Using earthquakes to assess lichen growth rates

References

• Akçiz, S.O., Ludwig, L.G., Arrowsmith, J.R. and Zielke, O., 2010. San Andreas fault in the Carrizo Plain, California. Geology, 38, 787–790.
   Google Scholar
• Armstrong, R.A., 2005. Radial growth of Rhizocarpon section Rhizocarpon lichen thalli over six years at Snoqualmie Pass in the Cascade Range, Washington State. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 37, 411–415.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong, R.A. and Bradwell, T., 2010. Growth of crustose lichens: a review. Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography, 92 (1), 3–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benedict, J.B., 1985. Arapaho Pass: geology and archeology at the crest of the Colorado Front Range. Research report. Center for Mountain Archeology, Ward, CO. 197 p.
   Google Scholar
• Benedict, J.B., 2008. Experiments on lichen growth, III: The shape of the age‐size curve. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 40 (1), 15–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benedict, J.B., 2009. A review of lichenometric dating and its applications to archaeology. American Antiquity, 74 (1), 143–172.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beschel, R.E., 1950. Flechten aus Altersmaastab rezenter, moränen [Lichens as a yardstick of age of late‐ moraines]. Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie, 1, 152–161.
   Google Scholar
• Biasi, G.P. and Weldon, R.J., 2009. San Andreas fault rupture scenarios from multiple paleoseismic records; stringing pearls. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 99, 471–498. doi: 10.1785/0120080287
   Google Scholar
• Bradwell, T., 2010. Studies on the growth of Rhizocarpon geographicum in NW Scotland, and some implications for lichenometry. Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography, 92 (1), 41–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradwell, T. and Armstrong, R.A., 2007. Growth rates of Rhizocarpon geographicum lichens: a review with new data from Iceland. Journal of Quaternary Science, 22, 311–320.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bull, W.B., 1996. Dating San Andreas fault earthquakes with lichenometry. Geology, 24, 111–114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bull, W.B., 2003a. Lichenometry dating of coseismic changes to a New Zealand landslide complex. Annals of Geophysics, 46, 1155–1167.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bull, W.B., 2003b. Guide to Sierra Nevada lichenometry. In: Stock, G. (ed.), Tectonics, Climate Change, and Landscape Evolution in the Southern Sierra Nevada, California. 2003 Pacific Cell Friends of the Pleistocene field trip, Sequoia and Kings Canyon, Appendix 8. 100–121.
   Google Scholar
• Bull, W.B., 2007. Tectonic Geomorphology of Mountains: A New Approach to Paleoseismology. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford. 320 p.
   Google Scholar
• Bull, W.B. and Brandon, M.T., 1998. Lichen dating of earthquake‐generated regional rockfall events, Southern Alps, New Zealand. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 110, 60–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bull, W. B., Schlyter, P. and Brogaard, S., 1995. Lichenometric analysis of the Kärkerieppe slush‐avalanche fan, Kärkevagge, Sweden. Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography, 77, 231–240.
   Google Scholar
• Ellsworth, W. L., 1990. Earthquake history, 1769–1989. In: Wallace, R.E. (ed.), The San Andreas fault system. US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1515. 153–187.
   Google Scholar
• Farrar, J.F., 1973. Lichen physiology: progress and pitfalls. In: Ferry, B.W., Baddeley, M.S. and Hawksworth, D.L. (eds), Air Pollution and Lichens. Athlone Press, London. 238–282.
   Google Scholar
• Farrar, J.F., 1974. A method for investigating lichen growth rates and succession. The lichenometrical studies; The Lichenologist, 6, 151–155.
   Google Scholar
• Hanks, T. and Kanamori, H., 1979. A moment magnitude scale. Journal of Geophysical Research, 84, 2348–2350.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harp, E.L., Jibson, R.W. and Keefer, D.K., 1993. Seismically‐induced landslides triggered at extraordinary distances, evidence from the Springdale, Utah, landslide. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 25 (6), A32.
   Google Scholar
• Harvey, J.E. and Smith, D.J., 2013. Lichenometric dating of Little Ice Age glacier activity in the central British Columbia Coast Mountains, Canada. Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography, 95, 1–14. doi: 10.1111/j.1468‐0459.2012.00474.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huber, N.K., Phillips, W.M. and Bull, W.B., 2002. The Slide, Yosemite National Park, CA. Yosemite Association, Yosemite, 64 (3), 2–4.
   Google Scholar
• Keefer, D.K., 1984. Landslides caused by earthquakes. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 95, 406–421.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, J., Klinger, Y., Sieh, K., Rubin, C. and Seitz, G., 2006. Serial ruptures of the San Andreas fault, Carrizo Plain, California, revealed by three‐dimensional excavations. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, B02306. doi: 10.1029/2004JB003601
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loso, M.G. and Doak, D.F., 2006. The biology behind lichenometric dating curves. Oecologia, 147, 223–229.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthes, F.E., 1939. Report of the Committee on Glaciers. Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, 518–523.
   Google Scholar
• Matthews, J.A., 1974. Families of lichenometric dating curves from the Storbreen gletschervorfeld, Jotunheimen, Norway. Norsk GeografiskTidsskrift, 28, 215–235.
   Google Scholar
• Matthews, J.A. and Trenbirth, H.E., 2011. Growth rate of a very large crustose lichen (Rhizocarpon subgenus) and its implications for lichenometry. Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography, 93, 27–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mccarroll, D., 1994. A new approach to lichenometry: dating single‐age and diachronous surfaces. The Holocene, 4, 383–396.
   Google Scholar
• Mccarroll, D., Shakesby, R.A. and Matthews, J.A., 2001. Enhanced rockfall activity during the Little Ice Age: further lichenometric evidence from a Norwegian talus. Permafrost and Peri Processes, 12, 157–164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcgill, S.F., Dergham, S.A., Barton, K., Berney‐ficklin, T., Grant, D., Hartling, C., Hobart, K., Minnich, R., Rodriguez, M., Runnerstrom, E., Russell, J., Schmoker, K., Stumfall, M., Townsend, J. and Williams, J., 2002. Paleoseismology of the San Andreas fault at Plunge Creek near San Bernardino, southern California. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 92, 2803–2840.
   Google Scholar
• Philibosian, B., Fumal, T. and Weldon, R., 2011, San Andreas Fault earthquake chronology and Lake Cahuilla history at Coachella, California. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 101 (1), 13–38. doi: 10.1785/0120100050
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, B.D. and Nash, T.H., III, 1993. Lecanora Section Placodium (Lichenized Ascomycotina) in North America: New Taxa in the L. garovaglii group. The Bryologist, 96 (3), 288–298.
   Google Scholar
• Scharer, K.M., Weldon, R.J., II, Fumal, T.E. and Biasi, G.P., 2007. Paleoearthquakes on the southern San Andreas fault, Wrightwood, California, 3000 to 1500 B.C.: a new method for evaluating paleoseismic evidence and earthquake horizons. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 97, 1054–1093. doi: 10.1785/0120060137
   Google Scholar
• Seitz, G.G., Weldon, R.J., II and Biasi, G.P., 1997. The Pitman Canyon paleoseismic record: a re‐evaluation of southern San Andreas fault segmentation. Journal of Geodynamics, 24, 129–138.
   Google Scholar
• Sieh, K.E., 1984. Lateral offsets and revised dates of large earthquakes at Pallett Creek, California. Journal of Geophysical Research, 89, 7641–7670.
   Google Scholar
• Smol, J.P. and Douglas, M.S.V., 2007. From controversy to consensus: making the case for recent climatic change in the Arctic using lake sediments. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 5, 466–474.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toppozada, T.R. and Borchardt, G., 1998. Re‐evaluation of the 1836 ‘Hayward Fault’ and the 1838 San Andreas Fault Earthquakes. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 88, 140–159.
   Google Scholar
• Worsley, P., 1981. Lichenometry. In: Goudie, A. (ed.), Geomorphological Techniques. George Allen and Unwin, London. 302–305.
   Google Scholar
• Yule, D. and Sieh, K., 2003. Complexities of the San Andreas fault near San Gorgonio Pass: Implications for large earthquakes. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108 (B11), 2548. doi: 10.1029/2001JB000451
   Google Scholar