REFERENCES
- Abreu, Elsa. 1982. The Role of Self-Help in the Development of Education in Kenya: 1900–1973. Nairobi, Kenya: Kenya Literature Bureau.
- Alexander, Karl, Bruce Eckland, and Larry Griffin. 1975. “The Wisconsin Model of Socioeconomic Achievement: A Replication.” American Sociological Review 81:324–42.
- Banda, Kelvin. 1982. A Brief History of Education in Malawi. Blantyre, Malawi: Dzuka.
- Barkan, Joel and Frank Holmquist. 1989. “Peasant-State Relations and the Social Base of Self-Help in Kenya.” World Politics 41:359–80.
- Barkan, Joel, Michael L. McNulty, and M. A. O. Ayeni. 1991. “Hometown Voluntary Associations, Local Development, and the Emergence of Civil Society in Western Nigeria.” Journal of Modern African Studies 29:457–80.
- Bebbington, Anthony and John Farrington. 1993. “Governments, NGOs and Agricultural Development: Perspectives on Changing Inter-Organizational Relationships.” Journal of Development Studies 29:199–219.
- Becker, Gary S. 1976. The Economic Approach to Human Behavior. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Blau, Peter and Otis Duncan. 1967. The American Occupational Structure. New York: Academic Press.
- Bradshaw, York. 1993. “State Limitations, Self-Help Secondary Schooling, and Development in Kenya.” Social Forces 72:347–78.
- Bratton, Michael. 1989. “The Politics of Government-NGO Relations in Africa.” World Development 4:569–87.
- Bryceson, Deborah Fahy. 1999. “African Rural Labour, Income Diversification and Livelihood Approaches: A Long-Term Perspective.” Review of African Political Economy 26:171–89.
- Buchmann, Claudia. 1999. “The State and Schooling in Kenya: Historical Developments and Current Challenges.” Africa Today 46:94–119.
- Buchmann, Claudia. 2000. “Family Structures, Parental Perceptions, and Child Labor in Kenya: What Factors Determine Who Is Enrolled in School?” Social Forces 78:1349–79.
- Center for Global, International, and Regional Studies. 2003. Atlas of Global Inequality Database. University of California Santa Cruz. Retrieved February 23, 2005 (http://ucatlas.ucsc.edu).
- Court, David. 1976. “The Education System as a Response to Inequality in Tanzania and Kenya.” Journal of Modern African Studies 14:661–90.
- Davison, Jean and Martin Kanyuka. 1992. “Girls Participation in Basic Education in Southern Malawi.” Comparative Education Review 36:446–68.
- Eshiwani, George. 1993. Education in Kenya since Independence. Nairobi, Kenya: East African Publishers.
- Evans, Hugh Emrys. 1988. “National Development and Rural-Urban Policy: Past Experience and New Direction in Kenya.” Urban Studies 26:253–66.
- Fuller, Bruce. 1991. Growing Up Modern: The Western State Builds Third-World Schools. New York: Routledge.
- Fuller, Bruce, Judith D. Singer, and Margaret Keiley. 1995. “Why Do Daughters Leave School in Southern Africa? Family Economy and Mothers' Commitments.” Social Forces 74:657–80.
- Garnier, Maurice and Mark J. Schafer. 2006. “Educational Model and Expansion of Enrollments in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Sociology of Education 79:153–75.
- Government of Malawi. 1992. Demographic and Health Survey 1992. National Statistical Office. Zomba Malawi: Government of Malawi Press.
- Government of Malawi (with UNICEF). 1993. “Malawi: A Situation Analysis of Poverty.” United Nations in Malawi, Government of Malawi.
- Horan, Patrick M. and Peggy G. Hargis. 1991. “Children's Work and Schooling in the Late Nineteenth-Century Family Economy.” American Sociological Review 56:583–96.
- Hyde, Karin. 1993. “Sub-Saharan Africa.” Pp. 100–35 in Women's Education in Developing Countries: Barriers, Benefits, and Policies, edited by Elizabeth King and M. Ann Hill. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Jamison, Dean T. and Marlaine E. Lockheed. 1987. “Participation in Schooling: Determinants and Learning Outcomes.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 35:279–306.
- Kinyanjui, Kabriro. 1982. Regional and Class Inequalities in the Provision of Primary Education in Kenya: 1968–1973: A Historical and Socio-Economic Background. Nairobi, Kenya: Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi.
- Knight, John B. and Richard H. Sabot. 1990. Education, Inequality, and Productivity: The East African Natural Experiment. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Lloyd, Cynthia B., ed. 2005. Growing Up Global: Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. National Research Council Panel on Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
- Lockheed, Marlaine E., Bruce Fuller, and Ronald Nyirong'o. 1989. “Family Effects on Students' Achievement in Thailand and Malawi.” Sociology of Education 62:239–56.
- Lurie, Mark. 2000. “Migration and AIDS in Southern Africa: A Review.” South African Journal of Science 96:343–7.
- McCracken, John. 1977. Politics and Christianity in Malawi, 1875–1940. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Miller, Doug. 1998. “Women, Development, and Social Change: The Women in Rural Malawi: A Case Study.” Master of Arts thesis, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec.
- Ndegwa, Stephen. 1996. The Two Faces of Civil Society: NGOs and Politics in Africa. Westport, CT: Kumarian Press.
- Parkin, David. 1991. Sacred Void: Spatial Images of Work and Ritual among the Giriama of Kenya. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- Potts, Deborah. 2004. “Development Challenges and Debates in East and Southern Africa.” Pp. 1–26 in Eastern and Southern Africa: Development Challenges in a Volatile Region, edited by Deborah Potts and Tanya Bowyer-Bower. IBG/DARG Series. Harlow, England: Pearsons.
- Schafer, Mark J. 2004. “Family School Enrollment in Rural Malawi and Kenya: A Regional Analysis.” Comparative Sociology 3:37–66.
- Sifuna, Daniel. 1990. Development of Education in Africa: The Kenyan Experience. Nairobi, Kenya: Initiatives.
- UNESCO. 1999. UNESCO Institute for Statistics Online Database. Retrieved February 23, 2005 (http://www.uis.unesco.org).
- UNICEF. 1999. State of the World's Children, 1999: Education. New York: United Nations Children's Fund.
- Walters, Pamela Barnhouse and David R. James. 1992. “Schooling for Some: Child Labor and School Enrollment of Black and White Children in the Early Twentieth Century South.” American Sociological Review 57:1116–52.
- Walters, Pamela Barnhouse and Philip J. O'Connell. 1988. “The Family Economy: Work and Educational Participation in the United States, 1890–1940.” American Journal of Sociology 93:1116–52.
- Zamberia, Agostino. 1996. “Self-Help Secondary Education in Kenya.” International Journal of Comparative Sociology 37:37–71.