Isolated in A Technologically Connected World?: Changes in the Core Professional Ties of Female Researchers in Ghana, Kenya, and Kerala, India

REFERENCES

• Allison, Paul D. 2005. Fixed Effects Regression Models for Longitudinal Data Using SAS. Cary, NC: SAS Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Allison, Paul D. and J. Scott Long. 1990. “Departmental Effects on Scientific Productivity.” American Sociological Review 55:469–78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, Meredith and Wesley Shrum. 2007. “Circumvention and Social Change: ICTs and the Discourse of Empowerment.” Women's Studies in Communication 30:229–53.
   Google Scholar
• Barjak, Franz. 2006. “Research Productivity in the Internet Era.” Scientometrics 68:343–60.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beintema, Nienke M. and Federica Di Marcantonio. 2009. Women's Participation in Agricultural Research and Higher Education: Key Trends in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: IFPRI and Nairobi: G&D Program.
   Google Scholar
• Bowen, Hannah. 2010. Information at the Grassroots: Analyzing the Media Use and Communication Habits of Kenyans to Support Effective Development. Washington, DC: Intermedia Survey Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Burt, Ronald S. 1998. “The Gender of Social Capital.” Rationality and Society 10:5–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, Karen E. 1988. “Gender Differences in Job-Related Networks.” Work and Occupations 15:179–200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campion, Patricia and Wesley Shrum. 2004. “Gender and Science in Development: Women Scientists in Africa and India.” Science Technology and Human Values 29:459–85.
   Google Scholar
• Castells, Manuel. 2000. The Information Age: Economy, Society, and Culture: The Rise of the Network Society. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, Randall. 2004. Interaction Ritual Chains. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Costa, Sely and Jack Meadows. 2000. “The Impact of Computer Usage on Scholarly Communication among Social Scientists.” Journal of Information Science 26:255–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crane, Diane. 1972. Invisible Colleges: Diffusion of Knowledge in Scientific Communities. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Duque, Ricardo B., Wesley Shrum, Omar Barriga Jr., and Guillermo Henriquez. 2009. “Internet Practice and Professional Networks in Chilean Science: Dependency or Progress?” Scientometrics 81:239–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkel, Steven E. 1995. Causal Analysis with Panel Data. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Flaherty, Kathleen, George Owusu Essegbey, and Roland Asare. 2010. “Ghana: Recent Developments in Agricultural Research.” ASTI-CSIR, Country Note .
   Google Scholar
• Flaherty, Kathleen, Festus Murithi, Wellington Mulinge, and Esther Njuguna. 2010. “Kenya: Recent Developments in Public Agricultural Research.” ASTI-KARI, Country Note .
   Google Scholar
• Fox, Mary Frank. 2010. “Women and Men Faculty in Academic Science and Engineering: Social Organizational Indicators and Implications.” American Behavioral Scientist 53:997–1012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox, Mary Frank and Catherine A. Faver. 1985. “Men, Women, and Publication Productivity: Patterns among Social Work Academics.” The Sociological Quarterly 26:537–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox, Mary Frank and Carolyn Fonseca. 2006. “Gender and Mentoring of Faculty in Science and Engineering: Individual and Organizational Factors.” International Journal of Learning and Change 4:460–83.
   Google Scholar
• Fox, Mary Frank and Sushanta Mohapatra. 2007. “Social-Organizational Characteristics of Work and Publication Productivity among Academic Scientists in Doctoral Granting Departments.” The Journal of Higher Education 78:542–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs, Stephan. 2001. Against Essentialism: A Theory of Culture and Society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gaillard, Jacques. 1991. Scientists in the Third World. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press.
   Google Scholar
• Glanzel, Wolfgang and Andras Schubert. 2004. ““Analyzing Scientific Networks through Co-Authorship.” Pp. 257–76 in Handbook of Quantitative Science and Technology Research, edited by Henk F. Moed, Wolfgang Glanzel, and Ulrich Schmoch. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Granovetter, Mark S. 1973. “The Strength of Weak Ties.” American Journal of Sociology 78:1360–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta, Namrata, Carol Kemelgor, Stefan Fuchs, and Henry Etzkowitz. 2005. “Triple Burden on Women in Science: A Cross-Cultural Analysis.” Current Science 89:1382–86.
   Google Scholar
• Hermanowicz, Joseph C. 2009. Lives in Science: How Institutions Affect Academic Careers. Chicago, IL and London, England: The University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hicks, Diana M. and J. Sylvan Katz. 1996. “Where Is Science Going?” Science, Technology & Human Values 21:379–406.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibarra, Herminia. 1993. “Personal Networks of Women and Minorities in Management: A Conceptual Framework.” Academy of Management Review 18:56–87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibarra, Herminia. 1997. “Paving an Alternate Route: Gender Differences in Network Strategies for Career Development.” Social Psychology Quarterly 60:91–102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Harris H. 2009. “Networks, Information Transwer, and Status Conferral: The Role of Social Capital in Income Stratification among Lawyers.” The Sociological Quarterly 50:61–87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koku, Emmanuel, Nancy Nazer, and Barry Wellman. 2001. “Netting Scholars: Online and Offline.” American Behavioral Scientist 44:1750–72.
   Google Scholar
• Latour, Bruno. 2005. Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Leahey, Erin. 2007. “Not by Productivity Alone: How Visibility and Specialization Contribute to Academic Earnings.” American Sociological Review 72:533–61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, Nan. 2001. Social Capital: A Theory of Social Structure and Action. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Long, J. Scott. 1990. “The Origins of Sex Differences in Science.” Social Forces 68:1297–316.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loscocco, Karyn, Shannon M. Monnat, Gwen Moore, and Kirsten B. Lauber. 2009. “Enterprising Women: A Comparison of Women's and Men's Small Business Networks.” Gender and Society 23:388–411.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyson, Thomas A., Robert J. Torres, and Rick Welsh. 2001. “Scale of Agricultural Production, Civic Engagement, and Community Welfare.” Social Forces 80:311–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsden, Peter V. 1987. “Core Discussion Networks of Americans.” American Sociological Review 52:122–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsden, Peter V. 1990. “Network Data and Measurement.” Annual Review of Sociology 16:435–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matzat, Uwe. 2004. “Academic Communication and Internet Discussion Groups: Transfer of Information or Creation of Social Contacts?” Social Networks 26:221–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald, Steve, Nan Lin, and Dan Ao. 2009. “Networks of Opportunity: Gender, Race, and Job Leads.” Social Problems 56:385–402.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McPherson, Miller, Lynn Smith-Lovin, and James M. Cook. 2001. “Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks.” Annual Review of Sociology 27:415–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merton, Robert K. 1973. The Sociology of Science. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, B. Paige, R. Sooryamoorthy, Meredith Anderson, Antony Palackal, and Wesley Shrum. 2006. “Gender and Science in Developing Areas: Has the Internet Reduced Inequality?” Social Science Quarterly 87:679–89.
   Google Scholar
• Mok, Diana, Juan-Antonio Carrasco, and Barry Wellman. 2009. “Does Distance Still Matter in the Age of the Internet?” Urban Studies 47:2747–83.
   Google Scholar
• Moore, Gwen. 1990. “Structural Determinants of Men's and Women's Personal Networks.” American Sociological Review 55:726–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nentwich, Michael. 2005. “Cyberscience: Modeling ICT-Induced Changes of the Scholarly Communication System.” Information, Communication and Society 8:542–60.
   Google Scholar
• Palackal, Antony, Meredith Anderson, B. Paige Miller, and Wesley Shrum. 2006. “Gender Stratification and E-Science: Can the Internet Circumvent Patrifocality?” Pp. 246–69 in New Infrastructures of Knowledge Production: Understanding E-Science, edited by Christine M. Hine. London, England: Idea Group Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Reskin, Barbara F., Debra B. McBrier, and Julie A. Kmec. 1999. “The Determinants and Consequences of Workplace Sex and Race Composition.” Annual Review of Sociology 25:335–61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridgeway, Cecilia and Shelley J. Correll. 2004. “Unpacking the Gender System: A Theoretical Perspective on Cultural Beliefs and Social Relations.” Gender and Society 18:510–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schott, Thomas. 1993. “World Science: Globalization of Institutions and Participation.” Science, Technology and Human Values 18:196–208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrum, Wesley. 1997. “A Social Network Approach to Research Systems for Sustainable Agricultural Development: Results from a Study of Kenya, Ghana, and Kerala.” International Service for National Agricultural Research, briefing paper #36.
   Google Scholar
• Shrum, Wesley. 2005. “Reagency of the Internet, or, How I Became a Guest for Science.” Social Studies of Science 35:723–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrum, Wesley and Carl Bankston. 1993. “Organizational and Geopolitical Approaches to International Science and Technology Networks.” Knowledge and Policy 6:119–33.
   Google Scholar
• Shrum, Wesley and John J. Beggs. 1996. “A Methodology for Studying Research Networks in the Developing World: Generating Information for Science and Technology Policy.” Knowledge and Policy 9:62–85.
   Google Scholar
• Shrum, Wesley and Patricia Campion. 2000. “Are Scientists in Developing Countries Isolated?” Science, Technology, and Society 5:1–34.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, Sandra S. 2000. “Mobilizing Social Resources: Race, Ethnic, and Gender Differences in Social Capital and Persisting Wage Inequalities.” The Sociological Quarterly 41:509–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith-Lovin, Lynn and J. Miller McPherson. 1993. ““You Are Who You Know: A Network Perspective on Gender.” Pp. 223–51 in Theory on Gender/Feminism on Theory, edited by Paula England. New York: Aldine.
   Google Scholar
• Wellman, Barry, Emmanuel Koku, and Jeremy Hunsinger. 2006. ““Networked Scholarship.” Pp. 1429–47 in The International Handbook of Virtual Learning Environments, edited by J. Weiss, Jason Nolan, Jeremy Hunsinger, and Peter Trifonas. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• White, Harrison C. 1992. Identity and Control: A Structural Theory of Social Action. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Xie, Yu and Kimberlee Shauman. 1998. “Sex Difference in Research Productivity: New Evidence about an Old Puzzle.” American Sociological Review 63:847–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ynalvez, Marcus Antonius and Wesley Shrum. 2008. “International Graduate Training, Digital Inequality and Professional Network Structure: An Ego-Centric Social Network Analysis of Knowledge Producers at the Global South.” Scientometrics 76:343–68.
   Google Scholar
• Zuckerman, Harriet. 1967. “Nobel Laureates in Science: Patterns of Productivity, Collaboration, and Authorship.” American Sociological Review 32:391–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar