School Racial Composition and Biracial Adolescents' School Attachment

REFERENCES

• Adler, Patricia A. and Peter Adler. 1988. “Intense Loyalty in Organizations: A Case Study of College Athletics.” Administrative Science Quarterly 33:401–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alba, Richard and Victor Nee. 2003. Remaking the American Mainstream: Assimilation and Contemporary Immigration. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bankston, Carl L., III and Stephen J. Caldas. 2002. A Troubled Dream: The Promise and Failure of School Desegregation in Louisiana. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bearman, Peter S., Jo Jones, and J. Richard Udry. 1997. The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health: Research Design. Chapel Hill: Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina.
   Google Scholar
• Bobo, Lawrence and Vincent L. Hutchings. 1996. “Perceptions of Racial Group Competition: Extending Blumer's Theory of Group Position to a Multiracial Social Context.” American Sociological Review 61:951–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonnett, Alastair. 1997. “Antiracism and the Critique of ‘White Identities’.” New Communities 22:97–110.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, J. Scott, Steven Hitlin, and Glen H. Elder Jr. 2006. “The Greater Complexity of Lived Race: An Extension of Harris and Sim.” Social Science Quarterly 87:411–31.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, J. Scott, Steven Hitlin, and Glen H. Elder Jr. 2007. “The Importance of Being ‘Other’: A Natural Experiment about Lived Race over Time.” Social Science Research 36:159–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunsma, David L. 2005. “Interracial Families and the Racial Identification of Mixed-Race Children: Evidence from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study.” Social Forces 84:1129–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunsma, David L. and Kerry Ann Rockquemore. 2001. “The New Color Complex: Phenotype, Appearances, and (Bi)racial Identity.” Identity 1:225–46.
   Google Scholar
• Bryk, Anthony S., Valerie E. Lee, and Peter B. Holland (Eds.). 1993. Catholic Schools and the Common Good. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bryk, Anthony S. and Barbara Schneider. 2002. Trust in Schools: A Core Resource for Improvement. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, Mary E. 2007. “Thinking outside the (Black) Box: Measuring Black and Multiracial Identification on Surveys.” Social Science Research 36:921–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, Mary E. and Jennifer Eggerling-Boeck. 2006. “What about the Children? The Psychological and Social Well-Being of Multiracial Adolescents.” The Sociological Quarterly 47:147–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, Simon. 2007. “Multiracial Status as a Double-Edged Sword: The Educational Experiences of Interracial Children.” Pp. 145–68 in Lessons in Integration: Realizing the Promise of Racial Diversity in America's Schools, edited by G. Orlfield and E. Frankenberg. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cheng, Simon and Kathryn J. Lively. 2009. “Multiracial Self-Identification and Adolescent Outcomes: A Social Psychological Approach to the Marginal Man Theory.” Social Forces 88:61–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, Yoonsun, Tracy W. Harachi, Mary Rogers Gillmore, and Richard F. Catalano. 2006. “Are Multiracial Adolescents at Greater Risk? Comparisons of Rates, Patterns, and Correlates of Substance Use and Violence between Monoracial and Multiracial Adolescents.” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 76:86–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman, James S. and Thomas Hoffer. 1987. Public and Private High Schools: The Impact of Communities. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Dalmage, Heather M. 2004. The Politics of Multiracialism: Challenging Racial Thinking. Albany: State University of New York Press.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, James F. 1991. Who Is Black? One Nation's Definition. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Doyle, Jamie Mihoko and Grace Kao. 2007a. “Are Racial Identities of Multiracials Stable? Changing Self-Identification among Single and Multiple Race Individuals.” Social Psychology Quarterly 70:405–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyle, Jamie Mihoko and Grace Kao. 2007b. “Friendship Choices of Multiracial Adolescents: Racial Homophily, Blending, or Amalgamation?” Social Science Research 36:633–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eichstedt, Jennifer L. 2001. “Problematic White Identities and a Search for Racial Justice.” Sociological.” Forum 16:445–70.
   Google Scholar
• Erkut, Sumru and Allison J. Tracy. 2002. “Predicting Adolescent Self-Esteem from Participation in School Sports among Latino Subgroups.” Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 24:409–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Essed, Philomena. 1991. Understanding Everyday Racism: An Interdisciplinary Theory. Newberry, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Feagin, Joe R. 2001. Racist America: Roots, Current Realities, and Future Reperations. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Frankenberg, Erika. 2007. “Introduction: School Integration—The Time Is Now.” Pp. 7–30 in Lessons in Integration: Realizing the Promise of Racial Diversity in America's Schools, edited by G. Oldfield and E. Frankenberg. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.
   Google Scholar
• Frankenberg, Ruth. 1993. White Women, Race Matters: The Social Construction of Whiteness. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gibbs, Jewelle Taylor. 1989. “Biracial Adolescents.” Pp. 322–50 in Children of Color: Psychological Intervention with Minority Youth, edited by J. T. Gibbs and L. N. Huang. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg, Milton M. 1941. “A Qualification of the Marginal Man Theory.” American Sociological Review 6:52–8.
   Google Scholar
• Goldsmith, Pat António. 2004. “Schools' Racial Mix, Students' Optimism, and the Black-White and Latino-White Achievement Gaps.” Sociology of Education 77:121–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, Arnold W. 1947. “A Re-examination of the Marginal Man Concept.” Social Forces 26:167–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grieco, Elizabeth M. and Rachel C. Cassidy. 2001. Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: Census 2000 Brief. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau.
   Google Scholar
• Hallinan, Maureen T. and Richard A. Williams. 1989. “Interracial Friendship Choices in Secondary Schools.” American Sociological Review 54:67–78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardesty, Monica. 2001. “Biracial Lived Experience: From Encapsulated to Constructive Self.” Studies in Symbolic Interaction 24:113–43.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, David R. and Jeremiah Joseph Sim. 2002. “Who Is Multiracial? Assessing the Complexity.” American Sociological Review 67:614–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman, Melissa. 2004. “Forced to Choose: Some Determinants of Racial Identification in Multiracial Adolescents.” Child Development 75:730–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hitlin, Steven, J. Scott Brown, and Glen H. Elder Jr. 2006. “Racial Self-categorization in Adolescence: Multiracial Development and Social Pathways.” Child Development 77:1298–308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hitlin, Steven, J. Scott Brown, and Glen H. Elder Jr. 2007. “Measuring Latinos: Racial vs. Ethnic Classification and Self-understandings.” Social Forces 86:587–611.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, Monica Kirkpatrick, Robert Crosnoe, and Glen H. Elder Jr. 2001. “Students' Attachment and Academic Engagement: The Role of Race and Ethnicity.” Sociology of Education 74:318–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalmijn, Matthijs. 1993. “Trends in Black/White Intermarriage.” Social Forces 72:119–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kao, Grace. 1995. “Asian Americans as Model Minorities?: A Look at Their Academic Performance.” American Journal of Education 103:121–59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korgen, Kathleen Odell. 1998. From Black to Biracial: Transforming Racial Identity among Americans. Westport, CT: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, Jennifer and Frank D. Bean. 2004. “America's Changing Color Lines: Immigration, Race/Ethnicity, and Multiracial Identification.” Annual Review of Sociology 30:221–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, Sharon M. and Barry Edmonston. 2005. “New Marriages, New Families: U.S. Racial and Hispanic Intermarriage.” Population Bulletin 62:3–36.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, Valerie E. and Julia B. Smith. 1995. “Effects of High School Restructuring and Size on Early Gains in Achievement and Engagement.” Sociology of Education 68:241–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, Valerie E. and Julia B. Smith. 1997. “High School Size: Which Works Best and for Whom?” Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 19:205–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liebler, Caroline A. 2004. “Ties on the Fringes of Identity.” Social Science Research 33:702–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longshore, Douglas and Jeffrey Prager. 1985. “The Impact of School Desegregation: A Situational Analysis.” Annual Review of Sociology 11:75–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maddala, G. S. 1983. Limited-dependent and Qualitative Variables in Econometrics. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Marcus, Robert F. and Joanne Sanders-Reio. 2001. “The Influence of Attachment on School Completion.” School Psychology Quarterly 16:427–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McRoy, Ruth G. and Edith Freeman. 1986. “Racial-Identity Issues among Mixed-Race Children.” Social Work in Education 8:164–74.
   Google Scholar
• Milan, Stephanie and Margaret K. Keiley. 2000. “Biracial Youth and Families in Therapy: Issues and Interventions.” Journal of Marital and Family Therapy 26:305–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moody, James 1997. The Contextual Determinants of School Attachment. Chapel Hill: Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina.
   Google Scholar
• Moody, James and Douglas R. White. 2003. “Structural Cohesion and Embeddedness: A Hierarchical Concept of Social Groups.” American Sociological Review 68:103–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, Stephen L. and Aage B. Sorensen. 1999. “Parental Networks, Social Closure, and Mathematics Learning: A Test of Coleman's Social Capital Explanation of School Effects.” American Sociological Review 64:661–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mouton, Suzanne G., Jacqueline Hawkins, Robert H. McPherson, and Juanita Copley. 1996. “School Attachment: Perspectives of Low-Attached High School Students.” Educational Psychology 16:297–304.
   Google Scholar
• Nagel, Joane. 1997. American Indian Ethnic Renewal: Red Power and the Resurgence of Identity and Culture. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Park, Robert. 1931. “Mentality of Racial Hybrids.” American Journal of Sociology 36:534–51.
   Google Scholar
• Park, Robert E. 1950. Race and Culture. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Powell, Brian, Regina Werum, and Lala Steelman. 2004. “Macro Causes, Micro Effects: Linking Public Policy, Family Structure, and Educational Outcomes.” Pp. 111–44 in After the Bell: Family Background and Educational Success, edited by D. Conley. London/New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Qian, Zhenchao. 1997. “Breaking the Racial Barriers: Variations in Interracial Marriage between 1980 and 1990.” Demography 34:263–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian, Zhenchao. 2005. “Breaking the Last Taboo: Interracial Marriage in America.” Contexts 4:33–7.
   Google Scholar
• Raftery, Adrian. 1995. “Bayesian Model Selection in Social Research.” Sociological Methodology 25:111–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raudenbush, Stephen and Anthony Bryk. 2002. Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Rockquemore, Kerry Ann and David L. Brunsma. 2001. Beyond Black: Biracial Identity in America. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Rockquemore, Kerry Ann and David L. Brunsma. 2002. “Socially Embedded Identities: Theories, Typologies, and Processes of Racial Identity among Biracials.” The Sociological Quarterly 43:335–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rockquemore, Kerry Ann and Tracey Laszloffy. 2003. “Exploring Multiple Realities: Using Narrative Approaches in Therapy with Black/White Biracials.” Family Relations 52:119–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rockquemore, Kerry Ann and Tracey Laszloffy. 2005. Raising Biracial Children. Oxford, England: AltaMira Press.
   Google Scholar
• Root, Maria P. P. 1992. “Within, between, and beyond Race.” Pp. 3–11 in Racially Mixed People in America, edited by M. P. P. Root. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Root, Maria P. P. 1996. The Multiracial Experience: Racial Borders as the New Frontier. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Root, Maria P. P. [1990] 1998. “Resolving ‘Other’ Status: Identity Development of Biracial Individuals.” Pp. 100–112 in Readings in Ethnic Psychology, edited by P. B. Organista, K. M. Chun, and G. Marín. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Roth, Wendy D. 2005. “The End of the One-Drop Rule? Multiracial Children in Black Intermarriages.” Sociological Forum 20:35–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saporito, Salvatore and Deenesh Sohoni. 2006. “Coloring outside the Lines: Racial Segregation in Public Schools and Their Attendance Boundaries.” Sociology of Education 79:81–105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schofield, Jenet W. 1995. “Review of Research on School Desegregation's Impact on Elementary and Secondary School Students.” Pp. 597–617 in Handbook of Research on Multicultural Education, edited by J. A. Banks and C. A. McGee Banks. New York: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Scritchfield, Shirley A. and J. Steven Picou. 1982. “The Structure of Significant Other Influence on Status Aspirations: Black-White Variations.” Sociology of Education 55:22–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shih, Margaret and Diana T. Sanchez. 2005. “Perspectives and Research on the Positive and Negative Implications of Having Multiracial Identities.” Psychological Bulletin 121:569–91.
   Google Scholar
• Singer, J. D. and J. B. Willett. 2003. Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis: Modeling Change and Event Occurrence. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stephan, Walter G. and Cookie White Stephan. 1991. “Intermarriage: Effects on Personality, Adjustment, and Intergroup Relations in Two Samples of Students.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 53:241–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Bureau of the Census. 2001. Census 2000 Redistricting Data (P.L. 94-171) Summary Files for States. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
   Google Scholar
• Udry, J. Richard, Rose Maria Li, and Janet Hendrickson-Smith. 2003. “Health and Behavior Risks of Adolescents with Mixed Race Identity.” American Journal of Public Health 93:1865–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watt, Toni Terling. 2003. “Are Small Schools and Private Schools Better for Adolescents' Emotional Adjustment?” Sociology of Education 76:344–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells, Amy Stuart and Robert L. Crain. 1994. “Perpetuation Theory and the Long-Term Effects of School Desegregation.” Review of Educational Research 64:531–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whaley, Arthur L. and Kimberly Francis. 2006. “Behavioral Health in Multiracial Adolescents: The Role of Hispanic/Latino Ethnicity.” Public Health Reports 121:169–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson, Joel. 1980. New People: Miscengenation and Mulattoes in the United States. New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Xie, Yu and Kimberly Goyette. 1997. “The Racial Identification of Biracial Children with One Asian Parent: Evidence from the 1990 Census.” Social Forces 76:547–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar