Pseudodrusen and incidence of late age‐related macular degeneration in fellow eyes in the Comparison of Age‐Related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials. Ophthalmology 2016; 123: 1530–1540.
  • Spaide RF, Curcio CA. Drusen characterization with multimodal imaging. Retina 2010; 30: 1441–1454.
  • Zweifel SA, Spaide RF, Curcio CA, Malek G, Imamura Y. Reticular pseudodrusen are subretinal drusenoid deposits. Ophthalmology 2010; 117: 303–312.e1.
  • Wu Z, Ayton LN, Luu CD, Baird PN, Guymer RH. Reticular pseudodrusen in intermediate age‐related macular degeneration: Prevalence, detection, clinical, environmental, and genetic associations. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 57: 1310–1316.
  • Ooto S, Ellabban AA, Ueda‐arakawa N et al. Reduction of retinal sensitivity in eyes with reticular pseudodrusen. Am J Ophthalmol 2013; 156: 1184–1191.e2.
  • Steinberg JS, Fitzke FW, Fimmers R, Fleckenstein M, Holz FG, Schmitz‐valckenberg S. Scotopic and photopic microperimetry in patients with reticular drusen and age‐related macular degeneration. JAMA Ophthalmol 2015; 133: 690–697.
  • Neely D, Zarubina AV, Clark ME et al. Association between visual function and subretinal drusenoid deposits in normal and early age‐related macular degeneration eyes. Retina 2017; 37: 1329–1336.
  • Curcio CA, Messinger JD, Sloan KR, Mcgwin G, Medeiros NE, Spaide RF. Subretinal drusenoid deposits in non‐neovascular age‐related macular degeneration: morphology, prevalence, topography, and biogenesis model. Retina 2013; 33: 265–276.
  • Joachim N, Mitchell P, Rochtchina E, Tan AG, Wang JJ. Incidence and progression of reticular drusen in age‐related macular degeneration: findings from an older Australian cohort. Ophthalmology 2014; 121: 917–925.
  • Wu Z, Luu CD, Ayton LN et al. Fundus autofluorescence characteristics of nascent geographic atrophy in age‐related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56: 1546–1552.
  • Bird AC, Bressler NM, Bressler SB et al. An international classification and grading system for age‐related maculopathy and age‐related macular degeneration. The International ARM Epidemiological Study Group. Surv Ophthalmol 1995; 39: 367–374.
  • Wu Z, Ayton LN, Luu CD, Guymer RH. Microperimetry of nascent geographic atrophy in age‐related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 56: 115–121.
  • Padnick‐silver L, Weinberg AB, Lafranco FP, Macsai MS. Pilot study for the detection of early exudative age‐related macular degeneration with optical coherence tomography. Retina 2012; 32: 1045–1056.
  • Sikorski BL, Bukowska D, Kaluzny JJ, Szkulmowski M, Kowalczyk A, Wojtkowski M. Drusen with accompanying fluid underneath the sensory retina. Ophthalmology 2011; 118: 82–92.
  • Batioglu F, Demirel S, Ozmert E, Oguz YG, Ozyol P. Autofluorescence patterns as a predictive factor for neovascularization. Optom Vis Sci 2014; 91: 950–955.
  • Cachulo L, Silva R, Fonseca P et al. Early markers of choroidal neovascularization in the fellow eye of patients with unilateral exudative age‐related macular degeneration. Ophthalmologica 2011; 225: 144–149.
  • Bindewald A, Bird AC, Dandekar SS et al. Classification of fundus autofluorescence patterns in early age‐related macular disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46: 3309–3314.
  • Midena E, Vujosevic S, Convento E, Manfre A, Cavarzeran F, Pilotto E. Microperimetry and fundus autofluorescence in patients with early age‐related macular degeneration. Br J Ophthalmol 2007; 91: 1499–1503.
  • Khanifar AA, Koreishi AF, Izatt JA, Toth CA. Drusen ultrastructure imaging with spectral domain optical coherence tomography in age‐related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 2008; 115: 1883–1890.
  • Veerappan M, El‐hage‐sleiman A‐KM, Tai V et al. Optical Coherence Tomography Reflective Drusen Substructures Predict Progression to Geographic Atrophy in Age‐related Macular Degeneration. Ophthalmology 2016; 123: 2554–2570.
  • Rasmussen A, Brandi S, Fuchs J et al. Visual outcomes in relation to time to treatment in neovascular age‐related macular degeneration. Acta Ophthalmol 2015; 93: 616–620.
  • Chiu CJ, Mitchell P, Klein R et al. A risk score for the prediction of advanced age‐related macular degeneration: development and validation in 2 prospective cohorts. Ophthalmology 2014; 121: 1421–1427.
  • Damen JA, Hooft L, Schuit E et al. Prediction models for cardiovascular disease risk in the general population: systematic review. BMJ 2016; 353: i2416.
  • Kianoush S, Al rifai M, Cainzos‐achirica M et al. An update on the utility of coronary artery calcium scoring for coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease risk prediction. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2016; 18: 13.
  • Bell K, Hayen A, Mcgeechan K, Neal B, Irwig L. Effects of additional blood pressure and lipid measurements on the prediction of cardiovascular risk. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2012; 19: 1474–1485.
  • Faria BM, Duman F, Zheng CX et al. Evaluating contrast sensitivity in age‐related macular degeneration using a novel computer‐based test, the Spaeth/Richman Contrast Sensitivity Test. Retina 2015; 35: 1465–1473.
  • Downie LE, Cheng AS, Vingrys AJ. Color vision deficits in intermediate age‐related macular degeneration. Optom Vis Sci 2014; 91: 932–938.
  • Wong EN, Chew AL, Morgan WH, Patel PJ, Chen FK. The use of microperimetry to detect functional progression in non‐neovascular age‐related macular degeneration: A systematic review. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2017; 6: 70–79.
  • Moschos MM, Nitoda E. The role of mf‐ERG in the diagnosis and treatment of age‐related macular degeneration: Electrophysiological features of AMD. Semin Ophthalmol 2017: 1–9.
  • Owsley C, Mcgwin G, Jr., Clark ME et al. Delayed rod‐mediated dark adaptation is a functional biomarker for incident early age‐related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 2016; 123: 344–351.
  • Dimitrov PN, Robman LD, Varsamidis M et al. Visual function tests as potential biomarkers in age‐related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52: 9457–9469.
  • Dimitrov PN, Guymer RH, Zele AJ, Anderson AJ, Vingrys AJ. Measuring rod and cone dynamics in age‐related maculopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49: 55–65.
  • Brown B, Adams AJ, Coletta NJ, Haegerstrom‐portnoy G. Dark adaptation in age‐related maculopathy. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1986; 6: 81–84.
  • Patel PJ, Chen FK, Rubin GS, Tufail A. Intersession repeatability of visual acuity scores in age‐related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49: 4347–4352.
  • Lovie‐kitchin J, Feigl B. Assessment of age‐related maculopathy using subjective vision tests. Clin Exp Optom 2005; 88: 292–303.
  • Puell MC, Barrio AR, Palomo‐alvarez C, Gomez‐sanz FJ, Clement‐corral A, Perez‐carrasco MJ. Impaired mesopic visual acuity in eyes with early age‐related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53: 7310–7314.
  • Wu Z, Ayton LN, Guymer RH, Luu CD. Low‐luminance visual acuity and microperimetry in age‐related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 2014; 121: 1612–1619.
  • Schneck ME, Haegerstrom‐portnoy G, Lott LA, Brabyn JA, Gildengorin G. Low contrast vision function predicts subsequent acuity loss in an aged population: the SKI study. Vision Res 2004; 44: 2317–2325.
  • Qiu F, Leat SJ. Functional deficits in early stage age‐related maculopathy. Clin Exp Optom 2009; 92: 90–98.
  • Lovie‐kitchin JE, Bowers AR, Woods RL. Oral and silent reading performance with macular degeneration. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2000; 20: 360–370.
  • Wu Z, Ayton LN, Luu CD, Guymer RH. Longitudinal changes in microperimetry and low luminance visual acuity in age‐related macular degeneration. JAMA Ophthalmol 2015; 133: 442–448.
  • Owsley C, Huisingh C, Clark ME, Jackson GR, Mcgwin G Jr. Comparison of visual function in older eyes in the earliest stages of age‐related macular degeneration to those in normal macular health. Curr Eye Res 2016; 41: 266–272.
  • Kalloniatis M, Harwerth RS. Modelling sensitivity losses in ocular disorders: colour vision anomalies following intense blue‐light exposure in monkeys. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1993; 13: 155–167.
  • Pianta MJ, Kalloniatis M. Characterisation of dark adaptation in human cone pathways: an application of the equivalent background hypothesis. J Physiol 2000; 528: 591–608.
  • Choi A, Nivison‐smith L, Khuu SK, Kalloniatis M. Spatial summation across the 10‐2 visual field in normal and age‐related macular degeneration. Proceedings of the ARVO Conference; Seattle; 2016 May 1–5; Seattle, Washington, USA.
  • Cassels NK, Wild JM, Margrain TH, Chong V, Acton JH. The use of microperimetry in assessing visual function in age‐related macular degeneration. Surv Ophthalmol 2017; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.survophthal.2017.05.007.
  • Parisi V, Perillo L, Tedeschi M et al. Macular function in eyes with early age‐related macular degeneration with or without contralateral late age‐related macular degeneration. Retina 2007; 27: 879–890.
  • Liu L, Wang YZ, Bedell HE. Visual‐function tests for self‐monitoring of age‐related macular degeneration. Optom Vis Sci 2014; 91: 956–965.
  • Wu Z, Guymer RH, Finger RP. Low luminance deficit and night vision symptoms in intermediate age‐related macular degeneration. Br J Ophthalmol 2016; 100: 395–398.
  • Hogg RE, Chakravarthy U. Visual function and dysfunction in early and late age‐related maculopathy. Prog Retin Eye Res 2006; 25: 249–276.
  • Neelam K, Nolan J, Chakravarthy U, Beatty S. Psychophysical function in age‐related maculopathy. Surv Ophthalmol 2009; 54: 167–210.
  • Midena E, Pilotto E. Microperimetry in age: related macular degeneration. Eye (Lond) 2017; 31: 985–994.
  • Yehoshua Z, Rosenfeld PJ. Strategies for following dry age‐related macular degeneration. Ophthalmic Res 2012; 48 Suppl.1: 6–10.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.