Soils Cool as Climate Warms in the Great Lakes Region: 1951–2000

References

• Allsopp , P. G. 1996 . Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman (Coleoptera Scarabaeidae): Rate of movement and potential distribution of an immigrant species . Coleopterists Bulletin , 50 : 81 – 95 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andresen , J. A. and Harman , J. R. 1994 . Springtime freezes in western lower Michigan: Climatology and trends , Michigan State University Agriculture Experimental Station Research Report 536 East Lansing, MI
   Google Scholar
• Assel , R. A. and Robertson , D. M. 1995 . Changes in winter air temperatures near Lake Michigan during 1851–1993, as determined from regional lake-ice records . Limnology and Oceanography , 40 : 165 – 76 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baier , W. and Robertson , G. W. 1966 . A new versatile soil moisture budget . Canadian Journal of Plant Science , 46 : 299 – 315 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker D. G. 1971. Snow cover and winter soil temperatures at St. Paul, Minnesota. Water Resources Research Center, University of Minnesota, U.S. Department of Interior Bulletin 37
   Google Scholar
• Berry , E. C. and Radke , J. K. 1995 . Biological processes: Relationships between earthworms and soil temperatures . Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science , 59 : 6 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Bolsenga , S. J. and Norton , D. C. 1993 . Great Lakes air temperature trends for land stations, 1901–198 . Journal of Great Lakes Research , 19 : 379 – 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonan , G. B. 1991 . A biophysical surface energy budget analysis of soil temperature in the boreal forests of interior Alaska . Water Resources Research , 27 : 767 – 81 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnett , A. W. , Kirby , M. E. , Mullins , H. T. and Patterson , W. P. 2003 . Increasing Great Lake–effect snowfall during the twentieth century: A regional response to global warming? . Journal of Climate , 16 : 3535 – 42 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burt , T. P. and Williams , P. J. 1976 . Hydraulic conductivity in frozen soils . Earth Surface Processes , 1 : 349 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carslaw , J. S. and Jaeger , J. C. 1959 . Conduction of heat in solids , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Davidson , E. A. , Trumbore , S. E. and Amundson , R. 2000 . Soil warming and carbon content . Nature , 408 : 789 – 90 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esker , P. D. and Nutter , F. W. 2002 . Assessing the risk of Stewart's disease of corn through improved knowledge of the role of the corn flea beetle . Phytopathology , 92 : 668 – 70 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fleming W. E. 1976. Integrating control of the Japanese beetle: A historical review. USDA Technical Bulletin 1449, 129 pp
   Google Scholar
• Geiger , R. 1965 . The climate near the ground , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gilichinsky , D. A. , Barry , R. G. , Bykhovets , S. S. , Sorokovikov , V. A. , Zhang , T. , Zudin , S. L. and Fedorov-Davydov , D. G. 1998 . “ A century of temperature observations of soil climate: Methods of analysis and long-term trends ” . In Permafrost. 7th International Conference Proceedings, Yellowknife, Canada. Université. Laval, Centre D'etudes Nordiques Edited by: Lewkowicz , A. G. and Allard , M. 313 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Hinzman , L. D. , Goering , D. J. and Kane , D. L. 1998 . A distributed thermal model for calculating soil temperature profiles and depth of thaw in permafrost regions . Journal of Geophysical Research , 103 : 28975 – 92 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmstrup , M. 2003 . Overwintering adaptations in earthworms . Pedobiologia , 47 : 504 – 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Isard , S. A. and Schaetzl , R. J. 1993 . “ Southern Michigan's snow belt: Modelled impacts on soil temperatures and freezing ” . In Proceedings of the 50th Annual Eastern Snow Conference, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada Edited by: Ferrick , M. and Pangburn , T. 247 – 53 .
   Google Scholar
• Isard , S. A. and Schaetzl , R. J. 1995 . Estimating soil temperatures and frost in the lake effect snowbelt region, Michigan, USA . Cold Regions Science and Technology , 23 : 317 – 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isard , S. A. and Schaetzl , R. J. 1998 . Effects of winter weather conditions on soil freezing in southern Michigan . Physical Geography , 19 : 71 – 94 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnsson , H. and Lundin , L.-C. 1991 . Surface runoff and soil water percolation as affected by snow and soil frost . Journal of Hydrology , 122 : 141 – 59 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunkel , K. E. , Wescott , N. E. and Kristovich , D. A. R. 2000 . “ Climate change and lake–effect snow ” . In Preparing for a changing climate: The potential consequences of climate variability and change (Great Lakes overview) , Edited by: Sousounis , P. J. and Bisanz , J. M. 25 – 28 . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan, Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences Department .
   Google Scholar
• Larsen , J. K. , Brun , L. J. , Enz , J. W. and Cox , D. J. 1988 . Predicting soil temperatures to indicate winter wheat mortality . Soil Science Society of America Journal , 52 : 776 – 80 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leather , S. R. 1996 . The ecology of insect overwintering , Cambridge, , U.K. : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lowrey , W. T. and Lowrey , P. P. II . 1989 . Fundamentals of biometeorology: Interactions of organisms and the atmosphere , McMinnville, OR : Peavine .
   Google Scholar
• Lükewille , A. and Wright , R. 1997 . Experimentally increased soil temperature causes release of nitrogen at a boreal forest catchment in southern Norway . Global Change Biology , 3 : 13 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Magnuson , J. J. , Webster , K. E. , Assel , R. A. , Bowser , C. J. , Dillon , P. J. , Eaton , J. G. , Evans , H. E. , Fee , E. J. , Hall , R. I. , Mortsch , L. R. , Schindler , D. W. and Quinn , F. H. 1997 . Potential effects of climate changes on aquatic systems: Laurentian Great Lakes and Precambrian shield region . Hydrological Processes , 11 : 825 – 71 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Male , D. H. and Granger , R. J. 1981 . Snow surface energy exchange . Water Resources Research , 17 : 609 – 27 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCormick , M. J. and Fahnenstiel , G. L. 1999 . Recent climatic trends in nearshore water temperatures in the St . Lawrence Great Lakes. Limnology and Oceanography , 44 : 530 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monson , R. K. , Lipson , D. L. , Burns , S. P. and Turnipseed , A. A. 2006 . Winter forest soil respiration controlled by climate and microbial community composition . Nature , 439 : 711
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parmesan , C. and Yohe , G. 2003 . A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems . Nature , 421 : 37 – 42 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parton , W. J. and Logan , J. A. 1981 . A model for diurnal variation in soil and air temperature . Agricultural Meteorology , 23 : 205 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Peñuelas , J. and Flella , I. 2001 . Responses to a warming world . Science , 294 : 793 – 95 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodeghiero , M. and Cescatti , A. 2005 . Main determinants of forest soil respiration along an elevation/temperature gradient in the Italian Alps . Global Change Biology , 11 : 1024 – 41 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaetzl , R. J. and Isard , S. A. 1991 . The distribution of Spodosol soils in southern Michigan: A climatic interpretation . Annals of the Association of American Geographers , 81 : 425 – 42 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaetzl , R. J. and Isard , S. A. 1996 . Regional-scale relationships between climate and strength of podzolization in the Great Lakes region, North America . Catena , 28 : 47 – 69 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaetzl , R. J. , Knapp , B. D. and Isard , S. A. 2005 . Modeling soil temperatures and the mesic-frigid boundary in the central Great Lakes region, 1951–2000 . Soil Science Society of America Journal , 69 : 2033 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaetzl , R. J. and Tomczak , D. M. 2002 . Wintertime soil temperatures in the fine-textured soils of the Saginaw Valley, Michigan . Great Lakes Geographer , 8 : 87 – 99 .
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz , M. D. 2003 . Phenology: An integrated environmental science , Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic .
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz , M. D. and Reiter , B. E. 2000 . Changes in North American Spring . International Journal of Climatology , 20 : 929 – 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz , P. A. , Fahey , T. J. and Dawson , T. E. 1997 . Seasonal air and soil temperature effects on photosynthesis in red spruce (Picea rubens) saplings . Tree Physiology , 17 : 187 – 94 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , G. D. 1986 . The Guy Smith interviews: Rationale for concepts in soil taxonomy , Edited by: Forbes , R. T. Ithaca, NY : Cornell University Press . Soil Management Support Services Technical Monograph 11
   Google Scholar
• Smith , G. D. , Newhall , F. , Robinson , L. H. and Swanson , D. 1964 . Soil-temperature regimes: Their characteristics and probability USDA-SCS Technical Publication 144
   Google Scholar
• Solomon , A. M. and Bartlein , P. J. 1992 . Past and future climate change: Response by mixed deciduous-coniferous ecosystems in northern Michigan . Canadian Journal of Forest Research , 22 : 1727 – 38 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sousounis , P. J. and Albercook , G. M. 2000 . “ Potential futures ” . In Preparing for a changing climate: The potential consequences of climate variability and change , Edited by: Sousounis , P. J. and Bisanz , J. M. 19 – 24 . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan, Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences . Great Lakes Regional Assessment Group, U.S. Global Change Research Program
   Google Scholar
• Stein , J. , Proulx , S. and Levesque , D. 1994 . Forest floor frost dynamics during spring snowmelt in a boreal forested basin . Water Resource Research , 30 : 995 – 1007 .
   Google Scholar
• Thornthwaite , C. W. and Mather , J. R. 1955 . The water balance . Publications in Climatology , Vol. 8
   Google Scholar
• USDA-SCS . 1971 . National engineering handbook. Sect. 4: Hydrology , Washington, DC : U.S. Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• van Wijk , W. R. and de Vries , D. A. 1963 . “ Periodic temperature variations in homogeneous soil ” . In Physics of plant environment , Edited by: Van Wijk , W. R. 102 – 43 . Amsterdam : North-Holland .
   Google Scholar
• Van Wambeke , A. , Hastings , P. and Tolomeo , M. 1986 . Newhall simulation model , Ithaca, NY : Cornell University, Department of Agronomy .
   Google Scholar
• Wahren , C.-H. A. , Walker , M. D. and Bret-Harte , M. S. 2005 . Vegetation responses in Alaskan arctic tundra after 8 years of a summer warming and winter snow manipulation experiment . Global Change Biology , 11 : 537 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , Y. , Amundson , R. and Niu , X.-F. 2000 . Seasonal and altitudinal variation in decomposition of soil organic matter inferred from radiocarbon measurements of soil CO2 flux . Global Biogeochemical Cycles , 14 : 199 – 212 .
   Google Scholar