1,178
Views
45
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Methods, Models, and GIS

The Spatial Dynamics of Poliomyelitis in the United States: From Epidemic Emergence to Vaccine-Induced Retreat, 1910–1971

, &
Pages 269-293 | Received 01 Nov 2003, Accepted 01 Jul 2004, Published online: 29 Feb 2008

References

  • Anonymous. 1952 . Public Health Reports: From yellow fever to international health . Public Health Reports , 67 : 1 – 7 . 14883279
  • Anonymous. 1999 . Prevention of poliomyelitis: Recommendations for use of only inactivated poliovirus vaccine for routine immunization . Pediatrics , 104 : 1404 – 6 . 10585998
  • Badham , J. 1836 . Paralysis in childhood: Four remarkable cases of suddenly induced paralysis in the extremities occurring in children without any apparent cerebral or cerebrospinal lesion . London Medical Gazette , 17 : 1834 – 5 .
  • Batten , F. E. 1911 . The epidemiology of poliomyelitis . Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine (Epidemiological Section) , 4 : 198 – 221 .
  • Bell , C. 1844 . The nervous system of the human body: As explained in a series of papers read before the Royal Society of London, with an appendix of cases and consultations on nervous diseases , 3rd ed , London : H. Renshaw .
  • Bolker , B. M. and Grenfell , B. T. 1996 . Impact of vaccination on the spatial correlation and dynamics of measles epidemics . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A , 93 : 12648 – 53 .
  • Box , G. E. , Jenkins , G. M. and Reinsel , G. C. 1994 . Time series analysis: Forecasting and control , 3rd ed , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall .
  • Centers for Disease Control (CDC). 1952–1972 . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report , Atlanta, GA : Centers for Disease Control .
  • Centers for Disease Control (CDC). 1984 . “ History of Centers for Disease Control surveillance activities ” . In MMWR CDC Surveillance Summary 33:iiiss–ixss.
  • Centers for Disease Control (CDC). 1997a . Follow-up on poliomyelitis—United States, Canada, Netherlands . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report , 46 : 1195 – 6 . 9414151
  • Centers for Disease Control (CDC). 1997b . Paralytic poliomyelitis—United States, 1980–1994 . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report , 46 : 79 – 83 . 9048844
  • Chatfield , C. 1989 . The analysis of time series. An introduction , 4th ed , London : Chapman and Hall .
  • Christie , A. B. 1987 . Infectious diseases: Epidemiology and clinical practice , 4th ed , Vol 2. , Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone .
  • Cliff , A. D. and Haggett , P. 1981 . Methods for the measurement of epidemic velocity from time-series data . International Journal of Epidemiology , 11 : 82 – 9 .
  • Cliff , A. D. and Haggett , P. 1988 . Atlas of disease distributions: Analytic approaches to epidemiological data , Oxford, , U.K. : Blackwell .
  • Cliff , A. D. , Haggett , P. and Ord , J. K. 1986 . Spatial aspects of influenza epidemics , London : Pion .
  • Cliff , A. D. , Haggett , P. , Ord , J. K. , Bassett , K. and Davies , R. 1975 . Elements of spatial structure: A quantitative approach , Cambridge, , U.K. : Cambridge University Press .
  • Cliff , A. D. , Haggett , P. , Ord , J. K. and Versey , G. R. 1981 . Spatial diffusion: An historical geography of epidemics in an island community , Cambridge, , U.K. : Cambridge University Press .
  • Cliff , A. D. , Haggett , P. and Smallman-Raynor , M. 1993 . Measles: An historical geography of a major human viral disease, from global expansion to local retreat, 1840–1990 , Oxford, , U.K. : Blackwell .
  • Cliff , A. D. , Haggett , P. and Smallman-Raynor , M. 1998a . Deciphering global epidemics: Analytical approaches to the disease records of world cities, 1888–1912 , Cambridge, , U.K. : Cambridge University Press .
  • Cliff , A. D. , Haggett , P. and Smallman-Raynor , M. 1998b . “ Detecting space-time patterns in geocoded disease data: Cholera in London, 1854, and measles in the United States, 1962–95 ” . In Geomed ‘97: Proceedings of the international workshop on geomedical systems , Edited by: Gierl , L. , Cliff , A. D. , Valleron , A. J. , Farrington , P. and Bull , M. 42 Leipzig : Teubner .
  • Cliff , A. D. , Haggett , P. and Smallman-Raynor , M. 2000 . Island epidemics , Oxford, , U.K. : Oxford University Press .
  • Cliff , A. D. , Haggett , P. , Smallman-Raynor , M. , Stroup , D. F. and Williamson , G. D. 1997 . The importance of long term records in public health surveillance: The U.S. weekly sanitation reports, 1888–1912, revisited . Journal of Public Health Medicine , 19 : 76 – 84 . 9138222
  • Cliff , A. D. , Haggett , P. , Stroup , D. F. and Cheney , E. 1992 . The changing geographical coherence of measles morbidity in the United States, 1962–88 . Statistics in Medicine , 11 : 1409 – 24 . 1410957
  • Cliff , A. D. and Ord , J. K. 1981 . Spatial processes: Models and applications , London : Pion .
  • Collins , S. D. 1946 . The incidence of poliomyelitis and its crippling effects, as recorded in family surveys . Public Health Reports , 61 : 327 – 55 .
  • Colmer , G. 1843 . Paralysis in teething children . American Journal of Medical Science , 5 : 248
  • Dauer , C. C. 1938 . Studies on the epidemiology of poliomyelitis . Public Health Reports , 53 : 1003 – 20 .
  • Dauer , C. C. 1943 . Poliomyelitis in the United States in 1942, and a summary of its prevalence from 1933 to 1942, inclusive . Public Health Reports , 58 : 937 – 49 .
  • Dauer , C. C. 1946 . Incidence of poliomyelitis in the United States in 1945 . Public Health Reports , 61 : 915 – 21 .
  • Dauer , C. C. 1952 . National morbidity reporting . Public Health Reports , 67 : 21 – 5 . 14883283
  • Dauer , C. C. 1953 . Poliomyelitis distribution in the United States, 1952 . Public Health Reports , 68 : 1033 – 4 . 13100577
  • Dave , K. H. 1960 . The background of the epidemic of poliomyelitis in Bombay . Indian Journal of Pediatrics , 27 : 336 – 8 . 13719951
  • de Quadros , C. A. , Hersh , B. S. , Olive , J. M. , Andrus , J. K. , da Silveira , C. M. and Carrasco , P. A. 1997 . Eradication of wild poliovirus from the Americas: Acute flaccid paralysis surveillance, 1988–1995 . Journal of Infectious Disease , : S37 – 42 .
  • Earn , D. , Rohani , P. and Grenfell , B. T. 1998 . Spatial dynamics and persistence in ecology and epidemiology . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B , 265 : 7 – 10 .
  • Eichner , M. , Hadeler , K. and Dietz , K. 1994 . “ Stochastic models for the eradication of poliomyelitis: Minimum population size for polio virus persistence ” . In Models for infectious human diseases: Their structure and relation to data , Edited by: Isham , V. and Medley , G. 27 Cambridge, , U.K. : Cambridge University Press .
  • Fenner , F. , Henderson , D. A. , Arita , I. , Jezek , Z. and Ladnyi , I. D. 1988 . Smallpox and its eradication , Geneva : World Health Organization .
  • Frost , W. H. 1913 . Epidemiologic studies of acute anterior poliomyelitis: I. Poliomyelitis in Iowa, 1910. II. Poliomyelitis in Cincinnati, Ohio, 1911. III. Poliomyelitis in Buffalo and Batavia, N.Y., 1912 , Washington, DC : Government Printing Office . Hygienic Laboratory, Bulletin no. 90.
  • Getis , A. and Ord , J. K. 1992 . The analysis of spatial association by use of distance statistics . Geographical Analysis , 24 : 189 – 206 .
  • Gilliam , A. G. , Hemphill , F. M. and Gerende , J. H. 1949a . Average poliomyelitis incidence reported in the counties of the United States, 1932–1946 . Public Health Reports , 64 : 1575 – 84 . 15397989
  • Gilliam , A. G. , Hemphill , F. M. and Gerende , J. H. 1949b . Poliomyelitis epidemic recurrence in the counties of the United States, 1932–1946 . Public Health Reports , 64 : 1585 – 95 .
  • Greenwood , B. and DeCock , K. 1998 . New and resurgent infections: Detection and management of tomorrow's infections , Chichester, , U.K. : Wiley .
  • Grenfell , B. T. , Bjørnstad , O. N. and Kappey , J. 2001 . Travelling waves and spatial hierarchies in measles epidemics . Nature , 414 : 716 – 23 . 11742391
  • Griffiths , D. A. 1973 . The effect of measles vaccination on the incidence of measles in the community . Journal of the Royal Statistical Society A , 136 : 441 – 9 .
  • Haggett , P. 1976 . Hybridizing alternative models of an epidemic diffusion process . Economic Geography , 52 : 136 – 46 .
  • Haggett , P. 1992 . Sauer's “Origins and Dispersals”: its implications for the geography of disease . Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers , 17 : 387 – 98 .
  • Haggett , P. 1994 . Geographical aspects of the emergence of infectious diseases . Geografiska Annaler , 76B : 91 – 104 .
  • Haggett , P. , Cliff , A. D. and Frey , A. 1977 . Locational analysis in human geography , London : Edward Arnold .
  • Holt , L. E. and Bartlett , F. H. 1908 . The epidemiology of acute poliomyelitis: A study of thirty-five epidemics . American Journal of Medical Sciences , 135 : 647 – 62 .
  • Johns , R. B. , Farnsworth , S. , Thompson , H. and Brady , F. 1963 . Two voluntary mass immunization programs using Sabin oral vaccine . Journal of the American Medical Association , 183 : 171 – 5 .
  • Krause , R. M. 1998 . Emerging infections , San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
  • Krugman , S. , Ward , R. and Katz , S. L. 1977 . Infectious diseases of children , Saint Louis : The C. V. Mosby Company .
  • Kulldorff , M. 1997 . A spatial scan statistic . Communications in Statistics: Theory and Methods , 26 : 1481 – 96 .
  • Langmuir , A. D. 1963 . The surveillance of communicable diseases of national importance . The New England Journal of Medicine , 268 : 182 – 92 . 13928666
  • Lavinder , C. H. , Freeman , A. W. and Frost , W. H. 1918 . Epidemiologic studies of poliomyelitis in New York City and the northeastern United States during the year 1916 , Washington, DC : Government Printing Office . U.S. Public Health Service, Public Health Bulletin no. 91.
  • Lederberg , J. , Shope , R. E. and Oaks , S. C. 1992 . Emerging infections. Microbial threats to health in the United States , Washington, DC : National Academy Press .
  • Low , R. B. 1917 . “ A short account of the epidemiology of acute anterior poliomyelitis in recent years ” . In Forty-fifth annual report of the Local Government Board, 1915–16. Supplement containing the Report of the Medical Officer for 1915–16 , 14 – 74 . London : HMSO .
  • Lumsden , L. L. 1938 . Poliomyelitis: Facts and fallacies . Southern Medical Journal , 31 : 465 – 75 .
  • Mandell , G. L. , Bennett , J. E. and Dolin , R. 2000 . Principles and practice of infectious diseases , 5th ed , Philadelphia : Churchill Livingstone .
  • Morse , S. S. 1995 . Factors in the emergence of infectious diseases . Emerging Infectious Diseases , 1 : 7 – 15 . 8903148
  • Nathanson , N. and Martin , J. R. 1979 . The epidemiology of poliomyelitis: Enigmas surrounding its appearance, epidemicity and disappearance . American Journal of Epidemiology , 110 : 672 – 91 . 400274
  • Nelson , N. B. and Aycock , W. L. 1944 . A study of the reporting of paralytic poliomyelitis in Massachusetts, 1928–1941 . American Journal of Hygiene , 40 : 163 – 9 .
  • Nettleton , C. 2002 . From emergence to extinction. The geography of poliomyelitis, 1850–2000 , University of Cambridge . PhD diss.
  • New York Neurological Society. 1910 . Epidemic poliomyelitis: Report on the New York epidemic of 1907 , New York : Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease Publishing Company .
  • Ord , J. K. and Getis , A. 1995 . Local spatial autocorrelation statistics: Distributional issues and an application . Geographical Analysis , 27 : 286 – 306 .
  • Oxford , J. S. 2000 . Influenza A pandemics of the 20th century with special reference to 1918: Virology, pathology and epidemiology . Reviews in Medical Virology , 10 : 119 – 33 . 10713598
  • Paul , J. R. 1955 . “ Epidemiology of poliomyelitis ” . In Poliomyelitis , Edited by: World Health Organization . 9 – 29 . Geneva : World Health Organization .
  • Paul , J. R. 1971 . The history of poliomyelitis , New Haven, CT : Yale University Press .
  • Sabin , A. B. 1949 . “ Epidemiologic patterns of poliomyelitis in different parts of the world ” . In Poliomyelitis: Papers and discussions at the First International Poliomyelitis Conference , 3 – 33 . Philadelphia : Lippincott .
  • Sabin , A. B. 1985 . Oral poliovirus vaccine: History of its development and use and current challenge to eliminate poliomyelitis from the world . Journal of Infectious Diseases , 151 : 420 – 36 . 2982959
  • Schonberger , L. B. , Kaplan , J. , Kim-Farley , R. , Moore , M. , Eddins , D. L. and Hatch , M. 1984 . Control of paralytic poliomyelitis in the United States . Reviews of Infectious Diseases , 6 : S424 – 6 . 6740085
  • Serfling , R. E. and Sherman , I. L. 1953 . Poliomyelitis distribution in the United States . Public Health Reports , 68 : 453 – 66 . 13047514
  • Smallman-Raynor , M. and Cliff , A. D. 1999 . The spatial dynamics of epidemics in war and peace: Cuba and the insurrection against Spain, 1895–98 . Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers , 24 : 331 – 52 . (New Series)
  • Smallman-Raynor , M. and Cliff , A. D. 2000 . The epidemiological legacy of war: The Philippine-American War and the diffusion of cholera in Batangas and La Laguna, southwest Luzon, 1902–1904 . War in History , 7 : 29 – 64 .
  • Smallman-Raynor , M. and Cliff , A. D. 2001 . Epidemic diffusion processes in a system of U.S. military camps: Transfer diffusion and the spread of typhoid fever in the Spanish-American War, 1898 . Annals of the Association of American Geographers , 91 : 71 – 91 .
  • Smallman-Raynor , M. and Cliff , A. D. 2004 . War epidemics: An historical geography of infectious diseases in military conflict and civil strife, 1850–2000 , Oxford, , U.K. : Oxford University Press .
  • Smallman-Raynor , M. , Cliff , A. D. and Haggett , P. 1992 . London international atlas of AIDS , Oxford, , U.K. : Blackwell .
  • Smallman-Raynor , M. , Cliff , A. D. , Haining , R. P. and Trevelyan , B. Detecting space-time clusters of infectious diseases: Using a scan statistic to map the incidence of the 1916 poliomyelitis epidemic in the northeastern United States . American Journal of Epidemiology , (in review)
  • Smith , G. L. , Irving , W. L. , McCauley , J. W. and Rowlands , D. J. 2001 . New challenges to health: The threat of virus infections , Cambridge, , U.K. : Cambridge University Press .
  • Strebel , P. M. and Cochi , S. L. 2001 . Waving goodbye to measles . Nature , 414 : 695 – 6 . 11742373
  • Sutter , R. W. , Prevots , R. and Cochi , S. L. 2000 . Poliovirus vaccines: Progress toward global poliomyelitis eradication and changing routine immunization recommendations in the United States . Pediatric Clinics of North America , 47 : 287 – 308 . 10761505
  • Swennen , B. and Levy , J. 2001 . Oral poliomyelitis vaccine: Time to change? . Vaccine , 19 : 2262 – 7 . 11257345
  • Tangerman , R. H. , Hull , H. F. , Jafari , H. , Nkowane , B. , Everts , H. and Aylward , R. B. 2000 . Eradication of poliomyelitis in countries affected by conflict . Bulletin of the World Health Organization , 78 : 330 – 8 . 10812729
  • Trevelyan , B. , Smallman-Raynor , M. and Cliff , A. D. The spatial structure of epidemic emergence: The 1916 poliomyelitis epidemic in the United States . Journal of the Royal Statistical Society , (in review)
  • U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1971 . Statistical abstract of the United States , Washington, DC : Government Printing Office .
  • U.S. Public Health Service . Public health reports , Washington, DC : Government Printing Office . 1910–1955.
  • U.S. Public Health and Marine Hospital Service. 1911 . Public health reports. Issued in weekly numbers by the Surgeon General of the Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service of the United States. Volume XXV – part II, numbers 26–52, July–December, 1910 , Washington, DC : Government Printing Office .
  • World Health Organization . 2000 . Certification of poliomyelitis eradication. WHO Western Pacific Region, October 2000 . Weekly Epidemiological Record , 75 : 399 – 400 . 11189701
  • World Health Organization . 2002 . Certification of poliomyelitis eradication. European Region, June 2002 . Weekly Epidemiological Record , 77 : 221 – 3 . 12125241
  • World Health Organization . 2003 . Global polio eradication initiative. Strategic plan, 2004–2008 , Geneva : World Health Organization .
  • Yeates , M. H. and Garner , B. J. 1971 . The North American city , New York : Harper and Row .
  • Zinsser , H. 1935 . Rats, lice and history , London : Routledge .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.