Vertical profiles of biospheric and fossil fuel-derived CO₂ and fossil fuel CO₂ :CO ratios from airborne measurements of Δ¹⁴C, CO₂ and CO above Colorado, USA

References

• Andres, R. J., Marland, G., Fung, I. and Matthews, E. 1996. A 1° x 10 distribution of carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel consumption and cement manufacture, 1950-1990. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 54, 419–429.
   Google Scholar
• Air Pollution Control Division (APCD) 2005. Colorado Air Quality Data Report, 2004, Colorado Department of Public Health and Envi-ronment, Denver.
   Google Scholar
• Bakwin, P. S., Tans, P. P., Hurst, D. F. and Zhao, C. 1998. Measurements of carbon dioxide on very tall towers: results of the NOAA/CMDL program. Tellus 50B, 401–415.
   Google Scholar
• Baldocchi, D., Finnigan, J., Wilson, K., Pawu, K. T. and Falge, E. 2000. On measuring net ecosystem carbon exchange over tall vegetation on complex terrain. Bdiy-Layer MeteoroL 96, 257–291.
   Google Scholar
• Blasing, T. J., Broniak, C. T. and Marland, G. 2004. Estimates of annual fossil-fuel CO2 emitted for each state in the U.S.A. and the District of Columbia for each year from 1960 through 2001. In: Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN.
   Google Scholar
• Braud, H., Bousquet, P. and Ramonet, M. 2004. CO/CO2 ratio in urban atmosphere: example of the agglomeration of Paris, France. Notes des Activités Instrumentales Volume 42, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Paris.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, J. E., Carmichael, G. R., Tang, Y., Chai, T., Vay, S. A. and co-authors. 2007. Analysis of anthropogenic CO2 signal in ICARTT using a regional chemical transport model and observed tracers. Tellus 59B, 199–210.
   Google Scholar
• Conway, T. J. and Tans, P. P. 2004. Atmospheric carbon dioxide mix-ing ratios from the NOAA/CMDL Carbon Cycle Cooperative Global Air Sampling Network. In: Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN.
   Google Scholar
• Ellison, S. L. R., Rosslein, M. and Williams, A., eds 2000. EURACHEM/CITAC Guide: Quantifying Uncertainty in Analytical Measurement 2nd Edition. London.
   Google Scholar
• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 2006. Inventory of U.S. Green-house Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2004, Washington.
   Google Scholar
• Gamnitzer, U., Karstens, U., Kromer, B., Neubert, R. E M., Meijer, H. A. J. and co-authors. 2006. Carbon monoxide: A quantitative tracer for fossil fuel CO2? J. Geophys. Res. 111, D22302.
   Google Scholar
• Geels, C., Gloor, M., Ciais, P., Bousquet, R, Peylin, P. and co-authors. 2007. Comparing atmospheric transport models for future regional inversions over Europe - Part 1: mapping the atmospheric CO2 signals. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7, 3461–3479.
   Google Scholar
• Gerbig, C., Schmitgen, S., Kley, D., Volz-Thomas, A., Dewey, K. and co-authors. 1999. An improved fast-response vacuum-UV res-onance fluorescence CO instrument. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 1699–1704.
   Google Scholar
• Gerbig, C., Lin, J. C., Wofsy, S. C., Daube, B. C., Andrews, A. E. and co-authors. 2003. Toward constraining regional-scale fluxes of CO2 with atmospheric observations over a continent: 2. analysis of COBRA data using a receptor-oriented framework. J. Geophys. Res. 108 (D24), 4757.
   Google Scholar
• Gibert, F., Schmidt, M., Cuesta, J., Ciais, P., Ramonet, M. and co-authors 2007. Retrieval of average CO2 fluxes by combining in situ CO2 measurements and backscatter lidar information. J. Geophys. Res. 112, D10301.
   Google Scholar
• Graven, H. D. 2008. Advancing the Use of Radiocarbon in Studies of Global and Regional Carbon Cycling with High Precision Measure-ments of 14C in CO2 from the Scripps CO2 Program. PhD Thesis. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Graven, H. D., Guilderson, T. P. and Keeling, R. F. 2007. Methods for high-precision 14C AMS measurement of atmospheric CO2 at LLNL. Radiocarbon 49, 349–356.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guenther, P. R., Bollenbacher, A. F., Keeling, C. D., Stewart, E. F. and Wahlen, M. 2001. Calibration methodology for the Scripps 13012 c and 180/160 stable isotope program, 1996-2000. A Report Prepared for the Global Environmental Monitoring Program of the World Me-teorological Organization, Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Gurney, K. R., Law, R. M., Denning, A. S., Rayner, P. J., Baker, D. and co-authors. 2002. Towards robust regional estimates of CO2 sources and sinks using atmospheric transport models. Nature 415, 626–30.
   Google Scholar
• Gurney, K., Chen, Y., Maki, T., Kawa, S., Andrews, A. and co-authors. 2005. Sensitivity of atmospheric CO2 inversions to seasonal and in-terannual variations in fossil fuel emissions. J. Geophys. Res. 110, D10308.
   Google Scholar
• Gurney, K., Seib, B., Ansley, W., Mendoza, D., Fischer, M. and co-authors. 2008. The Vulcan Inventory, version 1.0. Purdue University. Available at: http://www.purdue.edu/eas/carbon/vulcan/ research.html.
   Google Scholar
• Henne, S., Furger, M., Nyeki, S., Steinbacher, M., Neininger, B. and co-authors. 2004. Quantification of topographic venting of bound-ary layer air to the free troposphere. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 4, 497–509.
   Google Scholar
• Keeling, C. D. 1958. The concentration and isotopic abundances of atmospheric carbon dioxide in rural areas. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta 13, 322–334.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keeling, C. D., Guenther, P. R., Emanuele, G., Bollenbacher, A. F. and Moss, D. J. 2002. Scripps Reference Gas Calibration System for Carbon Dioxide-in-Nitrogen and Carbon Dioxide-in-Air Standards: Revision of 1999, A Report Prepared for the Global Environmen-tal Monitoring Program of the World Meteorological Organization, Scripps Institution of Oceanography.
   Google Scholar
• Levin, I. and Karstens, U. 2007. Inferring high-resolution fossil fuel CO2 records at continental sites from combined 14CO2 and CO ob-servations. Tellus 59B, 245–250.
   Google Scholar
• Levin, I. and Rödenbeck, C. 2008. Can the envisaged reductions of fossil fuel CO2 emissions be detected by atmospheric observations? Naturwissenschaften 95, 203–208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin, I., Munnich, K. O. and Weiss, W. 1980. The effect of anthro-pogenic CO2 and 14C sources on the distribution of 14C in the atmo-sphere. Radiocarbon 22, 379–391.
   Google Scholar
• Levin, I., Kromer, B., Schmidt, M. and Sartorius, H. 2003. A novel approach for independent budgeting of fossil fuel CO2 over Europe by 14CO2 observations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30 (23), 2194.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marland, G., Brenkert, A. and Olivier, J. 1999. CO2 from fossil fuel burning: a comparison of ORNL and EDGAR estimates of national emissions. Environ. Sci. Policy 2, 265–273.
   Google Scholar
• Meijer, H. A.J., Smid, H. M., Perez, E. and Keizer, M. G. 1996. Isotopic characterization of anthropogenic CO2 emissions using isotopic and radiocarbon analysis. Phys. Chem. Earth 21, 483–487.
   Google Scholar
• Patalci, D. E., Bowling, D. R. and Ehleringer, J. R. 2003. Seasonal cycle of carbon dioxide and its isotopic composition in an urban atmo-sphere: Anthropogenic and biogenic effects. J. Geophys. Res. 108, 4735.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potosnak, M. J., Wofsy, S. C., Denning, A. S., Conway, T. J., Munger, J. W. and co-authors. 1999. Influence of biotic exchange and com-bustion sources on atmospheric CO2 concentrations in New England from observations at a forest flux tower. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 9561–9569.
   Google Scholar
• Pypker, T. G., Unsworth, M. H., Mix, A. C., Rugh, W., Ocheltree, T. and co-authors. 2007. Using nocturnal cold air drainage flow to monitor ecosystem processes in complex terrain. Ecol. AppL 17, 702–714.
   Google Scholar
• Rivier, L., Ciais, P., Hauglustaine, D. A., Bakwin, R, Bousquet, P. and co-authors. 2006. Evaluation of SF6, C2C14, and CO to approximate fossil fuel CO2 in the Northern Hemisphere using a chemistry trans-port model. J. Geophys. Res. 111, D16311.
   Google Scholar
• Rödenbeck, C., Houweling, S., Gloor, M. and Heimann, M. 2003. Time-dependent atmospheric CO2 inversions based on interannually vary-ing tracer transport. Tellus 55B, 488–497.
   Google Scholar
• Schimel, D. S., House, J. I., Hibbard, K. A., Bousquet, P., Ciais, P. and co-authors. 2001. Recent patterns and mechanisms of carbon ex-change by terrestrial ecosystems. Nature 414, 169–172.
   Google Scholar
• Schimel, D. S., Kittel, T. G. F., Running, S., Monson, R., Turnipseed, A. and co-author. 2002. Carbon sequestration studied in western US mountains. EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Un. 83, 445–449.
   Google Scholar
• Stephens, B. B., Gurney, K. R., Tans, P. P., Sweeney, C., Peters, W. and co-authors. 2007. Weak northern and strong tropical land carbon uptake from vertical profiles of atmospheric CO2. Science 316, 1732–1735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuiver, M. and Polach, H. A. 1977. Discussion: reporting of 14C data. Radiocarbon 19, 355–363.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suess, H. E. 1955. Radiocarbon concentration in modern wood. Science 122,415–417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi, H. A., Konohira, E., Hiyama, T., Minami, M., Nakamura, T. and co-authors. 2002. Diurnal variation of CO2 concentration, Ai4c and 313C in an urban forest: estimate of the anthropogenic and biogenic CO2 contributions. Tellus 54B, 97–109.
   Google Scholar
• Tans, P. R, de Jong, A. EM. and Mook, W. G. 1979. Natural atmospheric 14C variation and the Suess effect. Nature 280, 826–828.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turnbull, J. C., Miller, J. B., Lehman, S. J., Tans, P. R, Sparks, R. J. and co-authors. 2006. Comparison of 14CO2, CO, and SF6 as tracers for recently added fossil fuel CO2 in the atmosphere and implications for biological CO2 exchange. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L01817.
   Google Scholar
• Turnbull, J. C., Lehman, S.J., Miller, J. B., Sparks, R. J., Southon, J. and co-authors. 2007. A new high precision 14CO2 time series for North American continental air. J. Geophys. Res. 112, D11310.
   Google Scholar
• Wofsy, S. C. and Harriss, R. C. 2002. The North American Carbon Program (NACP), US Global Change Research Program, Washington.
   Google Scholar
• Wofsy, S. C., Kaplan, W. A. and Harriss, R. C. 1988. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere over the Amazon Basin. J. Geophys. Res. 93, 1377–1387.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar