129
Views
45
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Large‐scale rock slope failures in the eastern pyrenees: identifying a sparse but significant population in paraglacial and parafluvial contexts

, , , &
Pages 357-391 | Received 22 Dec 2013, Accepted 07 Jun 2014, Published online: 15 Nov 2016

References

  • Agliardi, F., Crosta, G.B., Frattini, P. and Malusà, M.G., 2013. Giant non‐catastrophic landslides and the long‐term exhumation of the European Alps. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 365, 263–274.
  • André, M.F., 2003. Do periglacial landscapes evolve under periglacial conditions? Geomorphology, 52, 149–164.
  • Augustinus, P.C., 1995. Rock mass strength and the stability of some glacial valley slopes. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, 39, 55–68.
  • Ballantyne, C.K., 2002. Paraglacial geomorphology. Quaternary Science Reviews, 21, 1935–2017.
  • Ballantyne, C.K. and Stone, J.O., 2013. Timing and periodicity of paraglacial rock–slope failures in the Scottish Highlands. Geomorphology, 186, 150–161.
  • Ballantyne, C.K., Sandeman, G.F., Stone, J.O. and Wilson, P., 2014. Rock‐slope failure following Late Pleistocene deglaciation on tectonically stable mountainous terrain. Quaternary Science Reviews, 86, 144–157.
  • Beck, A.C., 1968. Gravity faulting as a mechanism of topographic adjustment. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 11, 191–199.
  • Bishop, P., 2007. Long‐term landscape evolution: linking tectonics and surface processes. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 32, 329–365.
  • Bjerrum, L. and Jørstad, F.A., 1968. Stability of rock slopes in Norway. Norwegian Technical Institute, Publ. No. 69.
  • Blikra, L.H., Longva, O., Braathen, A., Anda, E., Dehls, J.F. and Stalsberg, K., 2006. Rock slope failures in Norwegian fjord areas: examples, spatial distribution and temporal pattern. In: Evans, S.G., Mugnozza, G.S., Strom, A. and Hermanns, R.L. (eds), Landslides from Massive Rock Slope Failure. Springer, Dordrecht. 475–496.
  • Bordonau, J. and Vilaplana, J.M., 1986. Géomorphologie et tectonique récente dans le Val d'Aran (Zone axiale des Pyrénées Centrales, Espagne). Revue de Géologie Dynamique et de Géographie Physique, 27, 303–310.
  • Burbank, D.W., Leland, J., Fielding, E., Anderson, R.S., Borozovic, N., Reid, M.R. and Duncan, C., 1996. Bedrock incision, rock uplift and threshold hillslopes in the northwestern Himalayas. Nature, 379, 505–510.
  • Calvet, M., 1996. Morphogenèse d'une montagne méditerranéenne, les Pyrénées orientales. Documents du BRGM, vol. 255, 3 t. 1177 p.
  • Calvet, M., 1999. Régime des contraintes et volumes de relief dans l'Est des Pyrénées. Géomorphologie: relief, processus, environnement, 3, 253–278.
  • Calvet, M., 2004. The Quaternary glaciation of the Pyrenees. In: Ehlers, J. and Gibbard, P. (eds), Quaternary Glaciations – Extent and Chronology, part I: Europe. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 119–128.
  • Calvet, M. and Gunnell, Y., 2008. Planar landforms as markers of denudation chronology: an inversion of East Pyrenean tectonics based on landscape and sedimentary basin analysis. In: Gallagher, K., Jones, S.J. and Wainwright, J. (eds), Landscape Evolution: Denudation, Climate and Tectonics Over Different Time and Space Scales. Geological Society, London, Special Publication, 296, 147–166.
  • Calvet, M., Delmas, M., Gunnell, Y., Braucher, R. and Bourlès, D., 2011. Recent advances in research on Quaternary glaciations in the Pyrenees. In: Ehlers, J. and Gibbard, P.L. (eds), Quaternary Glaciations, Extent and Chronology, A Closer Look. Part IV. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 127–139.
  • Calvet, M., Gunnell, Y. and Delmas, M., 2013. The Têt river valley: a condensed record of long‐term landscape evolution in the Pyrenees. In: Fort, M. and André, M.F. (eds), Landscapes and Landforms of France. Springer, Dordrecht. 127–138.
  • Chevrot, S., Sylvander, M. and Delouis, B., 2011. A preliminary catalog of moment tensors for the Pyrenees. Tectonophysics, 510, 239–251.
  • Cook, S.J., Porter, P.R. and Bendall, C.A., 2013. Geomorphological consequences of a glacier advance across a paraglacial rock avalanche deposit. Geomorphology, 189, 109–120.
  • Corominas, J., 1990. Influencia del glacialismo cuaternario en la estabilidad de las laderas del valle del Valira d'Orient (Andorra). I Reunión Nacional de Geomorfologia, Teruel, 521–532.
  • Corominas, J. and Alonso, E., 1984. Inestabilidad de laderas en el Pirineo Catalán. Tipología y causas. Ponencias y comunicaciones de las Jornadas de Trabajo sobre la Inestabilidad de laderas en el Pirineo. Barcelona. C.1–C.53.
  • Corominas, J. and Baeza, C., 1992. Landslide occurrence in Eastern Pyrenees. In: Del prete, M. (ed.), Movimenti franosi e metodi di stabilizzazione. Consiglio Nazionalle delle Ricerche, Publicazione 481, 25–42.
  • Corominas, J., Fleta, J., Goula, X., Moya, J. and Teixidor, T., 1992. Datación de deslizamientos antiguos en el area de Pardines (Girona). 3r Simposio Nacional sobre Taludes y Laderas Inestables. La Coruña, 1, 71–82
  • Corominas, J., Planas X. and Turu V., 2013. Stop 22, Canillo Belvedere‐Cap de Quer. In: Calvet, M., Gunnell, Y. and Delmas, M. (eds), Geomorphology of the Pyrenean orogen. 8th IAG International Conference on Geomorphology, Post‐conference field excursion, 10, 129–132.
  • Cossart, E., Mercier, D., Decaulne, A. and Feuillet, T., 2014. An overview of the consequences of paraglacial landsliding on deglaciated mountain slopes: typology, timing and contribution to cascading fluxes. Quaternaire, 1, 13–24.
  • Cossart, E., Mercier, D., Decaulne, A., Feuillet, T., Jónsson, H.P. and Sæmundsson, Þ., 2013. Impacts of post‐glacial rebound on landslide spatial distribution at a regional scale in northern Iceland (Skagafjörður). Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 39, 336–350.
  • Crosta, G.B. and Zanchi, A., 2000. Deep seated slope deformations – huge, extraordinary, enigmatic phenomena. In: Bromhead, E., Dixon, N. and Ibsen, M. (eds), Landslides in Research, Theory and Practice. Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Landslides, Cardiff, June 2000. Thomas Telford, London. 351–358.
  • Crosta, G.B., Frattini, P. and Agliardi, F., 2013. Deep seated gravitational slope deformations in the European Alps. Tectonophysics, 605, 13–33.
  • Cyr, A.J., Granger, D.E., Olivetti, V. and Molin, P., 2010. Quantifying rock uplift rates using channel steepness and cosmogenic nuclide‐determined erosion rates: examples from northern and southern Italy. Lithosphere, 2, 188–198.
  • Davies, T.R., Warburton, J., Dunning, S.A. and Bubeck, A.A., 2013. A large landslide event in a post‐glacial landscape: rethinking glacial legacy. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 38, 1261–1268.
  • Delmas, M., 2005. La déglaciation dans le massif du Carlit (Pyrénées orientales): approches géomorphologique et géochronologique nouvelles. Quaternaire, 16, 45–55.
  • Delmas, M., Calvet, M., and Gunnell, Y., 2009. Variability of erosion rates in the Eastern Pyrenees during the last glacial cycle – a global perspective on the impact of glacial erosion on mountain landscapes. Quaternary Science Reviews, 28, 484–498.
  • Delmas, M., Calvet, M., Gunnell, Y., Braucher, R., and Bourlès, D., 2011. Palaeogeography and 10Be exposure‐age chronology of Middle and Late Pleistocene glacier systems in the northern Pyrenees: implications for reconstructing regional palaeoclimates. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 305, 109–122.
  • Delmas, M., Calvet, M., Gunnell, Y., Braucher, R., and Bourlès, D., 2012. Les glaciations quaternaires dans les Pyrénées ariégeoises: approche historiographique, données paléogéographiques et chronologiques nouvelles. Quaternaire, 23, 61–85.
  • Delmas, M., Gunnell, Y., Braucher, R., Calvet, M. and Bourlès D., 2008. Exposure age chronology of the last glacial cycle in the eastern Pyrenees. Quaternary Research, 69, 231–241.
  • Delmas, M., Gunnell, Y. and Calvet, M., 2014. Environmental controls on alpine cirque size. Geomorphology, 206, 318–329.
  • De martonne, E., 1907. Recherches sur l'évolution morphologique des Alpes de Transylvanie. Delagrave, Paris.
  • Dikau, R., 2004. Mass movement. In Goudie, A. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Geomorphology. Routledge, London. 644–653.
  • Dühnforth, M., Anderson, R. S., Ward, D. and Stock, G. M., 2010. Bedrock fracture control of glacial erosion processes and rates. Geology, 38, 423–426.
  • Eeckhaut, M. and van den Hervás, J. 2012. State of the art of national landslide databases in Europe and their potential for assessing landslide susceptibility, hazard and risk. Geomorphology, 139–140, 545–558.
  • Eisbacher, G.H. and Clague, J.J., 1984. Destructive mass movements in high mountains: hazard and management. Geological Survey of Canada Professional Paper, 84/16.
  • Evans, I.S., 1997. Process and form in the erosion of glaciated mountains. In: Stoddart, D.R. (ed.), Process and Form in Geomorphology. Routledge, London. 145–174.
  • Fleta pastor J., 1988. Lithologias y deslizamientos en la cuenca alta del rio Ter. In: Alonso, E. and Corominas, J. (eds), II Simposio Sobre taludes y laderas inestables, Andorra, 9–11 de marzo de 1988, CYAN edit. 31–40
  • Fort, M., 2011. Two large late Quaternary rock slope failures and their geomorphic significance, Annapurna Himalayas (Nepal). Geografia Fisica e Dinamica Quaternaria, 34, 5–16.
  • Fort, M., 2013. The Gavarnie Cirque: A Celebrated ‘Nature's Colossus’. In: Fort, M. and André, M.‐F. (eds), Landscapes and Landforms of France. Springer, Dordrecht. 115–126.
  • Gerber, E. and Scheidegger, A.E., 1969. Stress‐induced weathering of rock masses. Eclogae Geologicae Helveticae, 62, 401–415.
  • Godard, A., 1965, Recherches de Géomorphologie en Écosse du Nord‐Ouest. Université de Strasbourg, Publications de la Faculté des Lettres, Fondation Baulig.
  • Goodfellow, B.W., 2007. Relict non‐glacial surfaces in former glaciated landscapes. Earth‐Science Reviews, 80, 47–73.
  • Goula, X., Olivera, C., Fleta, J., Grellet, B., Lindo, R., Rivera, L., Cisternas, A. and Carbon, D., 1999. Present and recent stress regime in the eastern part of the Pyrenees. Tectonophysics, 308, 487–502.
  • Gregersen, S. and Basham, P., 1989. Earthquakes at North Atlantic Passive Margins: Neotectonics and Postglacial Rebound. Kluwer, Dordrecht.
  • Guerrero, J., Gutiérrez, F., Carbonel, D., Bonachea, J., García‐ruiz, J.M., Galve, J.P. and Lucha, P., 2013. 1:5000 landslide map of the upper Gállego Valley (central Spanish Pyrenees). Journal of Maps, 8, 484–491.
  • Gunnell, Y., Calvet, M., Brichau, S., Carter, A., Aguilar, J.P. and Zeyen, H., 2009. Low long‐term erosion rates in high‐energy mountain belts: insights from thermo‐ and biochronology in the Eastern Pyrenees. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 278, 208–218.
  • Gutierrez‐santolalla, F., Acosta, E., Santiago, R., Guerrero, J. and Lucha, P., 2005. Geomorphology and geochronology of sackung features (uphill‐facing scarps) in the Central Spanish Pyrenees. Geomorphology, 69, 98–314.
  • Guzzetti, F., Malamud, B.D., Turcotte, D.L. and Reichenbach, P., 2002. Power‐law correlations in landslide areas in central Italy. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 195, 169–183.
  • Heim, A., 1932. Bergsturz und Menschenleben. Fretz und Wasmuth, Zurich.
  • Hovius, N. and Stark, C.P., 2006. Landslide‐driven erosion and topographic evolution of active mountain belts. In: Evans, S.G., Mugnozza, G.S., Strom, A. and Hermanns, R.L. (eds), Landslides from Massive Rock Slope Failure. Springer, Dordrecht. 573–590.
  • Hovius, N., Stark, C.P., Chu, H.T. and Lin, J.C., 2000. Supply and removal of sediment in a landslide‐dominated mountain belt: Central Range, Taiwan. Journal of Geology, 108, 73–89.
  • Hungr, O., Leroueil, S. and Picarelli, L., 2014. The Varnes classification of landslide types, an update. Landslides, 11, 167–194.
  • Hürlimann, M., Ledesma, A., Corominas, J. and Prat, P.C., 2006. The deep‐seated slope deformation at Encampadana, Andorra: representation of morphologic features by numerical modelling. Engineering Geology, 83, 343–357.
  • Hutchinson, J.N., 1988. General report: morphological and geotechnical parameters of landslides in relation to geology and hydrogeology. Proceedings 5th International Symposium on Landslides, vol. 1, Lausanne. Balkema, Rotterdam. 3–35.
  • Jarman, D., 2002. Rock slope failure and landscape evolution in the Caledonian Mountains, as exemplified in the Abisko area, northern Sweden. Geografiska Annaler, Series A: Physical Geography, 84, 213–224.
  • Jarman, D., 2006. Large rock slope failures in the Highlands of Scotland: characterisation, causes and spatial distribution. Engineering Geology, 83, 161–182.
  • Jarman, D., 2007. Alain Godard on the NW Highlands of Scotland: present relevance for long‐term landscape evolution studies. Géomorphologie: relief, processus, environnement, 177–203.
  • Jarman, D., 2008. The Roy‐Lochy rock slope failure cluster: implications for glacial breaching, ice movements, and Parallel Road dislocations. In: Lowe, J.J., Rose, J. and Palmer, A. (eds), The Quaternary of Glen Roy and vicinity – Field Guide. Quaternary Research Association, London. 98–104.
  • Jarman, D., 2009. Paraglacial rock slope failure as an agent of glacial trough widening. In: Knight, J. and Harrison, S. (eds), Periglacial and Paraglacial Processes and Environments. Geological Society of London Special Publication, 320, 103–131.
  • Jarman, D. and Ballantyne, C.K., 2002. Beinn Fhada, Kintail: a classic example of paraglacial rock slope deformation. Scottish Geographical Journal, 118, 59–68.
  • Jarman, D., Agliardi, F. and Crosta, G., 2011. Megafans and outsize fans from catastrophic slope failures in alpine glacial troughs: the Malser Haide and the Val Venosta cluster, Italy. In: Jaboyedoff, M. (ed.), Slope Tectonics. Geological Society of London Special Publication, 351, 253–278.
  • Jarman, D., Wilson, P. and Harrison, S., 2013. Are there any relict rock glaciers in Britain? Journal of Quaternary Science, 28, 131–143.
  • Jarvis, A., Reuter, H.I., Nelson, A. and Guevara, E., 2008. Hole‐filled seamless SRTM data V4, International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), available from http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org
  • Keefer, D.K., 1984. Landslides caused by earthquakes. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 95, 406–421.
  • Koppes, M.N. and Montgomery, D.R., 2009. The relative efficacy of fluvial and glacial erosion over modern to orogenic timescales. Nature Geoscience, 2, 644–647.
  • Korup, O., Clague, J.L., Hermanns, R.L., Hewitt, K., Strom, A.L. and Weidinger, J.T., 2007. Giant landslides, topography, and erosion. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 261, 578–589.
  • Lacan, P. and Ortuño, M., 2012. Active Tectonics of the Pyrenees: a review. Journal of Iberian Geology, 38, 9–30.
  • Lebourg, T., Fabre, R., Clement, B. and Frappa, M., 2003. High‐mountain landslides in the Atlantic Pyrenees: their relationship with the geology and geomorphology. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 62, 221–229.
  • Llac, F., Autran, A., Guitard, G., Robert, J.F., Gourinard, Y. and Santanach, P., 1988. Carte géologique de la France (1:50,000). Sheet Saillagouse (1098). Orléans, BRGM edit. Notice explicative par F. Llac (1989). 75 p.
  • Mccoll, S.T., 2012. Paraglacial rock‐slope stability. Geomorphology, 153–154, 1–16.
  • Mercier, D., 2009. Paraglacial and paraperiglacial landsystems: concepts, temporal scales and spatial distribution. Géomorphologie: relief, processus, environnement, 2008, 223–233.
  • Mollard, J.D., 1977. Regional landslide types in Canada. In: Coates, D.R. (ed.), Reviews in Engineering Geology: Landslides. Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO. 29–56.
  • Olivera, C., Redondo, E., Lambert, J., Riera melis, A. and Roca, A., 2006. Els terratrèmols dels segles XIV i XV a Catalunya. Institut Cartogràfic de Catalunya, Monografies, 30. 407 p.
  • Ollier, C. and Pain, C., 2000. The Origin of Mountains. Routledge, London.
  • Pallàs, R., Rodès, A., Braucher, R., Bourlès, D., Delmas, M., Calvet, M. and Gunnell, Y., 2010. Small, isolated glacial catchments as priority target for cosmogenic surface dating of Pleistocene climate fluctuations, SE Pyrenees. Geology, 38, 891–894.
  • Pallàs, R., Rodés, A., Braucher, R., Carcaillet, J., Ortuño, M., Bordonau, J., Bourlès, D., Vilaplana, J.M., Masana, E. and Santanach, P., 2006. Late Pleistocene and Holocene glaciation in the Pyrenees: a critical review and new evidence from 10Be exposure ages, south‐central Pyrenees. Quaternary Science Reviews, 25, 2937–2963.
  • Penck, A. and Brückner, E., 1909. Die Alpen im Eiszeitalter. Tauchnitz, Leipzig.
  • Persaud, M. and Pfiffner, O.A., 2004. Active deformation in the eastern Swiss Alps: post‐glacial faults, seismicity and surface uplift. Tectonophysics, 385, 59–84.
  • Philip, H., Bousquet, J.‐C., Escuer, J., Fleta, J., Goula, X. and Grellet, B., 1992. Présence de failles inverses d'âge quaternaire dans l'est des Pyrénées: implications sismotectoniques. Comptes Rendus de L'Académie des Sciences, Paris, série II, 314, 1239–1245.
  • Poschinger, A. von, 2002. Large rockslides in the Alps: a commentary on the contribution of G. Abele (1937–1994) and a review of some recent developments. In: Evans, S.G. and de Graaff, J.V. (eds), Catastrophic Landslides: Effects, Occurrence and Mechanisms (Reviews in Engineering Geology). Geological Society of America, 15, 237–255.
  • Prager, C., Zangerl, C. and Nagler, T., 2009. Geological controls on slope deformations in the Köfels rockslide area (Tyrol, Austria). Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences, 102, 4–19.
  • Rodriguez ortiz, J.M., Hinojosa cabrera, J.A. and Castanedo navarro, F.J., 1988. El dezlizamiento de Pont de Bar (Lerida) de octubre de 1982. In: Alonso, E. and Corominas, J. (eds), II Simposio Sobre taludes y laderas inestables, Andorra, 9‐11 de marzo de 1988. CYAN. 693–703.
  • Serrat, D., 1977. Estudio Geomorphologico del Pirineo oriental (Puigmal‐Costabona). University of Central Barcelona. 221 p.
  • Sinclair, H.D., Gibson, M., Naylor, M. and Morris, R.G., 2005. Asymmetric growth of the Pyrenees revealed through measurement and modeling of orogenic fluxes. American Journal of Science, 305, 369–406.
  • Soeters, R. and Rengers, N., 1983. Dos ejemplos de hundimientos gravitacionales en los alrededores de Caldes de Boí (Pirineos Leridanos). Libro Jubilar J.M. Rios. IGME, Madrid. Tomo III, 192–202.
  • Soutadé, G., 1988. Le glissement d'el Forn (Andorre). II° Simposio Inestabilidad de Taludes y Laderas Naturales, Andorra la Vella. 643–655.
  • Stange, K.M., van Balen, R.T., Kasse, C., Vandenberghe, J. and Carcaillet, J., 2014. Linking morphology across the glaciofluvial interface: a 10Be supported chronology of glacier advances and terrace formation in the Garonne River, northern Pyrenees, France. Geomorphology, 207, 71–95.
  • Stewart, I.S., Sauber, S. and Rose, J., 2000. Glacio‐seismotectonics: ice sheets, crustal deformation and seismicity. Quaternary Science Reviews, 19, 1367–1389.
  • Sue, C., Delacou, B., Champagnac, J.‐D., Allanic, C., Tricart, P. and Burkhard, M., 2007. Extensional neotectonics around the bend of the Western/Central Alps: an overview. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 96, 1101–1129.
  • Taillefer, F., 1977. Le glacier de l'Ariège dans le bassin de Tarascon. Revue Géographique des Pyrénées et du Sud‐Ouest, 48, 269–286.
  • Taillefer, F., 1981. Le périglaciaire des Pyrénées ariégeoises: grands éboulements et éboulis lités. Recherches Géographiques à Strasbourg, 1 (16–17), 131–136.
  • Taillefer, F., 1982. Eboulements quaternaires du Plantaurel et du Pech de Foix. Bulletin de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse, 118, 111–123.
  • Tonini, M., Pedrazzini, A., Penna I. and Jaboyedoff, M., 2013. Spatial pattern of landslides in Swiss Rhône Valley. Natural Hazards, January, 1–14.
  • Triglia, A. and Iadanza, C., 2008. Landslides in Italy: Special Report. ISPRA, Rome.
  • Ustaszewski, M.E., Hampel, A. and Pfiffner, O.A., 2008. Composite faults in the Swiss Alps formed by the interplay of tectonics, gravitation and postglacial rebound: an integrated field and modelling study. Swiss Journal of Geosciences, 101, 22–235.
  • Van vliet lanoë, B. and Hallégouët, B., 1998. Cartographie ANDRA‐CNF‐INQUA 1999.
  • Wilson, P., Clark, R. and Smith, A., 2004. Rock‐slope failures in the Lake District: a preliminary report. Proceedings of the Cumberland Geological Society, 7, 13–36.
  • Wråk, W., 1908. Bidrag till Skandinaviens reliefkronologi. Ymer, 28, 141–191.
  • Zischinsky, U., 1966. On the deformation of high slopes. International Society of Rock Mechanics, First Congress Proceedings, vol. 2, 179–185.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.