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The Professional Geographer Volume 27, 1975 - Issue 1
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EXPRESSIONS OF AGRARIANISM IN AMERICAN GEOGRAPHY THE CASES OF ISAIAH BOWMAN, J. RUSSELL SMITH AND 0. E. BAKER

Expressions Of Agrarianism In American Geography: The Cases Of Isaiah Bowman, J. Russell Smith And O. E. Baker

Charles S. Aiken The University of Tennessee, Knoxville
Pages 19-29 | Published online: 15 Mar 2010

  • Jefferson , Thomas . 1801 . Notes on the State of Virginia , 324 Philadelphia : R. T. Rawle, Publisher .
  • Conkin , Paul K . 1959 . Tomorrow a New World: The New Deal Community Program , Ithaca, N. Y. : Cornell University Press . Don S. Kirschner, City and Country, Rural Responses to Urbanization in the 1920's (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1970); Wayne C. Rohrer and Louis H. Douglas, The Agrarian Transition in America (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1969); and Henry Nash Smith, Virgin Land, The American West as Symbol and Myth (New York: Harvard University Press, 1950
  • 1961 . Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language , 43 Springfield, Mass. : C. & C. Merriam Co. .
  • 1930 . I'll Take My Stand, The South and the Agrarian Tradition , xix New York : Harper and Brothers . Twelve Southerners
  • Cauley , Troy J . 1935 . Agrarianism, A Program for Farmers , 3 Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press .
  • Johnstone , Paul H . 1940 . “ Old Ideals Versus New Ideas in Farm Life ” . In Farmers in a Changing World, USDA Yearbook of Agriculture, 1940 , 111 – 170 . 117 – 118 . Washington D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office . Reference from pp
  • Rohrer , Wayne C . March, 1970 . Agrarianism and the Social Organization of U. S. Agriculture: The Concomitance of Stability and Change . Rural Sociology , 35 : 5 – 14 . 11 – 13 . reference from pp
  • Kirschner and Shideler , James H . Oct., 1973 . Flappers and Philosophers, and Farmers: Rural-Urban Tensions of the Twenties . Agricultural History , 47 : 283 – 299 . op. cit.reference 2; and
  • Taylor , Lee and Jones , Arthur R . 1964 . Rural Life and Urbanized Society , 75 New York : Oxford University Press .
  • 10 Twelve Southerners op. cit. reference 4 pp ix xx
  • Baker , O. E , Borsodi , Ralph and Wilson , M. L . 1939 . Agriculture in Modern Life , New York : Harper and Brothers . For insights on the ideas of Ralph Borsodi see his books: This Ugly Civilization (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1929) and Flight from the City: An Experiment in Creative Living on the Land (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1933
  • Wrigley , Gladys M . Jan., 1951 . Isaiah Bowman . Geographical Review , 41 : 7 – 65 . Bowman was one of the few geographers ever to appear on the cover of Timemagazine. Time, Vol. 27, No. 12 (March 23, 1936).
  • Bowman , Isaiah . 1911 . Forest Physiography , New York : John Wiley & Sons, Inc. . Isaiah Bowman, The New World, Problems in Political Geography (Yonkers-on-Hudson: World Book Co., 1921, 1923, 1924, 1928) and Isaiah Bowman, The Pioneer Fringe (New York: American Geographical Society, 1931)
  • 14 Wrigley op. cit., reference 12 p 9
  • 15 Wrigley op. cit., reference 12 p 33
  • Bowman , Isaiah . 1951 . “ Settlement by the Modern Pioneer ” . In Geography in the Twentieth Century , Edited by: Taylor , Griffith . 248 – 266 . 248 – 249 . New York : Philosophical Library . reference from pp
  • Bowman , Isaiah . Jan., 1931 . Jordan Country . The Geographical Review , 21 : 23 – 55 . 22 reference from p
  • 18 Bowman The Pioneer Fringe op. cit. reference 13 p 46
  • Bowman , Isaiah . Oct., 1927 . The Pioneer Fringe . Foreign Affairs , 6 : 49 – 66 . 50 reference from p
  • 20 Ibid. pp 50 51
  • 21 Bowman The Pioneer Fringe op. cit. reference 13 pp 39 41
  • 22 Bowman op. cit., reference 19 pp 49 50 and 65 66
  • 23 Bowman The Pioneer Fringe op. cit. reference 13 pp 29 30
  • 24 Bowman The Pioneer Fringe op. cit., reference 13 p 39
  • 25 Bowman The Pioneer Fringe op. cit., reference 13 p 25
  • Rowley , Virginia M and Smith , J. Russell . 1964 . Geographer, Educator, and Conservationist , Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . and Otis P. Starkey, “Joseph Russell Smith,” Annals, Association of American Geographers Vol. 57, (March, 1967), pp. 198–202
  • Smith , J. Russell . 1913–1925 . Industrial and Commercial Geography , New York : Henry Holt . J. Russell Smith and M. Ogden Phillips, Industrial and Commercial Geography (New York: Henry Holt, 1946); J. Russell Smith, M. Ogden Phillips and Thomas Russell Smith, Industrial and Commercial Geography (New York: Henry Holt, 1955); J. Russell Smith, North America (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1925); J. Russell Smith and M. Ogden Phillips, North America (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1940 and 1942
  • 28 Rowley op. cit., reference 26 p 15
  • 29 According to Rowley Franklin D Roosevelt offered Smith the office of Secretary of Agriculture during his first administration. Ibid. pp 181 182
  • 30 Starkey op. cit., reference 26 p 199
  • 31 Rowley op. cit. reference 26 pp 172 and 180
  • 32 J. R Smith Industrial and Commercial Geography 1925 op. cit. reference 27 pp 24 25
  • 33 Cauley op. cit., reference 5 pp 104 108
  • 34 J. R Smith Industrial and Commercial Geography 1925 op. cit., reference 27 pp 378 381
  • Smith , J. Russell . 1919 . The World's Food Resources , 573 – 574 . New York : Henry Holt and Company .
  • 36 J. R Smith North America 1925 op. cit., reference 27 pp 80 81 and 110 112
  • 37 Ibid. pp 121 131 and 140 144
  • 38 Ibid. pp 143 144
  • Smith , J. Russell . 1919 . The Scientific City and Its Food Supply . The Journal of Geography , 18 : 121 – 128 .
  • Smith , J. Russell . May, 1915 . The Reconstructed City,” . Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , : 283 – 290 .
  • 40 Conkin op. cit., reference 2 pp 59 72
  • 41 J. R Smith The Scientific City op. cit. reference 39 pp 125 127
  • Visher , S. S and Hu , Charles Y . Dec., 1950 . Oliver Edwin Baker, 1883–1949 . Annals Association of American Geographers , 40 : 328 – 334 .
  • 43 Ibid. p 330
  • 44 Baker Borsodi and Wilson op. cit., reference 11 pp 164 165
  • 45 Ibid. pp 270 272
  • Baker , O. E . 1936 . “ The Agricultural Prospect ” . In Our Natural Resources and Our Conservation , Edited by: Parkins , A. E and Whitaker , J. R . 177 – 236 . 231 – 232 . New York : John Wiley & Sons, Inc. . reference from pp
  • 47 Visher and Hu op. cit., reference 42 p 331
  • Baker , O. E , Borsodi , Baker and Wilson . August, 1934 . The Population Prospect (A Science Service Radio Talk Presented Over the Columbia Broadcasting System) . Scientific Monthly , 39 : 167 – 169 . op. cit., reference 11.
  • Baker , O. E . 1933 . Rural-Urban Migration and the National Welfare . Annals Association of American Geographers , 23 : 59 – 126 . 66 reference from p
  • 50 Ibid. p 67
  • 51 Ibid. p 85
  • 52 Ibid. p 97
  • 53 Ibid. p 89 91
  • 54 Ibid. p 114
  • 55 Ibid. pp 123 124
  • 56 Ibid. pp 114 119
  • 57 H. N Smith op. cit., reference 2 pp 303 304
  • Ackerman , Edward A . 1963 . Where Is a Research Frontier . Annals , 53 : 429 – 440 . Association of American Geographers
  • Jones , Clarence Fielden and Darkenwald , Gordon Gerald . 1965 . Economic Geography , 3rd ed. , 4 New York : Macmillan .
  • 60 J. R Smith Industrial and Commercial Geography 1925 op cit., reference 27 pp 34 35
  • 61 J. R Smith North America 1925 op. cit., reference 27 p v
  • Bowman , Isaiah . April, 1925 . Review of J. Russell Smith's North America . The Geographical Review , 15 : 328 – 329 .
  • Carpenter , Frank G . 1898 . North America , New York : American Book Company . and Israel C. Russell, North America (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1914). Carpenter's book, designed for school children, employed a travellog approach. More than half of Russell's book dealt with the physical environment. The remainder treated North America's “aborigines” and “political geography.”

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