Implications of land ecosystem-atmosphere interactions for strategies for climate change adaptation and mitigation

References

• Alcamo, J., L,eemans, R. and Kreileman, E., Eds. 1998. Global Change Scenarios of the 21st Century. Results from the IMAGE 2.1 Model. Pergamon Elsevier Science, London.
   Google Scholar
• Amell, N., Chunzhen, L., Compagnucci, R., da Cunha, L., Hanaki, K., and co-authors. 2001. Hydrology and water resources, in IPCC, 2001. Climate Change 2001: The scientific basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Betts, R. A. 2000. Offset of the potential carbon sink from boreal foresta-tion by decreases in surface albedo. Nature 408, 187–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betts, R. A. 2001. Biogeophysical impacts of land use on present-day climate: near-surface temperature change and radiative forcing. Atmo-spheric Science Letters,.
   Google Scholar
• Betts, R. and Best, M. 2004. Relative Impacts of Radiative Forcing, Land-scape Effects and Local Heat Sources on Simulated Climate Change in Urban Areas. BETWIXT Technical Briefing Note 6, available from: http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/cru/projects/betwixt/.
   Google Scholar
• Betts, R. A., Cox, P.M., Lee, S. E. and Woodward, El. 1997. Contrasting physiological and structural vegetation feedbacks in climate change simulations. Nature 387, 796–799.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betts, R. A., Cox, P. M., Collins, M., Harris, P. P., Huntingford, C. and co-authors. 2004. The role of ecosystem-atmosphere interactions in simulated Amazonian precipitation decrease and forest dieback under global climate warming. Theor. App. Climatol. 78, 157–175.
   Google Scholar
• Boucher, O., Myhre, G. and Myhre, A. 2004. Direct influence of ir-rigation on atmospheric water vapour and climate. Clim. Dyn. 22, 597–603.
   Google Scholar
• Chamey, J. G. 1975. Dynamics of deserts and droughts in the sahel. Quart. J. R. MeteoroL S. 101, 193–202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chase, T. N., Pielke, R. A., Kind, T. G. E, Nemani, N. and Running, S. W. 2000. Simulated impacts of historical land cover changes on global climate in northern winter. Clim. Dyn. 16, 93–105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collatz, G. J., Ball, J. T., Grivet, C. and Berry, J. A. 1991. Physiological and environmental regulation of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and transpiration: A model that includes a laminar boundary layer. Agric. Forest MeteoroL 54, 107–136.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collatz, G. J., Ribas-Carbo, M. and Berry, J. A. 1992. A coupled photosynthesis-stomatal conductance model for leaves of C4 plants. Aus. J. Plant Physiol. 19, 519–538.
   Google Scholar
• Cox, P.M. 2001. Description of the TRIFFID dynamic global vegetation model. Technical Note 24, Hadley Centre, Met Office. Available online at http://www.metoffice.gov.uk.
   Google Scholar
• Cox, P. M., Betts, R. A., Bunton, C. B., Essery, R. L. H., Rowntree, P. R. and co-authors. 1999. The impact of new land surface physics on the GCM simulation of climate and climate sensitivity. Clim. Dyn. 15, 183–203.
   Google Scholar
• Cox, P. M., Betts, R. A., Jones, C. D., Spall, S. A. and Totterdell, I. J. 2000. Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model. Nature 408, 184–187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cramer, W., Bondeau, A., Woodward, E I., Prentice, I. C., Betts, R. A. and co-authors. 2001. Global response of terrestrial ecosystem structure and function to CO2 and climate change: Results from six dynamic global vegetation models. Glob. Change Biol. 7 (4), 357–374.
   Google Scholar
• Crutzen, P. J. 2004. New directions: the growing urban heat and pollution “island” effect - impact on chemistry and climate. Atmos. Env. 38, 3539–3540.
   Google Scholar
• Delire, C., Behling, P., Coe, M. T., Foley, J. A., Jacob, R. and co-authors. 2001. Simulated response of the atmosphere-ocean system to defor-estation in the Indonesian Archipelago. Geophy. Res. Lett. 28 (10), 2081-2084.
   Google Scholar
• Essery, R. L. H., Best, M. J., Betts, R. A., Cox, P. M. and Taylor, C. M. 2003. Explicit representation of subgrid heterogeneity in a GCM land surface scheme. J. Hydrometeorology 4, 530–543.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feddema, J. J., Oleson, K. W., Bonan, G. B., Meams, L. 0., Buja, L. E. and co-authors. 2005. The importance of land cover change in simulating future climates. Science 310, 1674–1678.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field, C., Jackson, R. and Mooney, H. 1995. Stomatal responses to in-creased CO2: Implications from the plant to the global scale. Plant, Cell and Environment 18, 1214–1255.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedlingstein, P., Cox, P. M., Betts, R. A., Bopp, L., von Bloh, W. and co-authors. 2006. Climate carbon-cycle feedback analysis: results from the C4MIP model intercomparison. J. Climate 19 (14), 3337-3353.
   Google Scholar
• Gedney, N., Cox, P. M., Betts, R. A., Boucher, 0., Huntingford, C. and co-authors. 2006. Detection of a direct carbon dioxide effect in continental river runoff records. Nature 439, 835–838.
   Google Scholar
• Govindasamy, B., Duffy, P. B. and Caldeira, K. 2001. Land use changes and Northern Hemisphere cooling. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28 (2), 291–294.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haxeltine, A. 1996. Modelling the vegetation of the Earth. PhD thesis, Lund University, Sweden.
   Google Scholar
• Ichinose, T., Shimodozono, K. and Hanaki, K. 1999. Impact of an-thropogenic heat on urban climate in Tokyo. Atmos. Env. 33, 3897–3909.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacob, D. J., Avissar, R., Bond, G. C., Gaffin, S., Kiehl, J. T. and co-authors. 2005. Radiative forcing of climate change. The National Acadamies Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 207.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, R. B., Jobbagy, E. G., Avissar, R., Roy, S. B., Barrett, D. J. and co-authors. 2005. Trading water for carbon with biological sequestra-tion. Science 310, 1944–1947.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs, C. 1994. Direct impacts of atmospheric CO2 enrichment on re-gional transpiration. PhD thesis, Wageningen Agricultural University. Klein Goldewijk, K. 2001. Estimating global land use change over the past 300 years: The HYDE database. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 15, 417–433.
   Google Scholar
• Labat, D., Godderis, Y., Probst, J. L. and Guyot, J. L. 2004. Evidence for global runoff increase related to climate warming. Adv. in Water Res. 27, 631–642.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loveland, T. R., Reed, B. C., Brown, J. E, Ohlen, B., Zhu, Z. and co-authors. 2000. Development of a global land cover characteristics database and IGBP DISCover from 1 km AVHR R data. Int. J. Remote Sens. 21, 1303–1330.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan, P. B., Ainsworth, E. A., Long, S. P. 2003. How does elevated ozone impact soybean? A meta-analysis of photosynthesis, growth and yield. Plant, Cell Environ. 26 (8), 1317–1328.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, P. B., Bemacchi, C. J., Ort, D. R. and Long, S. P. 2004. An in vivo analysis of the effect of season-long open-air elevation of ozone to anticipated 2050 levels on photosynthesis in soybean. Plant Physiologist 135 (4), 2348–2357.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKee, I. F. and Long, S. P. 2001. Plant growth regulators control ozone damage to wheat yield. New Phytologist 152 (1), 41–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myhre, G. and Myhre, A. 2003. Uncertainties in radiative forcing due to surface albedo changes caused by land-use changes. J. Climate 16, 1511–1524.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakiéenovié, N. 1998. Global Energy Perspectives.N. Nakicenovic (ed). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Nakiéenovié, N., Alcamo, J., Davis, G., de Vries, B., Fenhann, J. and co-authors. 2000. IPCC Special report on emissions scenarios. Cam-bridge University Press 2000, pp. 599.
   Google Scholar
• Pielke, R. A. Sr., Marland, G., Betts, R. A., Chase, T. N., Eastman, J. L. and co-authors. 2002. The influence of land-use change and landscape dynamics on the climate system - relevance to climate change policy beyond the radioactive effect of greenhouse gases. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A. 360, 1705–1719.
   Google Scholar
• Schaeffer, M., Eickhout, B., Hoogwijk, M., Strengers, B., van Vuuren, D. and co-authors. 2006. CO2 and albedo climate impacts of extra-tropical carbon and biomass plantations. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 20 (2), Art. No. GB2020.
   Google Scholar
• Salati, E. and Vose, P. B. 1984. Amazon Basin: A system in equilibrium. Nature 225 (4658), 129–138.
   Google Scholar
• Sellers, P. J., Berry, J., Collatz, G., Field, C. and Hall, E 1992. Canopy reflectance, photosynthesis and transpiration, DI A reanalysis using enzyme kinetics - electron transport models of leaf physiology. Re-mote Sens. Environ. 42, 187–216.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sellers, P. J., Bounoua, L., Collatz, G. J., Randall, D. A., Dazlich, D. A. and co-authors. 1996. Comparison of radiative and physiological effects of doubled atmospheric CO2 on climate. Science 271, 1402–1406.
   Google Scholar
• Sitch, S., Cox, P., Huntingford, C., Collins, W., Hemming, D. and co-authors. 2005. Report on possible impacts of tropospheric ozone changes on land carbon uptake. Contract deliverable 08.040.04, DE-FRA Climate Prediction Programme. Available on request from [email protected].
   Google Scholar
• UNFCCC 1997. Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Con-vention on Climate Change. FCCC/CP/1997/L.7 Add. 1.
   Google Scholar
• Woodward, S., Roberts, D. L. and Betts, R. A. 2005. A sim-ulation of the effect of climate change-induced desertifica-tion on mineral dust aerosol. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, L18810, 10.1029/2005GL023482.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, M., Pitman, A. and Chase, T. N. 2001. The impacts of land cover change on the atmospheric circulation. Clim. Dyn. 17,467–477.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar