Telemedicine and ocular health in diabetes mellitus

REFERENCES

• Whiting DR, Guariguata L, Weil C, Shaw J. IDF diabetes atlas: global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2011 and 2030. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2011; 94: 311–321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Diabetes: Australian facts 2008. Cat. no. CVD 40. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Wang YC, Mcpherson K, Marsh T, Gortmaker SL, Brown M. Health and economic burden of the projected obesity trends in the USA and the UK. Lancet 2011; 378: 815–825.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trasande L, Elbel B. The economic burden placed on healthcare systems by childhood obesity. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2012; 12: 39–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long‐term complications in insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 977–986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keech AC, Mitchell P, Summanen PA, O'day J, Davis TM, Moffitt MS, Taskinen MR et al. Effect of fenofibrate on the need for laser treatment for diabetic retinopathy (FIELD study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007; 370: 1687–1697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genuth S, Ismail‐beigi F. Clinical implications of the ACCORD trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97: 41–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fong DS, Strauber SF, Aiello LP, Beck RW, Callanan DG, Danis RP, Davis MD et al. Comparison of the modified Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study and mild macular grid laser photocoagulation strategies for diabetic macular edema. Arch Ophthalmol 2007; 125: 469–480.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Googe J, Brucker AJ, Bressler NM, Qin H, Aiello LP, Antoszyk A, Beck RW et al. Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network: randomized trial evaluating short‐term effects of intravitreal ranibizumab or triamcinolone acetonide on macular edema after focal/grid laser for diabetic macular edema in eyes also receiving panretinal photocoagulation. Retina 2011; 31: 1009–1027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yau JW, Rogers SL, Kawasaki R, Lamoureux EL, Kowalski JW, Bek T, Chen SJ et al. Global prevalence and major risk factors of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care 2012; 35: 556–564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow SP, Aiello LM, Cavallerano JD, Katalinic P, Hock K, Tolson A, Kirby R et al. Comparison of nonmydriatic digital retinal imaging versus dilated ophthalmic examination for nondiabetic eye disease in persons with diabetes. Ophthalmology 2006; 113: 833–840.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fong DS, Aiello L, Gardner TW, King GL, Blankenship G, Cavallerano JD, Ferris FL 3rd et al. Retinopathy in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004; 27 (Suppl 1): S84–S87.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Australian Government National Health and Medical Research Council NHMRC. Guidelines for the management of diabetic retinopathy. 2008. Available from: http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/publications/attachments/di15.pdf?q=publications/synopses/_files/di15.pdf. Accessed February 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Mccarty CA, Lloyd‐smith CW, Lee SE, Livingston PM, Stanislavsky YL, Taylor HR. Use of eye care services by people with diabetes: the Melbourne Visual Impairment Project. Br J Ophthalmol 1998; 82: 410–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mccarty DJ, Fu CL, Harper CA, Taylor HR, Mccarty CA. Five‐year incidence of diabetic retinopathy in the Melbourne Visual Impairment Project. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2003; 31: 397–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoenfeld ER, Greene JM, Wu SY, Leske MC. Patterns of adherence to diabetes vision care guidelines: baseline findings from the Diabetic Retinopathy Awareness Program. Ophthalmology 2001; 108: 563–571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chin MH, Cook S, Jin L, Drum ML, Harrison JF, Koppert J, Thiel F et al. Barriers to providing diabetes care in community health centers. Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 268–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bursell SE, Cavallerano JD, Cavallerano AA, Clermont AC, Birkmire‐peters D, Aiello LP, Aiello LM. Stereo nonmydriatic digital‐video color retinal imaging compared with Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study seven standard field 35‐mm stereo color photos for determining level of diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology 2001; 108: 572–585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aiello LM. Preserving human vision: eliminating blindness from diabetes mellitus. J Am Optom Assoc 1998; 69: 690–692.
   Google Scholar
• Zimmer‐galler I, Zeimer R. Results of implementation of the DigiScope for diabetic retinopathy assessment in the primary care environment. Telemed J E Health 2006; 12: 89–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olayiwola JN, Sobieraj DM, Kulowski K, St hilaire D, Huang JJ. Improving diabetic retinopathy screening through a statewide telemedicine program at a large federally qualified health center. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2011; 22: 804–816.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed J, Ward TP, Bursell SE, Aiello LM, Cavallerano JD, Vigersky RA. The sensitivity and specificity of nonmydriatic digital stereoscopic retinal imaging in detecting diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 2205–2209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aspelund T, Thornorisdottir O, Olafsdottir E, Gudmundsdottir A, Einarsdottir AB, Mehlsen J, Einarsson S et al. Individual risk assessment and information technology to optimise screening frequency for diabetic retinopathy. Diabetologia 2011; 54: 2525–2532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boucher MC, Gresset JA, Angioi K, Olivier S. Effectiveness and safety of screening for diabetic retinopathy with two nonmydriatic digital images compared with the seven standard stereoscopic photographic fields. Can J Ophthalmol 2003; 38: 557–568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bragge P, Gruen RL, Chau M, Forbes A, Taylor HR. Screening for presence or absence of diabetic retinopathy: a meta‐analysis. Arch Ophthalmol 2011; 129: 435–444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conlin PR, Fisch BM, Cavallerano AA, Cavallerano JD, Bursell SE, Aiello LM. Non‐mydriatic teleretinal imaging improves adherence to annual eye examinations in patients with diabetes. J Rehabil Res Dev 2006; 43: 733–740.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conlin PR, Fisch BM, Orcutt JC, Hetrick BJ, Darkins AW. Framework for a national teleretinal imaging program to screen for diabetic retinopathy in Veterans Health Administration patients. J Rehabil Res Dev 2006; 43: 741–748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goatman KA, Philip S, Fleming AD, Harvey RD, Swa KK, Styles C, Black M et al. External quality assurance for image grading in the Scottish Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Programme. Diabet Med. 2011; doi: 10.1111/j.1464‐5491.2011.03504.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hejlesen O, Ege B, Englmeier KH, Aldington S, Mccanna L, Bek T. TOSCA‐Imaging–developing Internet based image processing software for screening and diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy. Stud Health Technol Inform 2004; 107: 222–226.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kumar SK, Kanagasingam Y, Constable IJ. Should telemedicine in eye care be funded in Australia? Med J Aust 2004; 181: 583.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luzio S, Hatcher S, Zahlmann G, Mazik L, Morgan M, Liesenfeld B, Bek T et al. Feasibility of using the TOSCA telescreening procedures for diabetic retinopathy. Diabet Med 2004; 21: 1121–1128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng J, Zou H, Wang W, Fu J, Shen B, Bai X, Xu X et al. Implementation and first‐year screening results of an ocular telehealth system for diabetic retinopathy in China. BMC Health Serv Res 2011; 11: 250.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phiri R, Keeffe JE, Harper CA, Taylor HR. Comparative study of the polaroid and digital non‐mydriatic cameras in the detection of referrable diabetic retinopathy in Australia. Diabet Med 2006; 23: 867–872.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ting DS, Tay‐kearney ML, Constable I, Lim L, Preen DB, Kanagasingam Y. Retinal video recording a new way to image and diagnose diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology 2011; 118: 1588–1593.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ting DS, Tay‐kearney ML, Kanagasingam Y. Light and portable novel device for diabetic retinopathy screening. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2012; 40: e40–e46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Health Service (NHS) Diabetic Eye Screening Program. UK Screening Portal, 2012. Available from: http://diabeticeye.screening.nhs.uk/. Accessed 17 February 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Turner AW, Mulholland W, Taylor HR. Funding models for outreach ophthalmology services. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2011; 39: 350–357.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grading diabetic retinopathy from stereoscopic color fundus photographs–an extension of the modified Airlie House classification. ETDRS report number 10. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Ophthalmology 1991; 98 (5 Suppl): 786–806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson CP, Ferris FL 3rd, Klein RE, Lee PP, Agardh CD, Davis M, Dills D et al. Proposed international clinical diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema disease severity scales. Ophthalmology 2003; 110: 1677–1682.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fransen SR, Leonard‐martin TC, Feuer WJ, Hildebrand PL. Clinical evaluation of patients with diabetic retinopathy: accuracy of the Inoveon diabetic retinopathy‐3DT system. Ophthalmology 2002; 109: 595–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudnisky CJ, Hinz BJ, Tennant MT, De leon AR, Greve MD. High‐resolution stereoscopic digital fundus photography versus contact lens biomicroscopy for the detection of clinically significant macular edema. Ophthalmology 2002; 109: 267–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider S, Aldington SJ, Kohner EM, Luzio S, Owens DR, Schmidt V, Schuell H et al. Quality assurance for diabetic retinopathy telescreening. Diabet Med 2005; 22: 794–802.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavallerano AA, Cavallerano JD, Katalinic P, Tolson AM, Aiello LP, Aiello LM. Use of Joslin Vision Network digital‐video nonmydriatic retinal imaging to assess diabetic retinopathy in a clinical program. Retina 2003; 23: 215–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murgatroyd H, Ellingford A, Cox A, Binnie M, Ellis JD, Macewen CJ, Leese GP. Effect of mydriasis and different field strategies on digital image screening of diabetic eye disease. Br J Ophthalmol 2004; 88: 920–924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scanlon PH, Foy C, Malhotra R, Aldington SJ. The influence of age, duration of diabetes, cataract, and pupil size on image quality in digital photographic retinal screening. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 2448–2453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li HK, Horton M, Bursell SE, Cavallerano J, Zimmer‐galler I, Tennant M, Abramoff M et al. Telehealth practice recommendations for diabetic retinopathy, second edition. Telemed J E Health 2011; 17: 814–837.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanberry B. The legal and ethical aspects of telemedicine. 3: Telemedicine and malpractice. J Telemed Telecare 1998; 4: 72–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iserson KV. Telemedicine: a proposal for an ethical code. Camb Q Healthc Ethics 2000; 9: 404–406.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mossman KL. Medical testing: issues and ethics. Forum Appl Res Public Policy 1997; 12: 90–101.
   Google Scholar
• Silverman RD. Current legal and ethical concerns in telemedicine and e‐medicine. J Telemed Telecare 2003; 9 (Suppl 1): S67–S69.
   Google Scholar
• Whited JD, Datta SK, Aiello LM, Aiello LP, Cavallerano JD, Conlin PR, Horton MB et al. A modeled economic analysis of a digital tele‐ophthalmology system as used by three federal health care agencies for detecting proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Telemed J E Health 2005; 11: 641–651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng M, Nathoo N, Rudnisky CJ, Tennant MT. Improving access to eye care: teleophthalmology in Alberta, Canada. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2009; 3: 289–296.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fonda SJ, Bursell SE, Lewis DG, Garren J, Hock K, Cavallerano J. The relationship of a diabetes telehealth eye care program to standard eye care and change in diabetes health outcomes. Telemed J E Health 2007; 13: 635–644.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson C, Horton M, Cavallerano J, Aiello LM. Addition of primary care‐based retinal imaging technology to an existing eye care professional referral program increased the rate of surveillance and treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 318–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arday DR, Fleming BB, Keller DK, Pendergrass PW, Vaughn RJ, Turpin JM, Nicewander DA. Variation in diabetes care among states: do patient characteristics matter? Diabetes care 2002; 25: 2230–2237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chin MH, Auerbach SB, Cook S, Harrison JF, Koppert J, Jin L, Thiel F et al. Quality of diabetes care in community health centers. Am J Public Health 2000; 90: 431–434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips P. Diabetes in Australia—our 2009 report card. Diabetes Australia. Conquest 2010; 10–11.
   Google Scholar
• Bailie R, Si D, Connors C, Weeramanthri T, Clark L, Dowden M, O'donohue L et al. Study protocol: Audit and Best Practice for Chronic Disease Extension (ABCDE) Project. BMC Health Serv Res 2008; 8: 184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcdermott RA, Mcculloch BG, Campbell SK, Young DM. Diabetes in the Torres Strait Islands of Australia: better clinical systems but significant increase in weight and other risk conditions among adults, 1999–2005. Med J Aust 2007; 186: 505–508.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowley KG, O'dea K, Anderson I, Mcdermott R, Saraswati K, Tilmouth R, Roberts I et al. Lower than expected morbidity and mortality for an Australian Aboriginal population: 10‐year follow‐up in a decentralised community. Med J Aust 2008; 188: 283–287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valery PC, Moloney A, Cotterill A, Harris M, Sinha AK, Green AC. Prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome in Indigenous Australian youths. Obes Rev 2009; 10: 255–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carbone ET, Rosal MC, Torres MI, Goins KV, Bermudez OI. Diabetes self‐management: perspectives of Latino patients and their health care providers. Patient Educ Couns 2007; 66: 202–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Hon Mark Butler MP. New Advisory Council to Boost Disease Prevention Efforts. Canberra. Media release http://www.health.gov.au; 2011 Jul 18 [3 p]. Available from: http://www.health.gov.au/internet/ministers/publishing.nsf/Content/9627AFE36AE57EFCCA2578D10020B581/$File/mb072.pdf. Accessed 12 February 2012.
   Google Scholar
• The Hon Nicola Roxon MP. Telehealth Fees Unveiled [Internet]. Canberra. Media release http://www.health.gov.au; 2011 Jun 6 [2 p]. Available from: http://www.health.gov.au/internet/ministers/publishing.nsf/Content/mr‐yr11‐nr‐nr116.htm?OpenDocument&yr=2011&mth=06. Accessed 12 February 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Australian Government Discussion Paper. Connecting Health Services with The Future: Modernising Medicare By Providing Rebates For Online Consultations. A Discussion Paper from the Australian Government [Internet]. Canberra. Australian Government; 2011 [5 p]. Available from: http://www.health.gov.au/internet/mbsonline/publishing.nsf/Content/256BA3C38B7EEA22CA2577EA006F7C42/$File/Telehealthpercent20discussionpercent20paper.pdf. Accessed 12 February 2012.
   Google Scholar
• The Hon Nicola Roxon MP. More Progress in e‐health Consultation and Engagement [Internet]. Canberra: Media Release http://www.health.gov.au; 2011 Jul 7 [2 p]. Available from: http://www.health.gov.au/internet/ministers/publishing.nsf/Content/36DC3163617C6CCBCA2578C6000773DB/$File/nr138.pdf. Accessed 17 February 2012.
   Google Scholar
• National Broadband Network (NBNCo). What the network will look like in your street. [Internet]. Australia. 2010 [updated 2011 Sep]. Available from: http://www.nbnco.com.au/. Accessed 12 February 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Australian Government. Department of Broadband, Communication and Digital Economy. # au20 National Digital Economy Strategy [Internet]. Canberra: Department of Broadband, Communication and Digital Economy. 2011 May 31 [68 p]. Available from: http://www.nbn.gov.au/wpcontent/uploads/2011/05/National_Digital_Economy_Strategy.pdf. Accessed 12 February 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Australian Government. Australian Department of Health and Aging. Draft Concept of Operations: Relating to the Introduction of a personally controlled electronic health record (PCEHR) [Internet]. Canberra: National E‐Health Transition Authority (nehta): 2011 Apr [135 p]. Available from: http://www.yourhealth.gov.au/internet/yourhealth/publishing.nsf/Content/pcehr. Accessed 12 February 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Elliott G, Smith AC, Bensink ME, Brown C, Stewart C, Perry C, Scuffham P. The feasibility of a community‐based mobile telehealth screening service for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in Australia. Telemed J E Health 2010; 16: 950–956.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fonda SJ, Birkmire‐peters D, Bursell SE. Comprehensive Diabetes Management Program (CDMP). In Merrell R, Cooper RA, eds. Proceedings of the Fourth IASTED International Conference on Telehealth and Assistive Technologies Calgary: ACTA Press, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Fonda SJ, Kedziora RJ, Vigersky RA, Bursell SE. Combining iGoogle and personal health records to create a prototype personal health application for diabetes self‐management. Telemed J E Health 2010; 16: 480–489.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fonda SJ, Kedziora RJ, Vigersky RA, Bursell SE. Evolution of a web‐based, prototype Personal Health Application for diabetes self‐management. J Biomed Inform 2010; 43 (5 Suppl): S17–S21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan RE, Lancashire RJ, Adab P. An evaluation of Birmingham Own Health telephone care management service among patients with poorly controlled diabetes. A retrospective comparison with the General Practice Research Database. BMC Public Health 2011; 11: 707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim S, Kang SM, Shin H, Lee HJ, Won yoon J, Yu SH, Kim SY et al. Improved glycemic control without hypoglycemia in elderly diabetic patients using the ubiquitous healthcare service, a new medical information system. Diabetes Care 2011; 34: 308–313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinstock RS, Teresi JA, Goland R, Izquierdo R, Palmas W, Eimicke JP, Ebner S et al. Glycemic control and health disparities in older ethnically diverse underserved adults with diabetes: five‐year results from the Informatics for Diabetes Education and Telemedicine (IDEATel) study. Diabetes Care 2011; 34: 274–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West SP, Lagua C, Trief PM, Izquierdo R, Weinstock RS. Goal setting using telemedicine in rural underserved older adults with diabetes: experiences from the informatics for diabetes education and telemedicine project. Telemed J E Health 2010; 16: 405–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu CH, Bahniwal R, Laupacis A, Leung E, Orr MS, Straus SE. Systematic review and evaluation of web‐accessible tools for management of diabetes and related cardiovascular risk factors by patients and healthcare providers. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2012; doi:10.1136/amiajnl‐2011‐000307.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welch G, Allen NA, Zagarins SE, Stamp KD, Bursell SE, Kedziora RJ. Comprehensive diabetes management program for poorly controlled Hispanic type 2 patients at a community health center. Diabetes Educ 2011; 37: 680–688.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glasgow RE, Hiss RG, Anderson RM, Friedman NM, Hayward RA, Marrero DG, Taylor CB et al. Report of the health care delivery work group: behavioral research related to the establishment of a chronic disease model for diabetes care. Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 124–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ersek M, Turner JA, Cain KC, Kemp CA. Results of a randomized controlled trial to examine the efficacy of a chronic pain self‐management group for older adults [ISRCTN11899548]. Pain 2008; 138: 29–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorig KR, Holman H. Self‐management education: history, definition, outcomes and mechanisms. Ann Behav Med. 2003; 26: 1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcgillion MH, Watt‐watson J, Stevens B, Lefort SM, Coyte P, Graham A. Randomized controlled trial of a psychoeducation program for the self‐management of chronic cardiac pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 2008; 36: 126–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butcher MK, Gilman J, Meszaros JF, Bjorsness D, Madison M, Mcdowall JM, Oser CS et al. Improving access to quality diabetes education in a rural state: the Montana Quality Diabetes Education Initiative. Diabetes Educ 2006; 32: 963–967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glazier RH, Bajcar J, Kennie NR, Willson K. A systematic review of interventions to improve diabetes care in socially disadvantaged populations. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 1675–1688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorig KR, Ritter PL, Jacquez A. Outcomes of border health Spanish/English chronic disease self‐management programs. Diabetes Educ 2005; 31: 401–409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorig KR, Ritter PL, Laurent DD, Plant K. The internet‐based arthritis self‐management program: a one‐year randomized trial for patients with arthritis or fibromyalgia. Arthritia Rheum 2008; 59: 1009–1017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith BJ, Mcelroy HJ, Ruffin RE, Frith PA, Heard AR, Battersby MW, Esterman AJ et al. The effectiveness of coordinated care for people with chronic respiratory disease. Med J Aust 2002; 177: 481–485.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas A, Ward E. Peer power: how Dare County, North Carolina, is addressing chronic disease through innovative programming. J Public Health Manage Pract 2006; 12: 462–467.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abramoff MD, Niemeijer M, Russell SR. Automated detection of diabetic retinopathy: barriers to translation into clinical practice. Expert Rev Med Devices 2010; 7: 287–296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abramoff MD, Niemeijer M, Suttorp‐schulten MS, Viergever MA, Russell SR, Van ginneken B. Evaluation of a system for automatic detection of diabetic retinopathy from color fundus photographs in a large population of patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 193–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abramoff MD, Reinhardt JM, Russell SR, Folk JC, Mahajan VB, Niemeijer M, Quellec G. Automated early detection of diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology 2010; 117: 1147–1154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Englmeier KH, Schmid K, Hildebrand C, Bichler S, Porta M, Maurino M, Bek T. Early detection of diabetes retinopathy by new algorithms for automatic recognition of vascular changes. Eur J Med Res 2004; 9: 473–478.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming AD, Goatman KA, Philip S, Olson JA, Sharp PF. Automatic detection of retinal anatomy to assist diabetic retinopathy screening. Phys Med Biol 2007; 52: 331–345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen M, Godt J, Larsen N, Lund‐andersen H, Sjolie AK, Agardh E, Kalm H et al. Automated detection of fundus photographic red lesions in diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003; 44: 761–766.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niemeijer M, Van ginneken B, Russell SR, Suttorp‐schulten MS, Abramoff MD. Automated detection and differentiation of drusen, exudates, and cotton‐wool spots in digital color fundus photographs for diabetic retinopathy diagnosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007; 48: 2260–2267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez CI, Garcia M, Mayo A, Lopez MI, Hornero R. Retinal image analysis based on mixture models to detect hard exudates. Med Image Anal 2009; 13: 650–658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sivakumar R, Ravindran G, Muthayya M, Lakshminarayanan S, Velmurughendran CU. Diabetic retinopathy analysis. J Biomed Biotechnol 2005; 2005: 20–27.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith RT, Chan JK, Nagasaki T, Ahmad UF, Barbazetto I, Sparrow J, Figueroa M et al. Automated detection of macular drusen using geometric background leveling and threshold selection. Arch Ophthalmol 2005; 123: 200–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staal J, Abramoff MD, Niemeijer M, Viergever MA, Van ginneken B. Ridge‐based vessel segmentation in color images of the retina. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 2004; 23: 501–509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usher D, Dumskyj M, Himaga M, Williamson TH, Nussey S, Boyce J. Automated detection of diabetic retinopathy in digital retinal images: a tool for diabetic retinopathy screening. Diabet Med 2004; 21: 84–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaum E, Karnowski TP, Govindasamy VP, Abdelrahman M, Tobin KW. Automated diagnosis of retinopathy by content‐based image retrieval. Retina 2008; 28: 1463–1477.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobin KW, Abdelrahman M, Chaum E, Govindasamy V, Karnowski TP. A probabilistic framework for content‐based diagnosis of retinal disease. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2007; 2007: 6744–6747.
   Google Scholar