The photosynthetic response of a high-altitude spruce forest to nitrogen amendments with implications for gross primary productivity

References

• Adams, W. W. and Demmig-Adams, B. 2004. Chlorophyll fluorescence as a tool to monitor plant response to the environment. In: Chlorophyll a Fluorescence: A Signature of Photosynthesis (eds Papageorgiou, G. C. and Govindjee). Springer, Dordrecht, 583–604.
   Google Scholar
• Baker, N. R. 2008. Chlorophyll fluorescence: a probe of photosynthesis in vivo. Ann. Rev. Plant Biol. 59, 89–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley, J. V. 1968. Distribution-Free Statistical Tests. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Calanni, J., Berg, E., Wood, M., Mangis, D., Boyce, R. and co-authors. 1999. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition at a conifer forest: response of free amino acids in Engelmann spruce needles. Environ. PolluL 105, 79–89.
   Google Scholar
• Charway, H. and Bailer, A. J. 2007. Testing multiple-group variance equality with randomization procedures. J. Stat. CompuL SimuL 77, 797–803.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Schrijver, A., Verheyen, K., Mertens, J., Staelens, J., Wuyts, K. and co-authors. 2008. Nitrogen saturation and net ecosystem production. Nature 451, El.
   Google Scholar
• de Vries, W., Solberg, S., Dobbertin, M., Sterba, H., Laubhahn, D. and co-authors. 2008. Ecologically implausible carbon response? Nature 451, El—E3.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, J. R. 1989. Photosynthesis and Nitrogen Relationships in Leaves of C-3 Plants. Oecologia 78, 9–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galloway, J.N., Dentener, E J., Capone, D. G., Boyer, E. W., Howarth, R. W., and co-authors 2004. Nitrogen cycles: past, present, and future. Biogeochemistiy 70, 153–226.
   Google Scholar
• Grassi, G., Colom, M. R. and Minotta, G. 2001. Effects of nutrient supply on photosynthetic acclimation and photoinhibition of one-year-old foliage of Picea abies. Physiol. Planta rum 111, 245–254.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurung, A. 2009. Forest impacts of atmospheric nitrogen deposition: a case study at Rocky Mountain spruce trees using chlorophyll flu-orescence. Earth System Research Lab doc. # [to be determined], NOAA-Boulder, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Hogberg, P., Fan, H. B., Quist, M., Binkley, D. and Tamm, C. O. 2006. Tree growth and soil acidification in response to 30 years of exper-imental nitrogen loading on boreal forest. Global Change Biol. 12, 489–499.
   Google Scholar
• Holland, E. A., Braswell, B. H., Sulzman, J. and Lamarque, J. E 2005. Nitrogen deposition onto the United States and western Europe: syn-thesis of observations and models. EcoL Appl. 15, 38–57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyvonen, R., Agren, G. I., Linder, S., Persson, T., Cotrufo, M.E and co-authors. 2007. The likely impact of elevated [CO2], nitrogen de-position, increased temperature and management on carbon seques-tration in temperate and boreal forest ecosystems: a literature review. New Phytologist 173, 463–480.
   Google Scholar
• Hyvonen, R., Persson, T., Andersson, S., Olsson, B., Agren, G. I. and co-authors. 2008. Impact of long-term nitrogen addition on carbon stocks in trees and soils in northern Europe. Biogeochemisby 89, 121–137.
   Google Scholar
• Komarkova, V. and Webber, P. J. 1978. Alpine Vegetation Map of Niwot Ridge, Colorado. Arct. Alp. Res. 10, 1–29.
   Google Scholar
• Luyssaert, S., Inglima, I., Jung, M., Richardson, A. D, Reichsteins, M. and co-authors. 2007. CO2 balance of boreal, temperate, and tropical forests derived from a global database. Global Change Biol. 13, 2509–2537.
   Google Scholar
• Luyssaert, S., Schulze, E. D., Borner, A., Knohl, A., Hessenmoller, D. and co-authors. 2008. Old-growth forests as global carbon sinks. Nature 455, 213–215.
   Google Scholar
• Magill, A. H., Aber, J. D., Currie, W. S., Nadelhoffer, K. J., Martin, M. E. and co-authors. 2004. Ecosystem response to 15 years of chronic nitrogen additions at the Harvard Forest LTER, Massachusetts, USA. Forest Ecol. Manag. 196, 7–28.
   Google Scholar
• Magnani, F., Mencuccini, M., Borghetti, M., Berbigier, R, Berninger, E and co-authors. 2007. The human footprint in the carbon cycle of temperate and boreal forests. Nature 447, 848–850.
   Google Scholar
• Makoto, K. and Koike, T. 2007. Effects of nitrogen supply on photo-synthetic and anatomical changes in current-year needles of Pinus koraiensis seedlings grown under two irradiances. Photosynthetica 45, 99–104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maxwell, K. and Johnson, G. N. 2000. Chlorophyll fluorescence—a practical guide. J. Exp. BoL 51, 659–668.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKinnon, L. M. and Mitchell, A. K. 2003. Photoprotection, not in-creased growth, characterizes the response of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) seedlings to high light, even when resources are plentiful. New Phytologist 160, 69–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNulty, S. G., Boggs, J., Aber, J. D., Rustad, L. and Magill, A. 2005. Red spruce ecosystem level changes following 14 years of chronic N fertilization. Forest EcoL Manag. 219, 279–291.
   Google Scholar
• Millard, P., Sommerkorn, M. and Grelet, G. A. 2007. Environmental change and carbon limitation in trees: a biochemical, ecophysiological and ecosystem appraisal. New Phytologist 175, 11–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monson, R. K., Turnipseed, A. A., Sparks, J. P., Harley, P. C., Scott-Denton, L. E. and co-authors. 2002. Carbon sequestration in a high-elevation, subalpine forest. Global Change Biol. 8, 459-478.
   Google Scholar
• Norman, G. R. and Streiner, D. L. 2008. Biostatistics: The Bare Essen-tials. Hamilton, Ontario, B.C. Decker, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Oxborough, K. and Baker, N. R. 1997. Resolving chlorophyll a flu-orescence images of photosynthetic efficiency into photochemical and non-photochemical components—calculation of qP and Fv'/Fm' without measuring Fo'. Photosynth. Res. 54, 135–142.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posch, S., Warren, C. R., Kruse, J., Guttenberger, H.and Adams, M. A. 2008. Nitrogen allocation and the fate of absorbed light in 21-year-old Pinus radiata. Tree Physiol. 28, 375–384.
   Google Scholar
• Pregitzer, K. S., Burton, A. J., Zak, D. R. and Talhelm, A. F. 2008. Simulated chronic nitrogen deposition increases carbon storage in Northern Temperate forests. Global Change Biol. 14, 142–153.
   Google Scholar
• Ritchie, G. A. 2006. Chlorophyll fluorescence: what is it and what do the numbers mean? In: National Proceedings: Forest and Conservation Nursery Associations-2005 (eds Riley, L. E., R. K. Dumroese and T. D. Landis tech. coords.). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Fort Collins, CO, 34–42.
   Google Scholar
• Rohacek, K. and Bartalc, M. 1999. Technique of the modulated chloro-phyll fluorescence: basic concepts, useful parameters, and some ap-plications. Photosynthetica 37, 339–363.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohacek, K. 2002. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters: the definitions, photosynthetic meaning, and mutual relationships. Photosynthetica 40, 13–29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sievering, H., Kelly, T., McConville, G., Seibold, C. and Turnipseed, A. 2001. Nitric acid dry deposition to conifer forests: Niwot Ridge spruce-fir-pine study. Atmos. Environ. 35, 3851–3859.
   Google Scholar
• Sievering, H., Tomaszewski, T. and Torizzo, J. 2007. Canopy uptake of atmospheric N deposition at a conifer forest. Part I—canopy N budget, photosynthetic efficiency and net ecosystem exchange. Tellus 59B, 483–492.
   Google Scholar
• Solberg, S., Andreassen, K., Clarke, N., Torseth, K., Tveito, O. E. and co-authors. 2004. The possible influence of nitrogen and acid deposition on forest growth in Norway. Forest EcoL Manag. 192, 241–249.
   Google Scholar
• Stefanov, D. and Terashima, I. 2008. Non-photochemical loss in PSII in high- and low-light-grown leaves of Vicia faba quantified by several fluorescence parameters including L-NP, F-0/F-m', a novel parameter. Physiologia Planta rum 133, 327–338.
   Google Scholar
• Steffen, W., Noble, I., Canadell, J., Apps, M., Schulze, E.D. and co-authors. 1998. The terrestrial carbon cycle: implications for the Kyoto Protocol. Science 280, 1393–1394.
   Google Scholar
• Sutton, M. A., Simpson, D., Levy, P. E., Smith, R. I., Reis, S. and co-authors. 2008. Uncertainties in the relationship between atmospheric nitrogen deposition and forest carbon sequestration. Global Change Biol. 14, 2057–2063.
   Google Scholar
• Tomaszewslci, T. and Sievering, H. 2007. Canopy uptake of atmospheric N deposition at a conifer forest. Part II—response of chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange parameters. Tellus 59B, 493-501.
   Google Scholar
• Vitousek, P. M., Aber, J. D., Howarth, R. W., Likens, G. E., Matson, P. A. and co-authors 1997. Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: sources and consequences. Ecol. AppL 7, 737–750.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, K. Y. and Kellomalci, S. 1997. Effects of elevated CO2 and soil-nitrogen supply on chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange in Scots pine, based on a branch-in-bag experiment. New Phytologist 136, 277–286.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren, C. R., Dreyer, E. and Adams, M. A. 2003. Photosynthesis-Rubisco relationships in foliage of Pinus sylvestris in response to nitrogen supply and the proposed role of Rubisco and amino acids as nitrogen stores. Trees-StrucL Funct. 17, 359–366.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, M., Seibold, C. and Chowanslci, K. 2009. Storage and release of solutes from a seasonal snowpack: soil and stream water response, Niwot Ridge, Colorado. Biogeochemistiy 95, 77–94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia, J. Y. and Wan, S. Q. 2008. Global response patterns of terrestrial plant species to nitrogen addition. New Phytologist 179, 428–439.
   Google Scholar