Fluoroquinolones are a potent form of chemotherapy

References

• U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Drug Safety Communication: FDA warns about increased risk of ruptures or tears in the aorta blood vessel with fluoroquinolone antibiotics in certain patients. [Cited 20 Dec 2018.] Available at: https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm628753.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Kuula LSM, Viljemaa KM, Backman JT et al. Fluoroquinolone‐related adverse events resulting in health service use and costs: a systematic review. PLoS One 2019; 14: e0216029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silvestrini E. Cipro, Levaquin & Avelox Lawsuits. 2019. [Cited Apr 2020.] Available at: https://www.drugwatch.com/cipro-levaquin-avelox/lawsuits/.
   Google Scholar
• Yadav V, Talwar P. Repositioning of fluoroquinolones from antibiotic to anti‐cancer agents: an underestimated truth. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 111: 934–946.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao X, Xu C, Domagala J et al. DNA topoisomerase targets of the fluoroquinolones: a strategy for avoiding bacterial resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1997; 94: 13991–13996.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Australian Medicines Handbook Pty Ltd. Chapter: Anti‐infectives. Antibacterials. Quinolones. Chapter: Eye drugs. Quinolones (eye). Adelaide, SA: AMH Pty Ltd, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Cheng AC, Turnidge J, Collignon P et al. Control of fluoroquinolone resistance through successful regulation, Australia. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18: 1453–1460.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcgee EU, Samuel E, Boronea B et al. Quinolone allergy. Pharmacy (Basel) 2019; 7: 97.
   Google Scholar
• Norrby SR. Side‐effects of quinolones: comparisons between quinolones and other antibiotics. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1991; 10: 378–383.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliphant CM, Green GM. Quinolones: a comprehensive review. Am Fam Physician 2002; 65: 455–465.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim GK, Del rosso JQ. The risk of fluoroquinolone‐induced tendinopathy and tendon rupture: what does the clinician need to know? J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2010; 3: 49–54.
   Google Scholar
• Patel TK, Barvaliya MJ, Sharma D et al. A systematic review of the drug‐induced Stevens‐Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in Indian population. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2013; 79: 389–398.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morales D, Pacurariu A, Slattery J et al. Association between peripheral neuropathy and exposure to oral fluoroquinolone or amoxicillin‐Clavulanate therapy. JAMA Neurol 2019; 76: 827–833.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deshpande A, Pant C, Jain S et al. Do fluoroquinolones predispose patients to Clostridium difficile associated disease? A review of the evidence. Curr Med Res Opin 2008; 24: 329–333.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasternak B, Inghammar M, Svanström H. Fluoroquinolone use and risk of aortic aneurysm and dissection: nationwide cohort study. BMJ 2018; 360: k678.
   Google Scholar
• Wise BL, Peloquin C, Choi H et al. Impact of age, sex, obesity, and steroid use on quinolone‐associated tendon disorders. Am J Med 2012; 125: 1228.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephenson AL, Wu W, Cortes D et al. Tendon injury and fluoroquinolone use: a systematic review. Drug Saf 2013; 36: 709–721.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molnar DM, Kremzner ME. Fluoroquinolones: a hot topic for pharmacist and the food and drug administration’s division of drug information. J Am Pharma Assoc 2019; 59: 13–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedenmalm K, Spigset O. Peripheral sensory disturbances related to treatment with fluoroquinolones. J Antimicrob Chemother 1996; 37: 831–837.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kommalapati A, Wallamb S, Tellaa SH et al. Fluoroquinolone‐associated suicide. Eur J Intern Med 2018; 55: e21–e22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michalak K, Sobolewska‐włodarczyk A, Włodarczyk M et al. Treatment of the fluoroquinolone‐ associated disability: the pathobiochemical implications. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2017; 8023935: 1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Daneman N, Lu H, Redelmeier DA. Fluoroquinolones and collagen associated severe adverse events: a longitudinal cohort study. BMJ Open 2015; 5: e010077.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etminan M, Forooghian F, Brophy JM et al. Oral fluoroquinolones and the risk of retinal detachment. JAMA 2012; 307: 1414–1419.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson AM. Ocular toxicity of fluoroquinolones. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2007; 35: 566–577.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyndiuk RA, Eiferman RA, Caldwell DR et al. Comparison of ciprofloxacin ophthalmic solution 0.3% to fortified tobramycin‐cefazolin in treating bacterial corneal ulcers. Ophthalmol 1996; 103: 1854–1863.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallari PLT, Mccarty DJ, Daniell M et al. Increased incidence of corneal perforation after topical fluoroquinolone treatment for microbial keratitis. Am J Ophthalmol 2001; 131: 131–133.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcdonald EM, Ram FSF, Patel DV et al. Topical antibiotics for the management of bacterial keratitis: an evidence‐based review of high quality randomised controlled trials. Br J Ophthalmol 2014; 98: 1470–1477.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reviglio VE, Hakim MA, Song JK et al. Effect of topical fluoroquinolones on the expression of matrix metalloproteinases in the cornea. BMC Ophthalmol 2003; 3: 10.
   Google Scholar
• Bezwada P, Clark LA, Schneider S. Intrinsic cytotoxic effects of fluoroquinolones on human corneal keratocytes and endothelial cells. Curr Med Res Opin 2008; 24: 419–424.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalghatgi S, Spina CS, Costello JC et al. Bactericidal antibiotics induce mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage in mammalian cells. Sci Transl Med 2013; 5: 192ra85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrence JW, Claire DC, Weissig V et al. Delayed cytotoxicity and cleavage of mitochondrial DNA in ciprofloxacin‐treated mammalian cells. Mol Pharmacol 1996; 50: 1178–1188.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badal S, Her YF, Maher J III. Nonantibiotic effects of fluoroquinolones in mammalian cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 290: 22287–22297.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowes DA, Wallace C, Murphy MP et al. The mitochondria targeted antioxidant MitoQ protects against fluoroquinolone‐induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial membrane damage in human Achilles tendon cells. Free Radic Res 2009; 43: 323–328.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul M, Gafter‐gvili A, Fraser A et al. The anti‐cancer effects of quinolone antibiotics. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 26: 825–831.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao F, Zhang X, Wang T et al. Quinolone hybrids and their anti‐cancer activities: an overview. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 165: 59–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Idowu T, Schweizer F. Ubiquitous nature of fluoroquinolones: the oscillation between antibacterial and anticancer activities. Antibiotics (Basel) 2017; 6: 26–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herold C, Ocker M, Ganslmayer M et al. Ciprofloxacin induces apoptosis and inhibits proliferation of human colorectal carcinoma cells. Br J Cancer 2002; 86: 443–448.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al‐trawneh SA, Zahra JA, Kamal MR et al. Synthesis and biological evaluation of tetracyclic fluoroquinolones as antibacterial and anticancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18: 5873–5884.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinto AC, Angelo S, Moreira S et al. Schedule treatment design and quantitative in vitro evaluation of chemotherapeutic combinations for metastatic prostate cancer therapy. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2011; 67: 275–284.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jemel‐oualha I, Elloumi‐mseddi J, Beji A et al. Controversial effect on ERK activation of some cytotoxic drugs in human LOVO colon cancer cells. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2014; 24: 1–5.
   Google Scholar
• Yadav V, Varshney P, Sultana S et al. Moxifloxacin and ciprofloxacin induces S‐phase arrest and augments apoptotic effects of cisplatin in human pancreatic cancer cells via ERK activation. BMC Cancer 2015; 15: 581.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar