REFERENCES
- Bailey, T. (1989). Black employment opportunities. In C. Brecher & R. D. Horton. (eds.), Setting municipal priorities. New York: New York University Press.
- Bean, F. & Tienda, M. (1987). The Hispanic population of the United States. New York: Russel Sage Foundation.
- Becker, G. (1964). Human capital. New York: Columbia University Press.
- Boston, T. (1990). Segmented labor markets: new evidence from a study of four race-gender groups. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 44, 99–115.
- Bradbury, K., Case, K., & Dunham, C. (1989). Geographic patterns of mortgage lending in Boston, 1982–1987. Boston: Federal Reserve Bank.
- Bradley v. Milliken. 345 F. Supp. 2d 914 (1972).
- Brown v. Board of Education (I). 347 U.S. 483 (1954).
- Cain, G., & Finnie, R. (1990). The black-white difference in youth employment: evidence for demand-side factors. Journal of Labor Economics, 8, S364–395.
- Carnoy, M., Daley, H., & Ojeda, R. (1990). Latinos in a changing U.S. economy. New York: Research Foundation of the City University of New York.
- Clark, D., & Astuto, T. (1986). The significance and permanence of changes in federal education policy. Bloomington: Policy Studies Center of the University Council For Educational Administration, Indiana University.
- Clark, W. (1991). Residential preferences and neighborhood racial segregation: A test of the Schelling segregation model. Demography, 28, 1–19.
- Corcoran, M., & Duncan, G. (1979). Work history, labor force attachment, and earnings differences between the races and sexes. Journal of Human Resources, 14, 497–520.
- Cross, H., Kenney, G., Mell, J., & Zimmermann, W. (1990). Employer hiring practices: differential treatment of Hispanic and Anglo job seekers. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute.
- Dane, S. (1989). Federal enforcement of the fair lending, equal credit opportunity, and community reinvestment laws in the 1980s. In R. Glovan & W. Taylor (eds.), One nation, indivisible: the civil rights challenge of the 1990s. Washington, D.C.: Citizens’ Commission on Civil Rights.
- Darden, J., Pearce, D., & Farley, R. (1981). Housing and school desegregation in metropolitan Chicago. A Report to the Chicago Board of Education, February.
- Dedman, B. (1988). The color of money. Atlanta: Atlanta Journal and Constitution.
- DeFreitas, G. (1986). A time-series analysis of Hispanic unemployment, Journal of Human Resources, 21, 24–43.
- DeFreitas, G. (1991). Inequality at work: Hispanics in the U.S. labor force. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Duleep, H. (1991). Filling the gaps in employment discrimination policy. Mimeo. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Commission on Civil Rights.
- Duleep, H., & Sanders, S. (1992). An exploratory analysis of discrimination at the top: American-born Asian and white men. Industrial Relations, 31, 416–432.
- Duleep, G., & Zalokar, N. (1991). The measurement of labor market discrimination when minorities respond to discrimination. In R. Cornwall & P. Wunnava. (eds.), New approaches to ecomomic and social analyses of discrimination. New York: Praeger Press.
- Edleman, M. (1973). Southern school desegregation, 1954–1973: a judicial-political overview. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 407, 32–42.
- Ellwood, D. (1986). The spatial mismatch hypothesis: are there jobs missing in the ghetto? In R. Freeman & H. Holzer. (eds.), The black youth employment crisis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Farley, R. (1986). The residential segregation of blacks from whites. In U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Issues in housing discrimination. Washington, D.C.: Author.
- Farley, R. (1991). Neighborhood preferences and aspirations among blacks and whites. Paper presented at Urban Institute’s Conference on Housing Markets and Residential Mobility, Airlie, VA.
- Fix, M., & Struyk, R. (Eds.). (1992). Clear and convincing evidence: testing for discrimination in America. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute Press.
- Galster, G. (1987a). Residential segregation and interracial economic disparities. Journal of Urban Economics, 21, 22–44.
- Galster, G. (1987b). On the ecology of racial discrimination in housing. Urban Affairs Quarterly, 23, 84–107.
- Galster, G. (1988). Residential segregation in American cities: a contrary review. Population Research and Policy Review, 7, 93–112.
- Galster, G. (1990a). Racial steering by real estate agents: a review of the audit evidence. Review of Black Political Economy, 18, 105–129.
- Galster, G. (1990b). Racial discrimination in housing markets in the 1980s: a review of the audit evidence. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 9, 165–175.
- Galster, G. (1990c). Neighborhood racial change, segregationist sentiments, and affirmative marketing policies. Journal of Urban Eocnomics, 10, 344–361.
- Galster, G. (1990d). Racial steering by real estate agents: mechanisms and motivations. Review of Black Political Economy, 19, 39–63.
- Galster, G. (1990e). Federal fair housing policy. In D. DiPasquale & L. Keyes (eds.), Building foundations. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Galster, G. (1991). Housing discrimination and urban poverty of African-Americans. Journal of Housing Research, 2, 1–36.
- Galster, G.. (1992). The use of testers in investigating discrimination in mortgage and insurance markets. In M. Fix & R. Struyk (eds.), Clear and convincing evidence. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute Press.
- Galster, G., & Hill, E. (1992). The metropolis in black and white. New Brunswick: Rutgers/CUPR.
- Galster, G., Houk, D., & Freiberg, F. (1987). Racial differentials in real estate advertising practices. Journal of Urban Affairs, 9, 199–216.
- Galster, G., & Keeney, M. (1988). Race residence, discrimination and economic opportunity. Urban Affairs Quarterly, 24, 87–117.
- Galster, G. & Kenney, H. (Forthcoming). Subsidized housing and racial change in Yonkers, NY. Journal of The American Planning Association.
- Glazer, N. (1975). Towards an imperial judiciary Public Interest, 41, 104–123.
- Goering, J. (1986). Introduction. In J. Goering (ed.), Housing desegregation and federal policy. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
- Govan, R., & Taylor, W., (Eds.). (1989). One nation indivisible: the civil rights challenge for the 1990s. Washington, D.C.: Citizens’ Commission on Civil Rights.
- Helper, R. (1986). Success and resistance factors in the maintenance of racially mixed neighborhoods. In J. Goering, (ed.), Housing desegregation and federal policy. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
- Hirsch, A. (1983). Making the second ghetto. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
- Holzer, H. (1987). Informal job search and black youth unemployment. American Economic Review, 77, 446–452.
- Horowitz, D. (1977). The courts and social policy. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.
- Jaynes, G., & Williams, R. (Eds.). (1989). A common destiny: blacks and American society. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
- Jencks, C., & Mayer, S. (1989). Residential segregation, job proximity and black job opportunities: the empirical status of the spatial mismatch hypothesis. In M. McGeary & L. Lynn (eds.), Concentrated urban poverty in America. Wasington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
- Kasarda, J. (1989). Urban industrial transition and the underclass. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 501, 26–47.
- Kastle, C., & Smith, M. (1980). The federal role in elementary and secondary education, 1949–1980. Harvard Education Review, 34, 564–583.
- Kirschenman, J., & Neckerman, K. (1991). We’d love to hire them, but … : the meaning of race for employers. In C. Jencks & P. Peterson (eds.), The urban underclass. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.
- Kosters, M. (1989). Wages and demographics. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute.
- Kozol, J. (1991). Savage inequality. New York: Crown Publishers.
- Lee, B. (1985). Racially mixed neighborhoods during the 1970s. Social Science Quarterly, 66, 346–364.
- Lee, B., & Wood, P. (1990). The fate of residential integration in American cities. Journal of Urban Affairs, 12, 425–436.
- Leonard, J. (1985). What was affirmative action? In Selected affirmative action topics in employment and business set-asides. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Commission on Civil Rights.
- Liss, S., & Taylor, W. (Eds.). (1991). Lost opportunities: the civil rights record of the Bush administration mid-term. Washington, D.C.: Citizens’ Commission on Civil Rights.
- Lynch, M. (1985). Races split on housing integration, Cleveland Plain Dealer, Dec. 23, pp. 1A, 16A.
- Massey, D., & Denton, N. (1987). Trends in the residential segregation of blacks, Hispanics and Asians, 1970–1980. American Sociological Review, 52, 802–825.
- Massey, D., & Denton, N. (Forthcoming). American apartheid. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
- Massey, D., & Gross, A. (1991). Explaining trends in racial segregation, 1970–1980. Urban Affairs Quarterly, 27, 13–35.
- Massey, D., Gross, A., & Eggers, M. (1991). Segregation, the concentration of poverty, and the life chances of individuals. Social Science Research, 20, 397–420.
- McKinney, S., & Schnare, A. (1986). Trends in residential segregation by race, 1960–1980. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute.
- Milliken v. Bradley. U.S. 418 (1974).
- Mills, E. (1972). Urban economics. Glenview, IL: Scott Foresman.
- Minceberg, E., Cahn, N., Isaacson, M., & Lyons, L. (1989). Federal civil rights enforcement and elementary and secondary education since 1981. In R. Govan & W. Taylor (eds.), One nation, indivisible: the civil rights challenge of the 1990s. Washington, D.C.: Citizens’ Commission on Civil Rights.
- Murphy, K., & Welch, F. (1989). Wage premiums for college graduates; recent growth and possible explanations. Educational Researcher, 18, 17–26.
- Newburger, H. (1989). Discrimination by a profit-maximizing real estate broker in response to white prejudice. Journal of Urban Economics, 26, 1–19.
- North Carolina State Board of Education v. Swann. 402 U.S. 43 (1971).
- O’Neill, J. (1990). The role of human capital in earnings differences between black and white men. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 4, 25–46.
- Oi, W. (1962). Labor as a quasi-fixed factor. Journal of Political Economy, 70, 538–555.
- Orfield, G., & Monfort, F. (1988). Racial change and desegregation in large city districts: trends through the 1986–87 school year. Alexandria, VA: National School Boards Association, Council of Urban Boards of Education.
- Orfield, G., Monfort, F., & George, R. (1987). School segregation in the 1980s. Washington, D.C.: Joint Center for Political Studies.
- Price, R., & Mills, E. (1985). Race and residence in earnings determination. Journal of Urban Economics, 17, 1–18.
- Saltman, J. (1990). A fragile movement. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
- Schwemm, R. (1989). Federal fair housing enforcement. In R. Govan & W. Taylor (eds.), One nation, indivisible: the civil rights challenge of the 1990s. Washington, D.C.: Citizens’ Commission on Civil Rights.
- Shlay, A. (1988). Not in that neighborhood. Social Science Research, 17, 137–163.
- Shulman, S. (1991). Why is the black unemployment rate always twice as high as the white unemployment rate? In R. Cornwall & P. Wunnava, (eds.), New approaches to economic and social analyses of discrimination. New York: Praeger Press.
- Squires, G., & Velez, W. (1988). Insurance redlining and the process of discrimination. Review of Black Political Economy, 16, 63–75.
- Squires, G., Vvelez, W., & Taeuber, K. (1991). Insurance redlining, agency location and the process of urban disinvestment. Urban Affairs Quarterly, 26, 567–588.
- Stevens, L. (1990). The dilemma of metropolitan school desegregation. Education and Urban Society, 23, 61–72.
- Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, 402 U.S. (1971).
- Turner, M. (1991). The persistence of segregation in American housing markets. Paper presented at Urban Institute’s Conference on Housing Markets and Residential Mobility, Airlie, VA.
- Turner, M., Fix, M., & Struyk, R. (1991). Opportunities denied, opportunities diminished: discrimination in hiring. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute.
- Turner, M., Struyk, R., & Yinger, J. (1991). Housing discrimination study: synthesis report, Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute.
- U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. (1981). Affirmative action in the 1980s: dismantling the process of discrimination. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
- U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. (1982). Unemployment and underemployment among blacks, Hispanics, and women. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
- U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. (1986). The economic progress of black men in America. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
- U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. (1988). The economic status of Americans of Asian descent. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
- U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. (1990). The economic status of black women. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
- U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (1978). The HUD survey on the quality of community life. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
- U.S. Department of Labor. (1991). A report on the glass ceiling initiative. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
- Vergon, C. (1990). School desegregation: lessons from three decades of experience. Education and Urban Society, 23, 22–49.
- Waldinger, R. (1989). Race and ethnicity. In C. Brecher & R. Horton (eds.), Setting municipal priorities. New York: New York University Press.
- Waldinger, R., & Bailey, T. (1990). The continuing significance of race: racial conflict and racial discrimination in construction. Mimeo. New York: Conservation of Human Resources, Columbia University.
- Walters, J. (1988). Three suburbs scale the heights of integration. Governing, 2, 34–35.
- Welch, F. (1985). Affirmative action in employment: an overview and assessment of effects. In Selected affirmative action topics in employment and business set-asides, U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
- Welch, F. (1989). Affirmative action and discrimination. In S. Shulman & W. Darity (eds.), The question of discrimination. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.
- Willie, C., & Sanford, J. (1991). Martin Luther King, Jr., the civil rights movement and educational reform. Educational Policy, 5, 29–43.
- Wilson, W. (1980). The declining significance of race: blacks and changing American institutions (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Wilson, W. (1987). The truly disadvantaged: the inner city, the underclass, and public policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Withers, C., & Winston, J. (1989). Employment. In R. Govan & W. Taylor (eds.), One nation, indivisible: the civil rights challenge of the 1990s. Washington, D.C.: Citizens’ Commission on Civil Rights.
- Yinger, J. (1986). On the possibility of achieving racial integration through subsidized housing. In J. Goering (ed.), Housing desegregation and federal policy. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.