236
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Geographic Polarization, Partisan Voting, And The Battle Over Same‐Sex Marriage Within The Culture War

, &
Pages 224-248 | Received 23 Sep 2018, Accepted 23 Sep 2018, Published online: 01 Nov 2019

References

  • Abrajano, M. 2010. Are Black and Latinos Responsible for the Passage of Proposition 8? Analyzing Voter Attitudes on California's Proposal to Ban Same‐Sex Marriage in 2008. Political Research Quarterly 63 (4): 922–932.
  • Abramowitz, A. I. 2010a. The Disappearing Center: Engaged Citizens, Polarization, and American Democracy. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
  • Abramowitz, A. I. 2010b. The 2008 election: polarization continues. In Controversies in Voting Behavior, 5th edition, edited by R. G. Niemi, H. F. Weisberg, and D. C. Kimball, 297–318. Washington: Congressional Quarterly Press.
  • Abramowitz, A. I. 2011. Transformation and Polarization: The 2008 presidential Election and the New American Electorate. Electoral Studies 29 (4): 594–603.
  • Abramowitz, A. I. 2012. The Polarized Public? Why Our Government is So Dysfunctional. New York: Pearson Longman.
  • Abramowitz, A. I., and K. L. Saunders. 2005. Why Can't We All Just Get Along? The Reality of Polarization in America. The Forum 3 (2): 1076.
  • Abramowitz, A. I., and K. L. Saunders. 2008. Is Polarization a Myth? Journal of Politics 70 (2): 542–555.
  • Abrams, S. J., and M. P. Fiorina. 2012. The Big ‘Sort’ that Wasn't: A Skeptical Reexamination. Political Science and Politics 45 (2): 203–10.
  • Amos, B., M. Mcdonald, and R. Watkins. 2017. When Boundaries Collide: Constructing a National Database of Demographic and Voting Statistics. Public Opinion Quarterly 81: 385–400.
  • Anselin, L. 1988. Spatial econometrics: methods and models. Boston: Kluwer.
  • Anselin, L. 1995. Local Indicators of Spatial Association – LISA. Geographical Analysis 27 (2): 93–115.
  • Bailey, R. 1998. Gay Politics, Urban Politics. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Blalock, H. M. 1964. Casual Inference in Nonexperimental Research. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
  • Bishop, B. 2008. The Big Sort: Why the Clustering of Like‐Minded America is Tearing Us Apart. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
  • Branton, R. P. 2003. Examining Individual‐Level Voting Behavior on State Ballot Propositions. Political Research Quarterly 56 (3): 367–377.
  • Brown, M., L. Knopp, and R. Morrill. 2005. The Culture War and Urban Electoral Politics: Sexuality, Race, and Class in Tacoma, Washington. Political Geography 24: 267–91.
  • Chapman, T., J. I. Leib, and G. Webster. 2007. Race, the Creative Class, and Political Geographies of Same‐Sex Marriage in Georgia. Southeastern Geographer 47 (1): 27–54.
  • Clark, W. A. V., and K. L. Avery. 1976. The Effect of Data Aggregation in Statistical Analysis. Geographical Analysis 8 (4): 428–38.
  • Cho, W. K. T., J. Gimpel, and I. S. Hui. 2013. Voter Migration and the Geographic Sorting of the American Electorate. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 103 (4): 856–870.
  • De leon, R. 1999. San Francisco and Domestic Partners: New Fields of Battle in the Culture War. In Culture Wars and Local Politics, edited by E. Sharp, 117–136. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press.
  • Dobbert, G. A. 1980. Disintegration of an Immigrant Community: The Cincinnati Germans 1870–1920. New York: Arno Press.
  • Dobush, G. 2015. Cincinnati, Mapplethorpe and the Culture Wars. The Washington Post, 25 October, §E, 4.
  • Farhi, P. 2004. Kerry Again Opposes Same‐Sex Marriage ‐ But Democrat Has Gay Groups’ Vote. The Washington Post, 15 May, A06.
  • Fiorina, M. P. 2010. Culture War? The Road to and from 2008. In Obama: Year One, edited by T. R. Dye, G. C. Edwards III, E. S. Greenberg, P. C. Light, D. B. Magleby, and M. P. Wattenberg, 1–30. New York: Longman.
  • Fiorina, M. P., and S. Abrams. 2008. Political Polarization in the American Public. Annual Review of Political Science 11: 563–88.
  • Fiorina, M. P., and S. Abrams. 2009. Disconnect: The Breakdown of Representation in American Politics. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
  • Fiorina, M. P., and S. Abrams. 2011. Where's the Polarization? In Controversies in Voting Behavior, 5th edition, edited by R. G. Niemi, H. F. Weisberg, and D. C. Kimball, 309–318. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press.
  • Fiorina, M. P., and M. Levendusky. 2006. Rejoinder to Abramowitz and Jacobson. In Red and Blue Nation, edited by P. S. Nivola and D. W. Brady, 95–111. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press and the Hoover Institution.
  • Fiorina, M. P., S. Abrams, and J. C. Pope. 2006. Culture War? The Myth of a Polarized America. New York: Pearson Longman.
  • Fiorina, M. P., S. Abrams, and J. C. Pope. 2008. Polarization in the American Public: Misconceptions and Misreadings. Journal of Politics 70 (2): 556–60.
  • Florida, R. 2002. The Economic Geography of Talent. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 92 (4): 743–55.
  • Fotheringham, A. S., and D. W. S. Wong. 1991. The Modifiable Areal Unit Problem in Multivariate Statistical Analysis. Environment and Planning A 23 (7): 1025–1044.
  • Frank, T. 2004. What's the Matter with Kansas: How Conservatives Won the Heart of America. New York: Metropolitan Books.
  • Garretson, J. J. 2014. Changing with the Times: The Spillover Effects of Same‐Sex Marriage Ballot Measures on Presidential Elections. Political Research Quarterly 67 (2): 280–292.
  • Gay, C. 2014. Knowledge Matters: Policy Cross‐pressures and Black Partisanship. Political Behavior 36: 99–124.
  • Geary, R. 1954. The Contiguity Ratio and Statistical Mapping. The Incorporated Statistician 5 (3): 115–146.
  • Gehlke, C. E., and K. Biehl. 1934. Certain Effects of Grouping upon the Size of the Correlation Coefficient in Census Tract Material. Journal of the American Statistical Association 29 (Supplement): 169–170.
  • Gelman, A. 2008. Red State, Blue State, Rich State, Poor State: Why Americans Vote the Way They Do. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Gimpel, J. G., and I. S. Hui. 2015. Seeking Politically Compatible Neighbors? The Role of Neighborhood Partisan Composition in Residential Sorting. Political Geography 48: 130–142.
  • Gimpel, J. G., and J. E. Schuknecht. 2002. Reconsidering Political Regionalism in the American States. State Politics and Policy Quarterly 2 (4): 325–352.
  • Glaser, E. L., and B. A. Ward. 2006. Myths and Realities of American Political Geography. Journal of Economic Perspectives 20 (2): 119–144.
  • Hawley, G. 2014. Voting and Migration Patterns in the U.S. New York: Routledge.
  • Heppen, J. 2003. Racial and social diversity in US presidential election regions. Professional Geographer 55 (2): 191–205.
  • Holt, D., D. G. Steel, M. Tranmer, and N. Wrigley. 1996. Aggregation and Ecological Effects in Geographically Based Data. Geographical Analysis 28 (3): 244–261.
  • Hunter, J. 1991. The Culture Wars. New York: Basic Books.
  • Irwin, J. 1998. Law Denying Gay Protection Stands. The Cincinnati Enquirer, 14 October, §1, 1.
  • Kinsella, C., C. Mctague, and K. Raleigh. 2015. Unmasking Geographic Polarization and Clustering: A Micro‐Scalar Analysis of Partisan Voting Behavior. Applied Geography 62: 404–419.
  • Klinkner, P. A. 2004. Red and Blue Scare: The Continuing Diversity of the American Electoral Landscape. The Forum 2 (2): 1035.
  • Klinkner, P. A., and A. Hapanowicz. 2005. Red and Blue deja vu: Measuring Political Polarization in the 2004 Election. The Forum 3 (2): 1079.
  • KLRC [Kentucky Legislative Research Commission]. 2004. Proposed Marriage Amendment. PDF at http://lrc.ky.gov/lrcpubs/2004_const_amendment_1.pdf .
  • Korte, G. 2004. Gay issue may energize GOP: marriage question seen as boon to Bush. Cincinnati Enquirer, 14 September, §1, A–1.
  • KRS [Kentucky Revised Statutes]. Chapter 117 (Boards of Elections), Section 055 (Division of County into Precincts), Item 2. http://www.lrc.ky.gov/statutes/statute.aspx?id=27352
  • Lang, C., and S. Pearson‐merkowitz. 2014. Partisan sorting in the United States, 1972‐2012: New Evidence from a Dynamic Analysis. Political Geography 48: 1–11.
  • Leib, J. I., and G. R. Webster. 2012. Black, White or Green? The Confederate Battle Emblem and the 2001 Mississippi State Flag Referendum. Southeastern Geographer 52 (3): 299–326.
  • Levendusky, M. S. 2009. The Partisan Sort: How Liberals Became Democrats and Conservatives Became Republicans. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Levendusky, M. S., and J. Pope. 2011. Red States vs. Blue States: Going Beyond the Mean. Public Opinion Quarterly 75 (2): 227–248.
  • Levendusky, M. S., J. C. Pope, and S. D. Jackman. 2008. Measuring District‐Level Partisanship with Implications for the Analysis of U.S. Elections. Journal of Politics 70 (3): 736–753.
  • Luebke, P. 1990. Tar Heel Politics. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
  • Mccarthy, J. 2017. U.S. Support for Gay Marriage Edges to New High. Gallup. http://news.gallup.com/poll/210566/support-gay-marriage-edges-new-high.aspx
  • Mcdaniels, C., J. Jeffries, and J. Upton. 2012. White Racial Consciousness in One Midwestern City: The Case of Cincinnati. Ohio. Black Diaspora Review 3 (1): 24–43.
  • Mcghee, E., and D. Krimm. 2009. Party Registration and the Geography of Party Polarization. Polity 41 (3): 345–367.
  • Moran, P. 1948. The Interpretation of Statistical Maps. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B (Methodological) 10 (2): 243–251.
  • Moran, P. 1950. Note on Continuous Stochastic Phenomena. Biometrika 37 (1): 17–23.
  • Morrill, R., L. Knopp, and M. Brown. 2011. Anomalies in Red and Blue II: Towards an Understanding of the Roles of Setting, Values, and Demography in the 2004 and 2008 U.S. Presidential Elections. Political Geography 30 (3): 153–68.
  • Motyl, M., R. Iyer, S. Oishi, S. Trawalter, and B. A. Nosek. 2014. How Ideological Migration Geographically Segregates Groups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 51 (1): 1–14.
  • Myers, A. S. 2013. Secular Geographical Polarization in the American South: The Case of Texas, 1996–2010. Electoral Studies 32 (1): 48–62.
  • Oppenheimer, B. 2005. Deep Red and Blue Congressional Districts: The Causes and Consequences of Declining Party Competitiveness. In Congress Reconsidered, 8th Ed., edited by L. Dodd and B. Oppenheimer, 135–158. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press.
  • Openshaw, S. 1984. Ecological Fallacies and the Analysis of Areal Census Data. Environment and Planning A 16 (1): 17–31.
  • Openshaw, S., and P. J. Taylor. 1979. A Million or So Correlation Coefficients: Three Experiments on the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem. In Statistical Applications in the Spatial Sciences, edited by N. Wrigley, 127–44. London: Pion Press.
  • ORC [Ohio Revised Code]. Title 35 (Elections), Chapter 3501 (Election Procedures), Section 18 (Division of Political Subdivision into Precincts). http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/3501
  • O'reilly, K., and G. Webster. 1998. A Sociodemographic and Partisan Analysis of Voting in Three Anti‐Gay Rights Referenda in Oregon. Professional Geographer 50 (4): 498–515.
  • Ormrod, R., and D. Cole. 1996. Tolerance and Rejection: The Vote on Colorado's Amendment Two. Professional Geographer 48 (1): 14–27.
  • Petrocik, J. R. 2007. Party Coalitions in the American Public: Morality Politics, Issue Agendas, and the 2004 Election. In State of the Parties, 5th Edition, edited by J. C. Green and D. J. Coffey, 279–298. Lanham, Md: Rowan and Littlefield.
  • Phillips, K. P. 1969. The Emerging Republican Majority. New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House.
  • Powell, J., and M. D. Brewer. 2018. Targeting the Vote: Constituency Appeals and Group Voting in the 2016 Presidential Election. In Conventional Wisdom, Parties, and Broken Barriers in the 2016 Election, edited by J. C. Lucas, C. J. Galdieri, and T. S. Sisco, 3–26. Lanham, Md: Lexington Books.
  • Robinson, W. S. 1950. Ecological Correlations and the Behavior of Individuals. American Sociological Review 15 (3): 351–57.
  • Rogerson, P. 2006. Statistical Methods for Geography: A Student's Guide. London: Sage.
  • Rosenfeld, S. 2018. The Polarizers: The Postwar Architects of Our Partisan Era. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Smartvoter.org, maintained by the League of Women Voters. Issue 1 text filed at http://www.smartvoter.org/2004/11/02/oh/state/issue/1/ .
  • Smith, D. A., and C. J. Tolbert. 2001. The Initiative to Party: Partisanship and Ballot Initiatives in California. Party Politics 7 (6): 739–757.
  • Steinfels, P. 1988. Liberal Politics. Conservative Sentiment. Dissent 35 (1): 81–87.
  • Solis, P., J. Vanos, and R. Forbis. 2017. The Decision‐making/Accountability Spatial Incongruence Problem for Research Linking Environmental Science and Policy. Geographical Review 107 (4): 680–704.
  • Stout, D. 2004. Bush backs ban in Constitution on gay marriage. New York Times, 24 February. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/24/politics/bush-backs-ban-in-constitution-on-gay-marriage.html.
  • Strickler, R. 2016. A ‘Sorted’ America? Geographic Polarization and Value Overlap in the American Electorate. Social Science Quarterly 97 (2): 439–457.
  • Toal, G., and F. M. Shelley. 2003. Political Geography and the New World Order. In Geography in America at the dawn of the 21st century, edited by G. L. Gaile and C. J. Willmott, 164–184. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Tolzmann, R. C. 2011. Cincinnati's German Heritage. Berwyn Heights, Md: Heritage Books.
  • Vaccariello, L. 2004. That Was Then, This Is Now. Cincinnati Magazine, May, 82–87, 151–160.
  • Walker, K. E. 2013. Political Segregation of the Metropolis: Spatial Sorting by Partisan Voting in Metropolitan Minneapolis‐St Paul. City & Community 12 (1): 35–55.
  • Webster, G. R. 1992. Demise of the Solid South. Geographical Review 82 (1): 43–56.
  • Webster, G. R., and N. Quinton. 2010. The Electoral Geographies of Two Segregationist (“Jim Crow”) Referenda in Alabama. Political Geography 29 (7): 370–380.
  • Webster, G. R., T. Chapman, and J. Leib. 2010. Sustaining the “Societal and Scriptural Fence”: Cultural, Social, Political Topographies of Same‐Sex Marriage in Alabama. Professional Geographer 62 (2): 211–229.
  • Wilkerson, I. 1990. Cincinnati Jury Acquits Museum in Mapplethorpe Obscenity Case: Museum Acquitted in Obscenity Trial. The New York Times, 6 October, §1, 1, 6.
  • Woodard, C. 2016. How Cincinnati Salvaged the Nation's Most Dangerous Neighborhood. Politico. https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/06/what-works-cincinnati-ohio-over-the-rhine-crime-neighborhood-turnaround-city-urban-revitalization-213969
  • Yule, U., and M. S. Kendall. 1950. An Introduction to the Theory of Statistics. London: Charles Griffin.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.