Age‐related maculopathy in the light of ischaemia

REFERENCES

• The Centre for Eye Research Australia (CERA). Centrally focused. The impact of age‐related macular degeneration. http://cera.unimelb.edu.au/publications/cent_focus.htlm 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell E, Smith W, Attebo K, Wong J. Prevalence of age‐related maculopathy in Australia. The Blue Mountains eye study. Ophthalmology 1995; 102: 1450–1460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein R, Klein B, Linton K. Prevalence of age‐related maculopathy. Ophthalmology 1992; 99: 933–943.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vingerling J, Dielemans I, Hofman A, Groebbe D, Hijmering M, Kramer C, De jong P. The prevalence of age‐related maculopathy in the Rotterdam Study. Ophthalmology 1995; 102: 205–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Rochtchina E, Lee A, Chia E, Smith W, Cumming R, Mitchell P. Ten‐year incidence and progression of age‐related maculopathy: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmology 2007; 114: 92–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tikellis G, Robman L, Dimitrov P, Nicolas C, Mccarty C, Guymer R. Characteristics of progression of early age‐related macular degeneration: the Cardiovascular Health and Age‐related Maculopathy Study. Eye 2007; 21: 169–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown M, Brown G, Stein J, Beauchchamp G. Age‐related macular degeneration: economic burden and value‐based medicine analysis. Can J Ophthalmol 2005; 40: 277–287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feigl B, Brown B, Lovie‐kitchin J, Swann P. Functional loss in early age‐related maculopathy: the ischaemia postreceptoral hypothesis. Eye 2006: doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6702389.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutter E, Tran D. The field topography of ERG components in man—I. the photopic luminance response. Vision Res 1992; 32: 433–446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerth C, Hause D, Delahunt P, Morse L, Werner J. Assessment of multifocal electroretinogram abnormalities and their relation to morphologic characteristics with large drusen. Arch Ophthalmol 2003; 121: 1404–1414.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feigl B, Brown B, Lovie‐kitchin J, Swann P. Adaptation responses in early age‐related maculopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46: 4722–4727.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feigl B, Brown B, Lovie‐kitchin J, Lee L. Dynamics of retinal function after multiple photodynamic therapies in age‐related macular degeneration: a report of cases. Doc Ophthalmol 2005; 111: 135–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmowski A, Allgayer R, Heinemann‐vernaleken B, Ruprecht K. Influence of photodynamic therapy in choroidal neovascularization on focal retinal function assessed with the multifocal electroretinogram and perimetry. Ophthalmology 2002; 109: 1788–1792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bird A, Bressler N, Bressler S, Chisholm I, Coscas G, Davis M, De jong P, Klein B, Klein R. An international classification and grading system for age‐related maculopathy and age‐related macular degeneration. The International ARM Epidemiological Study Group. Surv Ophthalmol 1995; 39: 367–374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cukras C, Fine S. Classification and grading system for age‐related macular degeneration. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2007; 47: 51–63.
   Google Scholar
• Klein R, Klein B, Jensen S, Meuer S. The five‐year incidence and progression of age‐related maculopathy: The Beaver Dam Eye Study. Ophthalmology 1997; 104: 7–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van leeuwen R, Klaver C, Vingerling J, Hofman A, De jong P. The risk and natural course of age‐related maculopathy. Follow‐up at 61/2 years in the Rotterdam Study. Arch Ophthalmol 2003; 121: 519–526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarks J, Sarks S, Killingworth M. Evolution of soft drusen in age‐related macular degeneration. Eye 1994; 8: 269–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarks S. Council Lecture. Drusen and their relationship to senile macular degeneration. Aust J Ophthalmol 1980; 8: 117–130.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sarks S, Killingsworth M, Sarks J. Early drusen formation in the normal and aging eye and their relation to age related maculopathy: a clinicopathological study. Br J Ophthalmol 1999; 83: 358–368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarks S, Sarks J. Age‐related maculopathy: non‐neovascular age‐related macular degeneration and the evolution of geographic atrophy. In: Ryan SJ, Schachat AP, eds. Retina, 3rd eds. Philadelphia: Mosby, 2001. p 1064–1099.
   Google Scholar
• Hageman G, Luthert P, Victor chong N, Johnson L, Anderson D, Mullins R. An integrated hypothesis that considers drusen as biomarkers of immune‐mediated processes at the RPE‐Bruch’s membrane interface in aging and age‐related macular degeneration. Prog Retinal Eye Res 2001; 20: 705–732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Age‐Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. The age‐related eye disease study system for classifying age‐related macular degeneration from stereoscopic color fundus photographs: the Age‐Related Eye Disease Study Report Number 6. Am J Ophthalmol 2001; 132: 668–681.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein R, Klein B, Tomany S, Meuer S, Huang G. Ten‐year incidence and progression of age‐related maculopathy: the Beaver Dam Eye study. Ophthalmology 2002; 109: 1767–1779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klaver C, Wolfs R, Assink J, Van duijn C, Hofman A, De jong P. Genetic risk of age‐related maculopathy. Population‐based family aggregation study. Arch Ophthalmol 1998; 116: 1646–1651.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klein M, Mauldin W, Stoubos V. Hereditary and age‐related macular degeneration. Observation in monozygotic twins. Arch Ophthalmol 1994; 112: 932–937.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heiba I, Elston R, Klein B, Klein R. Sibling correlations and segregation analysis of age‐related maculopathy: The Beaver Dam Eye Study. Gen Epidemiol 1994; 11: 51–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haddad S, Chen C, Santangelo S, Seddon J. The genetics of age‐related macular degeneration: a review of progress to date. Surv Ophthalmol 2006; 51: 316–363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hageman G, Anderson D, Johnson L, Hancox L, Taiber A, Hardisty L, Hageman J, Stockman H, Borchardt J, Gehrs K, Smith R, Silvestri G, Russell S, Klaver C, Barbazetto I, Chang S, Yannuzzi L, Barile G, Merriam J, Smith R, Olsh A, Bergeron J, Zernant J, Merriam J, Gold B, Dean M, Allikmets R. A common haplotype in the complement regulatory gene factor H (HF1/CFH) predisposes individuals to age‐related macular degeneration. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 2005; 102: 7227–7232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards A, Ritter R, Abel K, Manning A, Panhuysen C, Farrer L. Complement factor H polymorphism and age‐related macular degeneration. Science 2005; 308: 421–424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haines J, Hauser M, Schmidt S, Scott W, Olson L, Gallins P, Spencer K, Kwan S, Noureddine M, Gilbert J, Schnetz‐boutaud N, Agarwal A, Postel E, Pericak‐vance M. Complement factor H variant increases the risk of age‐related macular degeneration. Science 2005; 308: 419–421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein R, Zeiss C, Chew E, Tsai J‐Y, Sackler R, Haynes C, Henning A, Sangiovanni J, Mane S, Mayne S, Bracken M, Ferris F, Ott J, Barnstable C, Hoh J. Complement factor H polymorphism in age‐related macular degeneration. Science 2005; 308: 385–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Killingsworth M, Sarks J, Sarks S. Macrophages related to Bruch’s membrane in age‐related macular degeneration. Eye 1990; 4: 613–621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson D, Mullins R, Hageman G, Johnson L. A role for local inflammation in the formation of drusen in the aging eye. Am J Ophthalmol 2002; 134: 411–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson L, Leitner W, Staples M, Anderson D. Complement activation and inflammatory processes in drusen formation and age‐related macular degeneration. Exp Eye Res 1999; 73: 887–896.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans J. Risk factors for age‐related macular degeneration. Prog Ret Eye Res 2000; 20: 227–253.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esparza‐gordillo J, Soria J, Buil A, Almasy L, Blangaro J, Fontcuberta J, Rodriguez De cordoba S. Genetic and environmental factors influencing the human factor H plasma levels. Immunogenetics 2004; 56: 77–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arboix A, Miguel M, Ciscar E, Garcia‐eroles L, Massons J, Balcells M. Cardiovascular risk factors in patients aged 85 or older with ischemic stroke. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2005: 108: 638–643.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezzati M, Henley S, Thun M, Lopez A. Role of smoking in global and regional cardiovascular mortality. Circulation 2005; 112: 489–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arden G, Sidman R, Arap W, Schlingemann R. Spare the rod and spoil the eye. Br J Ophthalmol 2005; 89: 764–769.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlingemann R. Role of growth factors and the wound healing response in age‐related macular degeneration. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2004; 242: 91–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grunwald J, Metelitsina T, Dupont J, Ying G‐S, Maguire M. Reduced foveolar choroidal blood flow in eyes with increasing AMD severity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46: 1033–1038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein R, Klein B, Marino E, Kuller L, Furberg C, Burke G, Hubbard L. Early age‐related maculopathy in the cardiovascular health study. Ophthalmology 2003; 110: 25–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith W, Mitchell P, Leeder S, Wang J. Plasma fibrinogen levels, other cardiovascular risk factors, and age‐related maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 1998; 116: 583–587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyman L, Schachat A, He Q, Leske M. Hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and age‐related macular degeneration: Age‐Related Macular Degeneration Risk Factors Study Group. Arch Ophthalmol 2000; 117: 351–358.
   Google Scholar
• Klein R, Klein B, Jensen S. The relation of cardiovascular disease and its risk factors to the 5‐year incidence of age‐related maculopathy: the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Ophthalmology 1997; 104: 1804–1812.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein R, Klein B, Tomany S, Cruickshanks K. The association of cardiovascular disease with long term incidence of age‐related maculopathy. Ophthalmology 2003; 110: 636–643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snow K, Seddon J. Do age‐related macular degeneration and cardiovascular diseases share common antecedents? Ophthalmol Epidemiol 1999; 6: 125–143.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dasch B, Fuhs A, Meister A, Behrens T, Krause K, Pauleikhoff D, Hense H. Association between classic cardiovascular risk factors and age‐related maculopathy (ARM). Results of the baseline examination of the Munster Aging and Retina Study (MARS). Ophthalmologe 2005; 102: 1057–1063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grunwald J, Hariprasad S, Dupont J, Maguire M, Fine S, Brucker A, Maguire A, Ho A. Foveal choroidal blood flow in age‐related macular degeneration (AMD). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1998; 39: 385–390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen J, Fitzke F, Pauleikhoff D, Bird A. Functional loss in age‐related Bruch’s membrane change with choroidal perfusion defect. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1992; 33: 334–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman E, Krupsky S, Lane A, Oak S, Friedman ES, Egan K, Gragoudas E. Ocular blood flow velocity in age‐related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 1995; 102: 640–646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciulla T, Harris A, Chung H. Color doppler imaging discloses reduced ocular blood flow velocities in non‐exudative age‐related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol 1999; 128: 75–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauleikhoff D, Chen J, Chisholm I, Bird A. Choroidal perfusion abnormality with age‐related Bruch’s membrane change. Am J Ophthalmol 1990; 109: 211–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witmer A, Vrensen G, Van noorden C, Schlingemann R. Vascular endothelial growth factors and angiogenesis in eye disease. Prog Ret Eye Res 2003; 22: 1–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curcio C. Photoreceptor topography in aging and age‐related maculopathy. Eye 2001; 15: 376–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bui BV, Vingrys A, Kalloniatis M. Correlating retinal function and amino acid immunocytochemistry following post‐mortem ischemia. Exp Eye Res 2003; 77: 125–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarks J, Sarks S, Killingworth M. Evolution of geographic atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium. Eye 1988; 2: 552–577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marmor M, Donovan W, Gaba D. Effects of hypoxia and hyperoxia on the human standing potential. Doc Ophthalmol 1985; 60: 347–352.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tinjust D, Kergoat H, Lovasik J. Neuroretinal function during mild systemic hypoxia. Aviat Space Environ Med 2002; 73: 1189–1194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kergoat H, Herard M‐E, Lemay M. RCG sensitivity to mild systemic hypoxemia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006; 47: 5423–5427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulton M. Aging of the retinal pigment epithelium. Prog Ret Res 1991; 11: 125–152.
   Google Scholar
• Boulton M, Dayhaw‐barker P. The role of the retinal pigment epithelium: topographical variations and ageing changes. Eye 2001; 15: 384–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guymer R, Luthert P, Bird A. Changes in Bruch’s membrane and related structures with age. Prog Ret Eye Res 1998; 18: 59–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curcio C, Medeiros N, Millican L. Photoreceptor loss in age‐related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1996; 37: 1236–1249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curcio C, Millican L, Allen K, Kalina R. Aging of the human photoreceptor mosaic: evidence for selective vulnerability of rods in central retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1993; 34: 3278–3296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phipps J, Guymer R, Vingrys A. Loss of cone function in age‐related maculopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003; 44: 2277–2283.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zele AJ, O’loughlin R, Guymer R, Vingrys A. Disclosing disease mechanisms with a spatio‐temporal summation paradigm. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2006; 244: 425–432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feigl B, Brown B, Lovie‐kitchin J, Swann P. Postreceptoral adaptation abnormalities in early age‐related maculopathy. Vis Neurosci 2006; 23: 863–870.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hood D, Frishman L, Saszik S, Viswanathan S. Retinal origins of the primate multifocal ERG. Implication for the human response. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002; 43: 1673–1685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hood D. Assessing retinal function with the multifocal technique. Prog Ret Eye Res 2000; 19: 607–646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feigl B, Lovie‐kitchin J, Brown B. Objective functional assessment of age‐related maculopathy: a special application for the multifocal electroretinogram. Clin Exp Optom 2005; 88: 304–312.
   Google Scholar
• Zele AJ, Vingrys A. Cathode‐ray‐tube monitor artefacts in neurophysiology. J Neurosci Methods 2005; 141: 1–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bearse M Jr, Han Y, Schneck M, Adams A. Retinal function in normal and diabetic eyes mapped with slow flash multifocal electroretinogram. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004; 45: 296–304.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimada Y, Bearse M Jr, Sutter E. Multifocal electroretinograms combined with periodic flashes: direct responses and induced components. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2005; 243: 132–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feigl B, Stewart I, Brown B. Experimental hypoxia in human eyes: implications for ischaemic disease. Clin Neurophysiol 2007; 118: 887–895. Epub 2007 Feb 16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrara N, Gerber H, Lecouter J. The biology of VEGF and its receptors. Nat Med 2003; 9: 699–676.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown D, Kaiser P, Michels M, Soubrane G, Heier J, Kim R, Sy J, Schneider S, for the ANCHOR Study Group. Ranibizumab versus verteporfin for neovascular age‐related macular degeneration. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 1432–1444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld P. Intravitreal avastin: the low cost alternative to lucentis? Am J Ophthalmol 2006; 142: 141–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macular Photocoagulation Study Group. Subfoveal neovascular lesions in age‐related macular degeneration. Guidelines for evaluation and treatment in the macular photocoagulation study. Arch Ophthalmol 1991; 109: 1242–1257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gragoudas E, Adamis A, Cunningham E, Feinsod M, Guyer D, for the VEGF Inhibition Study in Ocular Neovascularisation Clinical Trial Group. Pegaptanib for neovascular age‐related macular degeneration. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 2805–2816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heier J, Antoszyk AN, Pavan P, Leff S, Rosenfeld P, Ciulla T, Dreyer R, Gentile R, Sy J, Hantsbarger G, Shams N. Ranibizumab for treatment of neovascular age‐related macular degeneration a phase I/II multicenter, controlled, multidose study. Ophthalmology 2006; 113: 642.e1–4. Epub 2006 Feb 14.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld P, Rich R, Lalwani G. Ranibizumab: Phase III Clinical Trial Results. Ophthalmol Clin North Am 2006; 19: 361–372.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dvorak H, Brown L, Detmar M, Dvorak A. Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor, microvascular hyperpermeablilty, and angiogenesis. Am J Pathol 1995; 146: 1029–1039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bird A. Pathogenesis of retinal pigment epithelial detachment in the elderly; the relevance of Bruch’s membrane change. Eye 1991; 5: 1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hera R, Keramidas M, Peoc’h M, Mouillon M, Romanet J, Feige J. Expression of VEGF and angiopoietins in subfoveal membranes from patients with age‐related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol 2005; 139: 589–596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld P, Brown D, Heier J, Boyer D, Kaiser P, Chung C, Kim R, MARINA Study Group. Ranibizumab for neovascular age‐related macular degeneration. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 1419–1431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treatment of Age‐Related Macular Degeneration With Photodynamic Therapy (TAP) Study Group. Verteporfin therapy of subfoveal choroidal neovascularisation in age‐related macular degeneration: 5 year results of two randomized clinical trials with an open‐label extension. TAP Report No. 8. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2006; 44: 1132–1142.
   Google Scholar
• Jonas J, Harder B, Spandau U, Kamppeter B, Sauder G. Bevacizumab for occult subfoveal neovascularization in age‐related macular degeneration. Eur J Ophthalmol 2006; 16: 774–775.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moshfeghi A, Rosenfeld P, Puliafito C, Michels S, Marcus E, Lenchus J, Venkatraman A. Systemic Bevacizumab (Avastin) therapy for neovascular age‐related macular degeneration. Twenty‐four‐week results of an uncontrolled open‐label clinical study. Ophthalmology 2006:113: 2002.e1–12. Epub 2006 Oct 5.
   Google Scholar
• Abraham‐marin M, Cortes‐luna C, Alvarez‐rivera G, Hernandez‐rojas M, Quiroz‐mercado H, Morales‐canton V. Intravitreal bevacizumab therapy for neovascular age‐related macular degeneration: a pilot study. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2006 Sep 28; [Epub ahead of print.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa R, Jorge R, Calucci D, Cardillo J, Melo La Jr, Scott I. Intravitreal bevacizumab for choroidal neovascularization caused by AMD (IBeNA Study): results of a phase 1 dose‐escalation study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006; 47: 4569–4578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spaide R, Laud K, Fine H, Klancnik JJ, Meyerle C, Yannuzzi L, Sorenson J, Slakter J, Fisher Y, Cooney M. Intravitreal bevacizumab treatment of choroidal neovascularization secondary to age‐related macular degeneration. Retina 2006; 26: 383–390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mordenti J, Cuthbertson R, Ferrara N, Thomsen K, Berleau L, Licko V, Allen P, Valverde C, Meng Y, Fei D, Fourre K, Ryan A. Comparisons of the intraocular tissue distribution, pharmacokinetics, and safety of 125I‐labeled full‐length and Fab antibodies in rhesus monkeys following intravitreal administration. Toxicol Pathol 1999; 27: 536–544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld P, Moshfeghi A, Puliafito C. Optical coherence tomography findings after an intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (avastin) for neovascular age‐related macular degeneration. Ophthalmic Surg Laser Imaging 2005; 36: 331–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michels S, Rosenfeld P, Puliafito C, Marcus E, Venkatraman A. Systemic bevacizumab (Avastin) therapy for neovascular age‐related macular degeneration twelve‐week results of an uncontrolled open‐label clinical study. Ophthalmology 2005; 112: 1035–1047.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heier J, Boyer D, Ciulla T, Ferrone P, Jumper J, Gentile R, Kotlovker D, Chung C, Kim R. Ranibizumab combined with verteporfin photodynamic therapy in neovascular age‐related macular degeneration: year 1 results of the FOCUS Study. Arch Ophthalmol 2006; 124: 1532–1542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhalla M, Shah G, Blinder K, Ryan EJ, Mittra R, Tewari A. Combined photodynamic therapy with verteporfin and intravitreal bevacizumab for choroidal neovascularization in age‐related macular degeneration. Retina 2006; 29: 988–993.
   Google Scholar
• Maturi R, Bleau L, Wilson D. Electrophysiologic findings after intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) treatment. Retina 2006; 26: 270–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moschos M, Brouzas D, Apostolopoulos M, Koutsandrea C, Loukianou E, Moschos M. Intravitreal use of bevacizumab (Avastin) for choroidal neovascularization due to ARMD: a preliminary multifocal‐ERG and OCT study: Multifocal‐ERG after use of bevacizumab in ARMD. Doc Ophthalmol 2007; 114: 37–44. Epub 2007 Jan 10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillies M. What we don’t know about avastin might hurt us. Arch Ophthalmol 2006; 123: 1478.
   Google Scholar
• Storkebaum E, Lambrechts D, Carmeliet P. VEGF: once regarded as a specific angiogenic factor, now implicated in neuroprotection. Bioessays 2004; 26: 943–954.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galvan V, Greenberg D, Jin K. The role of vascular endothelial growth factor in neurogenesis in adult brain. Mini Rev Med Chem 2006; 6: 667–669.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maulik N. Reactive oxygen species drives myocardial angiogenesis? Antioxid Redox Signal 2006; 8: 2161–2168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manley P, Martiny‐baron G, Schlaeppi J, Wood J. Therapies directed at vascular endothelial growth factor. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2002; 11: 1715–1736.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krukier I, Pogorelova T. Production of vascular endothelial growth factor and endothelin in the placenta and umbilical cord during normal and complicated pregnancy. Bull Exp Biol Med 2006; 141: 216–218.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar