Higher order aberrations, refractive error development and myopia control: a review

REFERENCES

• Dolgin E. The myopia boom. Nature 2015; 519: 276–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attebo K, Ivers R, Mitchell P. Refractive errors in an older population ‐ the Blue Mountains eye study. Ophthalmology 1999; 106: 1066–1072.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen M, Wu A, Zhang L et al. The increasing prevalence of myopia and high myopia among high school students in Fenghua City, eastern China: a 15‐year population‐based survey. BMC Ophthalmol 2018; 18: 1–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han SB, Jang J, Yang HK et al. Prevalence and risk factors of myopia in adult Korean population: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013‐2014 (KNHANES VI). PLoS ONE 2019; 14: e0211204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koh V, Yang A, Saw SM et al. Differences in prevalence of refractive errors in young Asian males in Singapore between 1996‐1997 and 2009‐2010. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2014; 21: 247–255.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin LL, Shih YF, Hsiao CK et al. Prevalence of myopia in Taiwanese schoolchildren: 1983 to 2000. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2004; 33: 27–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holden BA, Fricke TR, Wilson DA et al. Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmology 2016; 123: 1036–1042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam DS, Fan DS, Chan WM et al. Prevalence and characteristics of peripheral retinal degeneration in Chinese adults with high myopia: a cross‐sectional prevalence survey. Optom Vis Sci 2005; 82: 235–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen SJ, Cheng CY, Li AF et al. Prevalence and associated risk factors of myopic maculopathy in elderly Chinese: the Shihpai eye study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53: 4868–4873.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen L, Melles RB, Metlapally R et al. The association of refractive error with glaucoma in a multiethnic population. Ophthalmology 2016; 123: 92–101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan CW, Cheng CY, Saw SM et al. Myopia and age‐related cataract: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Am J Ophthalmol 2013; 156: 1021–1033.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng YF, Pan CW, Chay J et al. The economic cost of myopia in adults aged over 40-years in Singapore. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54: 7532–7537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohno‐matsui K, Lai TY, Lai CC et al. Updates of pathologic myopia. Prog Ret Eye Res 2016; 52: 156–187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flitcroft DI. The complex interactions of retinal, optical and environmental factors in myopia aetiology. Prog Ret Eye Res 2012; 31: 622–660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troilo D. Neonatal eye growth and emmetropisation ‐ a literature review. Eye 1992; 6: 154–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang J, Williams DR. Aberrations and retinal image quality of the normal human eye. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 1997; 14: 2873–2883.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plainis S, Ginis HS, Pallikaris A. The effect of ocular aberrations on steady‐state errors of accommodative response. J Vis 2005; 5: 466–477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins MJ, Buehren T, Iskander DR. Retinal image quality, reading and myopia. Vision Res 2006; 46: 196–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mutti DO, Mitchell GL, Jones LA et al. Axial growth and changes in lenticular and corneal power during emmetropization in infants. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46: 3074–3080.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown NP, Koretz JF, Bron AJ. The development and maintenance of emmetropia. Eye 1999; 13: 83–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saw S‐M, Gazzard G, Shin‐yen EC et al. Myopia and associated pathological complications. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2005; 25: 381–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flitcroft DI. Emmetropisation and the aetiology of refractive errors. Eye 2014; 28: 169–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wildsoet CF. Active emmetropization ‐ evidence for its existence and ramifications for clinical practice. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1997; 17: 279–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallman J, Turkel J, Trachtman J. Extreme myopia produced by modest change in early visual experience. Science 1978; 201: 1249–1251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barathi VA, Boopathi VG, Yap EP et al. Two models of experimental myopia in the mouse. Vision Res 2008; 48: 904–916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verolino M, Nastri G, Sellitti L et al. Axial length increase in lid‐sutured rabbits. Surv Ophthalmol 1999; 44: 103–108.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman SM, Norton TT, Casagrande VA. Myopia in the lid‐sutured tree shrew (Tupaia glis). Brain Res 1977; 124: 154–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troilo D, Judge SJ. Ocular development and visual deprivation myopia in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Vision Res 1993; 33: 1311–1324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiesel TN, Raviola E. Myopia and eye enlargement after neonatal lid fusion in monkeys. Nature 1977; 266: 66–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen W, Vijayan M, Sivak JG. Inducing form‐deprivation myopia in fish. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46: 1797–1803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaeffel F, Burkhardt EV, Howland HC. Measurement of refractive state and deprivation myopia in two strains of mice. Optom Vis Sci 2004; 81: 99–110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howlett MH, Mcfadden SA. Form‐deprivation myopia in the Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus). Vision Res 2006; 46: 267–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith EL III, Hung LF. Form‐deprivation myopia in monkeys is a graded phenomenon. Vision Res 2000; 40: 371–381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'leary DJ, Millodot M. Eyelid closure causes myopia in humans. Experientia 1979; 35: 1478–1479.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• von Noorden GK, Lewis RA. Ocular axial length in unilateral congenital cataracts and blepharoptosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1987; 28: 750–752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gee KS, Tabbara KF. Increase in ocular axial length in patients with corneal opacification. Ophthalmology 1988; 95: 1276–1278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller‐meeks MJ, Bennett SR, Keech RV et al. Myopia induced by vitreous hemorrhage. Am J Ophthalmol 1990; 102: 199–203.
   Google Scholar
• Schaeffel F, Glasser A, Howland HC. Accommodation, refractive error and eye growth in chickens. Vision Res 1988; 28: 639–657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallman J, Winawer J. Homeostasis of eye growth and the question of myopia. Neuron 2004; 43: 447–468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diether S, Schaeffel F. Local changes in eye growth induced by imposed local refractive error despite active accommodation. Vision Res 1997; 37: 659–668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howlett MH, Mcfadden SA. Spectacle lens compensation in the pigmented Guinea pig. Vision Res 2009; 49: 219–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen W, Sivak JG. Eyes of a lower vertebrate are susceptible to the visual environment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007; 48: 4829–4837.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaikh AW, Siegwart JT, Norton TT. Effect of interrupted lens wear on compensation for a minus lens in tree shrews. Optom Vis Sci 1999; 76: 308–315.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norton TT, Siegwart JT, Amedo AO. Effectiveness of hyperopic defocus, minimal defocus, or myopic defocus in competition with a myopiagenic stimulus in tree shrew eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006; 47: 4687–4699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham B, Judge SJ. The effects of spectacle wear in infancy on eye growth and refractive error in the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Vision Res 1999; 39: 189–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troilo D, Totonelly K, Harb E. Imposed anisometropia, accommodation, and regulation of refractive state. Optom Vis Sci 2009; 86: E31–E39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith EL III, Hung LF. The role of optical defocus in regulating refractive development in infant monkeys. Vision Res 1999; 39: 1415–1435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Read SA, Collins MJ, Sander BP. Human optical axial length and defocus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51: 6262–6269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiang ST‐H, Phillips JR, Backhouse S. Effect of retinal image defocus on the thickness of the human choroid. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2015; 35: 405–413.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang D, Chun RK, Liu M et al. Optical defocus rapidly changes choroidal thickness in schoolchildren. PLoS ONE 2016; 11: e0161535.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu X, Park TW, Winawer J et al. In a matter of minutes, the eye can know which way to grow. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46: 2238–2241.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallman J, Gottlieb MD, Rajaram V et al. Local retinal regions control local eye growth and myopia. Science 1987; 237: 73–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles FA, Wallman J. Local ocular compensation for imposed local refractive error. Vision Res 1990; 30: 339–349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rada JA, Shelton S, Norton TT. The sclera and myopia. Exp Eye Res 2006; 82: 185–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kisilak ML, Campbell MC, Hunter JJ et al. Aberrations of chick eyes during normal growth and lens induction of myopia. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2006; 192: 845–855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García de la cera E, Rodríguez G, Marcos S. Longitudinal changes of optical aberrations in normal and form‐deprived myopic chick eyes. Vision Res 2006; 46: 579–589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coletta NJ, Marcos S, Troilo D. Ocular wavefront aberrations in the common marmoset Callithrix jacchus: effects of age and refractive error. Vision Res 2010; 50: 2515–2529.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramamirtham R, Kee CS, Hung LF et al. Monochromatic ocular wave aberrations in young monkeys. Vision Res 2006; 46: 3616–3633.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramamirtham R, Kee CS, Hung LF et al. Wave aberrations in rhesus monkeys with vision‐induced ametropias. Vision Res 2007; 47: 2751–2766.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiraoka T, Kakita T, Okamoto F et al. Influence of ocular wavefront aberrations on axial length elongation in myopic children treated with overnight orthokeratology. Ophthalmology 2015; 122: 93–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau JK, Vincent SJ, Collins MJ et al. Ocular higher‐order aberrations and axial eye growth in young Hong Kong children. Sci Rep 2018; 8: 6726.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim J, Lim DH, Han SH et al. Predictive factors associated with axial length growth and myopia progression in orthokeratology. PLoS ONE 2019; 14: e0218140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wildsoet CF, Schmid KL. Emmetropization in chicks uses optical vergence and relative distance cues to decode defocus. Vision Res 2001; 41: 3197–3204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Artal P, Guirao A, Berrio E et al. Compensation of corneal aberrations by the internal optics in the human eye. J Vis 2001; 1: 1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atchison DA, Markwell EL. Aberrations of emmetropic subjects at different ages. Vision Res 2008; 48: 2224–2231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mclellan JS, Marcos S, Burns SA. Age‐related changes in monochromatic wave aberrations of the human eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001; 42: 1390–1395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang L, Koch DD. Ocular higher‐order aberrations in individuals screened for refractive surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg 2003; 29: 1896–1903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Artal P, Berrio E, Guirao A et al. Contribution of the cornea and internal surfaces to the change of ocular aberrations with age. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 2002; 19: 137–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunette I, Bueno JM, Parent M et al. Monochromatic aberrations as a function of age, from childhood to advanced age. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003; 44: 5438–5446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy Y, Segal O, Avni I et al. Ocular higher‐order aberrations in eyes with supernormal vision. Am J Ophthalmol 2005; 139: 225–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radhakrishnan H, Charman WN. Age‐related changes in ocular aberrations with accommodation. J Vis 2007; 7: 1–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amano S, Amano Y, Yamagami S et al. Age‐related changes in corneal and ocular higher‐order wavefront aberrations. Am J Ophthalmol 2004; 137: 988–992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rocha KM, Nosé W, Bottós K et al. Higher‐order aberrations of age‐related cataract. J Cataract Refract Surg 2007; 33: 1442–1446.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujikado T, Kuroda T, Maeda N et al. Light scattering and optical aberrations as objective parameters to predict visual deterioration in eyes with cataracts. J Cataract Refract Surg 2004; 30: 1198–1208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuroda T, Fujikado T, Maeda N et al. Wavefront analysis in eyes with nuclear or cortical cataract. Am J Ophthalmol 2002; 134: 1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang L, Dai E, Koch DD et al. Optical aberrations of the human anterior cornea. J Cataract Refract Surg 2003; 29: 1514–1521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang N, Liu L, Yang B et al. Higher‐order aberrations in children and adolescents of Southwest China. Optom Vis Sci 2018; 95: 53–59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerviño A, Hosking SL, Ferrer‐blasco T et al. A pilot study on the differences in wavefront aberrations between two ethnic groups of young generally myopic subjects. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2008; 28: 532–537.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim KL, Fam HB. Ethnic differences in higher‐order aberrations: spherical aberration in the south east Asian Chinese eye. J Cataract Refract Surg 2009; 35: 2144–2148.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carkeet A, Luo HD, Tong L et al. Refractive error and monochromatic aberrations in Singaporean children. Vision Res 2002; 42: 1809–1824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winn B, Whitaker D, Elliott DB et al. Factors affecting light‐adapted pupil size in normal human subjects. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1994; 35: 1132–1137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birren JE, Casperson RC, Botwinick J. Age changes in pupil size. J Gerontol 1950; 5: 216–221.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silbert J, Matta N, Tian J et al. Pupil size and anisocoria in children measured by the plusoptiX photoscreener. J AAPOS 2013; 17: 609–611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathur A, Atchison DA, Charman WN. Effect of accommodation on peripheral ocular aberrations. J Vis 2009; 9: 1–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathur A, Atchison DA, Charman WN. Effects of age on peripheral ocular aberrations. Opt Express 2010; 18: 5840–5853.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathur A, Atchison DA, Charman WN. Myopia and peripheral ocular aberrations. J Vis 2009; 9: 1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osuagwu UL, Suheimat M, Atchison DA. Peripheral aberrations in adult hyperopes, emmetropes and myopes. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2017; 37: 151–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philip K, Sankaridurg PR, Ale JB et al. Profile of off‐axis higher order aberrations and its variation with time among various refractive error groups. Vision Res 2018; 153: 111–123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He JC, Sun P, Held R et al. Wavefront aberrations in eyes of emmetropic and moderately myopic school children and young adults. Vision Res 2002; 42: 1063–1070.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paquin MP, Hamam H, Simonet P. Objective measurement of optical aberrations in myopic eyes. Optom Vis Sci 2002; 79: 285–291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yazar S, Hewitt AW, Forward H et al. Comparison of monochromatic aberrations in young adults with different visual acuity and refractive errors. J Cataract Refract Surg 2014; 40: 441–449.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng X, Bradley A, Hong X et al. Relationship between refractive error and monochromatic aberrations of the eye. Optom Vis Sci 2003; 80: 43–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwan WCK, Yip SP, Yap MKH. Monochromatic aberrations of the human eye and myopia. Clin Exp Optom 2009; 92: 304–312.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llorente L, Barbero S, Cano D et al. Myopic versus hyperopic eyes: axial length, corneal shape and optical aberrations. J Vis 2004; 4: 288–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirwan C, O'keefe M, Soeldner H. Higher‐order aberrations in children. Am J Ophthalmol 2006; 141: 67–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang N, Yang XB, Zhang WQ et al. Relationship between higher‐order aberrations and myopia progression in schoolchildren: a retrospective study. Int J Ophthalmol 2013; 6: 295–299.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li T, Zhou X, Chen Z et al. Relationship between ocular wavefront aberrations and refractive error in Chinese school children. Clin Exp Optom 2012; 95: 399–403.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little JA, Mccullough SJ, Breslin KM et al. Higher order ocular aberrations and their relation to refractive error and ocular biometry in children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55: 4791–4800.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philip K, Martinez AA, Ho A et al. Total ocular, anterior corneal and lenticular higher order aberrations in hyperopic, myopic and emmetropic eyes. Vision Res 2012; 52: 31–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papamastorakis G, Panagopoulou S, Tsilimbaris MK et al. Ocular higher‐order aberrations in a school children population. J Optom 2015; 8: 93–100.
   Google Scholar
• Martinez AA, Sankaridurg PR, Naduvilath TJ et al. Monochromatic aberrations in hyperopic and emmetropic children. J Vis 2009; 9: 1–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philip K, Sankaridurg P, Holden B et al. Influence of higher order aberrations and retinal image quality in myopisation of emmetropic eyes. Vision Res 2014; 105: 233–243.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiraoka T, Kotsuka J, Kakita T et al. Relationship between higher‐order wavefront aberrations and natural progression of myopia in schoolchildren. Sci Rep 2017; 7: 7876.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mclellan JS, Prieto PM, Marcos S et al. Effects of interactions among wave aberrations on optical image quality. Vision Res 2006; 46: 3009–3016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson BJ, Decker KE, Roorda A. Monochromatic aberrations provide an odd‐error cue to focus direction. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 2002; 19: 833–839.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del águila‐carrasco AJ, Marín‐franch I, Bernal‐molina P et al. Accommodation responds to optical vergence and not defocus blur alone. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58: 1758–1763.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atchison DA, Pritchard N, Schmid KL et al. Shape of the retinal surface in emmetropia and myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46: 2698–2707.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huynh SC, Wang XY, Ip J et al. Prevalence and associations of anisometropia and aniso‐astigmatism in a population based sample of 6 year old children. Br J Ophthalmol 2006; 90: 597–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincent SJ, Collins MJ, Read SA et al. Myopic anisometropia: ocular characteristics and aetiological considerations. Clin Exp Optom 2014; 97: 291–307.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartwig A, Atchison DA, Radhakrishnan H. Higher‐order aberrations and anisometropia. Curr Eye Res 2013; 38: 215–219.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osuagwu UL, Suheimat M, Atchison DA. Mirror symmetry of peripheral monochromatic aberrations in fellow eyes of isomyopes and anisomyopes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 57: 3422–3428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian Y, Tarrant J, Wildsoet CF. Optical and biometric characteristics of anisomyopia in human adults. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2011; 31: 540–549.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincent SJ, Collins MJ, Read SA et al. Interocular symmetry in myopic anisometropia. Optom Vis Sci 2011; 88: 1454–1462.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weakley DR Jr. The association between nonstrabismic anisometropia, amblyopia, and subnormal binocularity. Ophthalmology 2001; 108: 163–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith EL III, Hung LF, Arumugam B et al. Observations on the relationship between anisometropia, amblyopia and strabismus. Vision Res 2017; 134: 26–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirwan C, O'keefe M. Higher order aberrations in children with amblyopia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabmismus 2008; 45: 92–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prakash G, Sharma N, Saxena R et al. Comparison of higher order aberration profiles between normal and amblyopic eyes in children with idiopathic amblyopia. Acta Ophthalmol 2011; 89: e257–e262.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincent SJ, Collins MJ, Read SA et al. Monocular amblyopia and higher order aberrations. Vision Res 2012; 66: 39–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goss DA. Nearwork and myopia. Lancet 2000; 356: 1456–1457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorsby A. School myopia. Br J Ophthalmol 1932; 16: 217–222.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jones‐jordan LA, Sinnott LT, Graham ND et al. The contributions of near work and outdoor activity to the correlation between siblings in the collaborative longitudinal evaluation of ethnicity and refractive error (CLEERE) study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55: 6333–6339.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mutti DO, Zadnik K. Has near work's star fallen? Optom Vis Sci 2009; 86: 76–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buehren T, Collins MJ, Carney LG. Near work induced wavefront aberrations in myopia. Vision Res 2005; 45: 1297–1312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li YJ, Choi JA, Kim H et al. Changes in ocular wavefront aberrations and retinal image quality with objective accommodation. J Cataract Refract Surg 2011; 37: 835–841.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iida Y, Shimizu K, Ito M et al. Influence of age on ocular wavefront aberration changes with accommodation. J Refract Surg 2008; 24: 696–701.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng H, Barnett JK, Vilupuru AS et al. A population study on changes in wave aberrations with accommodation. J Vis 2004; 4: 272–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou XY, Wang L, Zhou XT et al. Wavefront aberration changes caused by a gradient of increasing accommodation stimuli. Eye 2015; 29: 115–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He JC, Burns SA, Marcos S. Monochromatic aberrations in the accommodated human eye. Vision Res 2000; 40: 41–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ninomiya S, Fujikado T, Kuroda T et al. Changes of ocular aberration with accommodation. Am J Ophthalmol 2002; 134: 924–926.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atchison DA, Collins MJ, Wildsoet CF et al. Measurement of monochromatic ocular aberrations of human eyes as a function of accommodation by the Howland aberroscope technique. Vision Res 1995; 35: 313–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins MJ, Wildsoet CF, Atchison DA. Monochromatic aberrations and myopia. Vision Res 1995; 35: 1157–1163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh A, Collins MJ, Read SA et al. The influence of downward gaze and accommodation on ocular aberrations over time. J Vis 2011; 11: 1–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Read SA, Buehren T, Collins MJ. Influence of accommodation on the anterior and posterior cornea. J Cataract Refract Surg 2007; 33: 1877–1885.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He JC, Gwiazda J, Thorn F et al. Change in corneal shape and corneal wave‐front aberrations with accommodation. J Vis 2003; 3: 456–463.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buehren T, Collins MJ, Carney L. Corneal aberrations and reading. Optom Vis Sci 2003; 80: 159–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincent SJ, Read SA, Collins MJ et al. Corneal changes following near work in myopic anisometropia. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2013; 33: 15–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buehren T, Collins MJ. Accommodation stimulus–response function and retinal image quality. Vision Res 2006; 46: 1633–1645.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thibos LN, Bradley A, Liu T et al. Spherical aberration and the sign of defocus. Optom Vis Sci 2013; 90: 1284–1291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gwiazda J, Thorn F, Bauer J et al. Myopic children show insufficient accommodative response to blur. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1993; 34: 690–694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gwiazda J, Bauer J, Thorn F et al. A dynamic relationship between myopia and blur‐driven accommodation in school‐aged children. Vision Res 1995; 35: 1299–1304.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buehren T, Iskander DR, Collins MJ et al. Potential higher‐order aberration cues for sphero‐cylindrical refractive error development. Optom Vis Sci 2007; 84: 163–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walline JJ. Myopia control: a review. Eye Contact Lens 2016; 42: 3–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcbrien NA, Moghaddam HO, Reeder AP. Atropine reduces experimental myopia and eye enlargement via a nonaccommodative mechanism. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1993; 34: 205–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chia A, Lu QS, Tan D. Five‐year clinical trial on atropine for the treatment of myopia 2: myopia control with atropine 0.01% eyedrops. Ophthalmology 2016; 123: 391–399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang J, Wen D, Wang Q et al. Efficacy comparison of 16 interventions for myopia control in children: a network meta‐analysis. Ophthalmology 2016; 123: 697–708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yam JC, Jiang Y, Tang SM et al. Low‐concentration atropine for myopia progression (LAMP) study myopia control. Ophthalmology 2018; 126: 113–124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bullimore MA, Berntsen DA. Low‐dose atropine for myopia control: considering all the data. JAMA Ophthalmol 2018; 136: 303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gettes BC. Drugs in refraction. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1961; 1: 237–248.
   Google Scholar
• Mcbrien NA, Stell WK, Carr B. How does atropine exert its anti‐myopia effects? Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2013; 33: 373–378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr BJ, Stell WK. Nitric oxide (NO) mediates the inhibition of form‐deprivation myopia by atropine in chicks. Sci Rep 2016; 6: 9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiraoka T, Miyata K, Nakamura Y et al. Influences of cycloplegia with topical atropine on ocular higher‐order aberrations. Ophthalmology 2013; 120: 8–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chia A, Chua WH, Cheung YB et al. Atropine for the treatment of childhood myopia: safety and efficacy of 0.5%, 0.1%, and 0.01% doses (atropine for the treatment of myopia 2). Ophthalmology 2012; 119: 347–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmon TO, van de Pol C. Normal‐eye zernike coefficients and root‐mean‐square wavefront errors. J Cataract Refract Surg 2006; 32: 2064–2074.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiraoka T, Miyata K, Nakamura Y et al. Influence of cycloplegia with topical cyclopentolate on higher‐order aberrations in myopic children. Eye 2014; 28: 581–586.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amirshekarizadeh N, Hashemi H, Jafarzadehpur E et al. Higher‐order aberrations after cyclopentolate, tropicamide, and artificial tear drops application in normal eyes. Eye Contact Lens 2018; 44: 109–112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yen MY, Liu JH, Kao SC et al. Comparison of the effect of atropine and cyclopentolate on myopia. Ann Ophthalmol 1989; 21: 180–187.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shih YF, Chen CH, Chou AC et al. Effects of different concentrations of atropine on controlling myopia in myopic children. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 1999; 15: 85–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gwiazda J, Hyman L, Hussein M et al. A randomized clinical trial of progressive addition lenses versus single vision lenses on the progression of myopia in children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003; 44: 1492–1500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gwiazda J, Chandler DL, Cotter SA et al. Progressive‐addition lenses versus single‐vision lenses for slowing progression of myopia in children with high accommodative lag and near esophoria. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52: 2749–2757.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng D, Woo GC, Drobe B et al. Effect of bifocal and prismatic bifocal spectacles on myopia progression in children. JAMA Ophthalmol 2014; 132: 258–264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng D, Schmid KL, Woo GC. The effect of positive‐lens addition and base‐in prism on accommodation accuracy and near horizontal phoria in Chinese myopic children. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2008; 28: 225–237.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith EL III, Campbell MC, Irving E. Point‐counterpoint. Does peripheral retinal input explain the promising myopia control effects of corneal reshaping therapy (CRT or ortho‐K) & multifocal soft contact lenses? Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2013; 33: 379–384.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berntsen DA, Barr CD, Mutti DO et al. Peripheral defocus and myopia progression in myopic children randomly assigned to wear single vision and progressive addition lenses. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54: 5761–5770.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schilling T, Ohlendorf A, Varnas SR et al. Peripheral design of progressive addition lenses and the lag of accommodation in myopes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58: 3319–3324.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh A, Collins MJ, Read SA et al. Measurement of ocular aberrations in downward gaze using a modified clinical aberrometer. Biomed Opt Express 2011; 2: 452–463.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villegas EA, Artal P. Spatially resolved wavefront aberrations of ophthalmic progressive‐power lenses in normal viewing conditions. Optom Vis Sci 2003; 80: 106–114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blendowske R, Villegas EA, Artal P. An analytical model describing aberrations in the progression corridor of progressive addition lenses. Optom Vis Sci 2006; 83: 666–671.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho P, Cheung SW, Edwards M. The longitudinal orthokeratology research in children (LORIC) in Hong Kong: a pilot study on refractive changes and myopic control. Curr Eye Res 2005; 30: 71–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho P, Cheung SW. Protective role of orthokeratology in reducing risk of rapid axial elongation: a reanalysis of data from the ROMIO and TO‐SEE studies. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58: 1411–1416.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin HJ, Wan L, Tsai FJ et al. Overnight orthokeratology is comparable with atropine in controlling myopia. BMC Ophthalmol 2014; 14: 1–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stillitano I, Chalita MR, Schor P et al. Corneal changes and wavefront analysis after orthokeratology fitting test. Am J Ophthalmol 2007; 144: 378–386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gifford P, Li M, Lu H et al. Corneal versus ocular aberrations after overnight orthokeratology. Optom Vis Sci 2013; 90: 439–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lian Y, Shen M, Huang S et al. Corneal reshaping and wavefront aberrations during overnight orthokeratology. Eye Contact Lens 2014; 40: 161–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stillitano I, Schor P, Lipener C et al. Long‐term follow‐up of orthokeratology corneal reshaping using wavefront aberrometry and contrast sensitivity. Eye Contact Lens 2008; 34: 140–145.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santodomingo‐rubido J, Villa‐collar C, Gilmartin B et al. Short‐ and long‐term changes in corneal aberrations and axial length induced by orthokeratology in children are not correlated. Eye Contact Lens 2016; 43: 358–363.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santodomingo‐rubido J, Villa‐collar C, Gilmartin B et al. The effects of entrance pupil centration and coma aberrations on myopic progression following orthokeratology. Clin Exp Optom 2015; 98: 534–540.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiraoka T, Mihashi T, Okamoto C et al. Influence of induced decentered orthokeratology lens on ocular higher‐order wavefront aberrations and contrast sensitivity function. J Cataract Refract Surg 2009; 35: 1918–1926.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarrant J, Liu Y, Wildsoet CF. Orthokeratology can decrease the accommodative lag in myopes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009; 50: 4294.
   Google Scholar
• Mathur A, Atchison DA. Effect of orthokeratology on peripheral aberrations of the eye. Optom Vis Sci 2009; 86: E476–E484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Z, Niu L, Xue F et al. Impact of pupil diameter on axial growth in orthokeratology. Optom Vis Sci 2012; 89: 1636–1640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faria‐ribeiro M, Navarro R, González‐méijome JM. Effect of pupil size on wavefront refraction during orthokeratology. Optom Vis Sci 2016; 93: 1399–1408.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li SM, Kang MT, Wu SS et al. Studies using concentric ring bifocal and peripheral add multifocal contact lenses to slow myopia progression in school‐aged children: a meta‐analysis. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2017; 37: 51–59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walline JJ, Jones LA, Mutti DO et al. A randomized trial of the effects of rigid contact lenses on myopia progression. Arch Ophthalmol 2004; 122: 1760–1766.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walline JJ, Jones LA, Sinnott L et al. A randomized trial of the effect of soft contact lenses on myopia progression in children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49: 4702–4706.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakaraju RC, Ehrmann K, Ho A et al. Inherent ocular spherical aberration and multifocal contact lens optical performance. Optom Vis Sci 2010; 87: 1009–1022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fedtke C, Ehrmann K, Thomas V et al. Peripheral refraction and aberration profiles with multifocal lenses. Optom Vis Sci 2017; 94: 876–885.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong CR, Troilo D, Richdale K. Accommodation and phoria in children wearing multifocal contact lenses. Optom Vis Sci 2017; 94: 353–360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang P, Wildsoet CF. Acute and short‐term changes in visual function with multifocal soft contact lens wear in young adults. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2016; 39: 133–140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sankaridurg P, Holden B, Smith EL III et al. Decrease in rate of myopia progression with a contact lens designed to reduce relative peripheral hyperopia: one‐year results. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52: 9362–9367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujikado T, Ninomiya S, Kobayashi T et al. Effect of low‐addition soft contact lenses with decentered optical design on myopia progression in children: a pilot study. Clin Ophthalmol 2014; 8: 1947–1956.
   Google Scholar
• Cheng X, Xu J, Chehab K et al. Soft contact lenses with positive spherical aberration for myopia control. Optom Vis Sci 2016; 93: 353–366.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anstice NS, Phillips JR. Effect of dual‐focus soft contact lens wear on axial myopia progression in children. Ophthalmology 2011; 118: 1152–1161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sankaridurg P, Bakaraju RC, Naduvilath T et al. Myopia control with novel central and peripheral plus contact lenses and extended depth of focus contact lenses: 2 year results from a randomised clinical trial. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2019; 39: 294–307.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gislén A, Gustafsson J, Kröger RH. The accommodative pupil responses of children and young adults at low and intermediate levels of ambient illumination. Vision Res 2008; 48: 989–993.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Read SA, Collins MJ, Vincent SJ. Light exposure and eye growth in childhood. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56: 6779–6787.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar