Uncertainty estimates for 1-h averaged turbulence fluxes of carbon dioxide, latent heat and sensible heat

References

• Acevedo, O. C., Moraes, O. L. L., Degrazia, G. A. and Medeiros, L. E. 2006. Intermittency and the exchange of scalars in the nocturnal surface layer. Boundary-Layer Meteor. 119, 41–55.
   Google Scholar
• Acevedo, O. C., Moraes, O. L. L., Fitzjarrald, D., Sakai, R. and Mahrt, L. 2007. Turbulent carbon exchange in very stable conditions. Boundary-Layer Meteor 125, 49–61.
   Google Scholar
• Andreas, E. L., Hill, R. J., Gosz, J. R., Moore, D. I., Otto, W. D. and co-authors. 1998. Statistics of surface layer turbulence over terrain with meter-scale heterogeneity. Boundary-Layer Meteor. 86, 378–408.
   Google Scholar
• Anfossi, D., Oettl, D., Degrazia, G. and Goulart, A., 2005. Anemometer observations in low wind speed conditions. Boundary-Layer Meteor 114, 179–203.
   Google Scholar
• Bendat, J. S. and Piersol, A. G. 1986. Measurement and Analysis of Random Data. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 330 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Braswell, B. H., Sacks, W. J., Linder, E. and Schimel, D. S. 2005. Estimating diurnal to annual ecosystem parameters by synthesis of a carbon flux model with eddy covariance net ecosystem exchange observations. Global Change Biol. 11, 335–355.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caughey, S. J. and Readings, C. J. 1975. Turbulent fluctuations in con-vective conditions. Q. J. R. Meteor Soc. 101, 537–542.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosh, M. H., Kabela, E. D., Hornbuckle, B., Gleason, M. L., Jackson, T. J. and co-authors. 2009. Observations of dew amount using in situand satellite measurements in an agricultural landscape. Agric. Forest Meteor 149, 1082–1086.
   Google Scholar
• Deardorff, J. W. and Willis, G. E. 1985. Further results from a laboratory model of the convective planetary boundary layer. Boundary-Layer Meteor 32, 205–236.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dragoni, D., Schmid, H. P., Grimmond, C. S. B. and Loescher, H. W. 2007. Uncertainty of annual net ecosystem productivity estimated using eddy-covariance flux measurements. J. Geophys. Res. 112, D17102, 10.1029/2006JDO08149.
   Google Scholar
• Feigenwinter, C., Bernhofer, C. and Vogt, R. 2004. The influence of advection on the short term CO2 budget in and above a forest canopy. Boundary-Layer Meteor 113, 201–224.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkelstein, P. L. and Sims, P. E 2001. Sampling error in eddy correlation flux measurements. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 3503–3509.
   Google Scholar
• Finnigan, J. 2004. Advection and modeling. In: Handbook of Microme-teorology: A Guide for Surface Flux Measurement and Analysis (eds X. Lee, W. Massman, B. Law). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 250.
   Google Scholar
• Finnigan, J. J., Clement, R., Malhi, Y., Leuning, R. and Cleugh, H. A. 2003. A re-evaluation of long-term flux measurement techniques. Part I: averaging and coordinate rotation. Boundary-Layer Meteor 107, 1–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foken, T., Göckede, M., Mauder, M., Mahrt, L., Amiro, B. and co-authors. 2004. Post-field data quality control. In: Handbook of Mi-crometeorology: A Guide for Surface Flux Measurement and Analysis (eds X. Lee, W. Massman, and B. Law). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 250.
   Google Scholar
• Gash, J. H. C. and Dolman, A. J. 2003. Sonic anemometer cosine re-sponse and flux measurement. I. The potential for cosine error to affect sonic anemometer-based flux measurements. Agric. Forest Me-teor 119, 195–207.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Göckede, M., Marlcicanen, T., Hasager, C. B. and Foken, T. 2006. Update of a footprint-based approach for the characterization of complex measurement sites. Boundary-Layer Meteor 118, 635–655.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Göckede, M., Foken, T., Aubinet, M., Aurela, M., Banza, J. and co-authors, 2008. Quality control of CarboEurope flux data. Part 1: cou-pling footprint analyses with flux data quality assessment to evaluate sites in forest ecosystems. Biogeosciences 5, 433–450.
   Google Scholar
• Gustavsson, T., Karlsson, M., Bogren, J. and Lindqvist, S. 1998. Devel-opment of temperature patterns during clear nights. J. AppL Meteor 37, 559–571.
   Google Scholar
• Hanna, S. R. 1983. Lateral turbulence intensity and plume meandering during stable conditions. J. AppL Meteor 20, 242–249.
   Google Scholar
• Hollinger, D. Y. and Richardson, A. D. 2005. Uncertainty in eddy co-variance measurements and its application to physiological models. Tree PhysioL 25, 873–885.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howell, J. F. and Sun, J. 1999. Surface-layer fluxes in stable conditions. Boundary-Layer Meteor 90, 495–520.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt, J. C. R. and Carlotti, P. 2001. Statistical structure at the wall of the high Reynolds number turbulent boundary layer. AppL Scient. Res. 66,453–475.
   Google Scholar
• Kaimal, J. C. and Finnigan, J. J. 1994. Atmospheric boundary layer flows, their structure and measurements. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 289 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Katul, G., Hsieh, C., Bowling, D., Clark, K., Shurpali, N. and co-authors. 1999. Spatial variability of turbulent fluxes in the roughness sublayer of an even-aged pine forest. Boundary-Layer Meteor 93, 1–28.
   Google Scholar
• Knorr, W. and Kattge, J. 2005. Inversion of terrestrial ecosystem model parameter values against eddy covariance measurements by Monte Carol sampling. Global Change Biol. 11, 1–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lasslop, G., Reichstein, M., Kattge, J. and Papale, D. 2008. Influences of observational errors in eddy flux data on inverse model parameter estimation. Biogeosciences 5, 1311–1324.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, Y.-H. and Mahrt, L. 2005. Effect of stability on mixing in open canopys. Agric. Forest Meteor 135, 169–179.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenschow, D. H., Mann, J. and Kristensen, L. 1994. How long is long enough when measuring fluxes and other turbulence statistics? J. Atmos. Oceanic TechnoL 11, 661–673.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leuning, R., Zegelin, S. J., Jones, K., Keith, H. and Hughes, D. 2008. Measurement of horizontal and vertical advection of CO2 within a forest canopy. Agric. Forest Meteor. 148, 1777–1797.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahrt, L. 1998. Flux sampling errors for aircraft and towers. J. Atmos. Oceanic TechnoL 15, 416–429.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahrt, L. 2009. Characteristics of submeso winds in the stable boundary layer. Boundary-Layer Meteor 130, 1–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahrt, L. and Vickers, D. 2006. Extremely weak mixing in stable con-ditions. Boundary-Layer Meteor 119, 19–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahrt, L., Vickers, D. and Sun, J. 2001. Spatial variations of surface moisture flux from aircraft data. Adv. Water Resour. 24, 1133–1141.
   Google Scholar
• Mann, J. and Lenschow, D. H. 1994. Errors in airborne flux measurements. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 14519–14526.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massman, W. J. and Weil, J. C. 1999. An analytical one-dimensional second-order closure model of turbulence statistics and the La-grangian time scale within and above plant canopys of arbitrary struc-ture. Boundary-Layer Meteor 91, 81–107.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nalcai, T., van der Molen, M., Gash, J. H. C. and Kodama, Y. 2006. Correction of sonic anemometry angle of attack errors. Agric. Forest Meteor 136, 19–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nappo, C. J. 2002. An Introduction to Atmospheric Gravity Waves. Academic Press, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 297 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Paw U. K. T., Baldocchi, D. D., Meyers, T. P. and Wilson, K. B. 2000. Correction of eddy-covariance measurements incorporating both advective effects and density fluxes. Boundary-Layer Meteor 97, 487–511.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poulos, G. S., Blumen, B., Fritts, D., Lundquist, J., Sun, J. and co-authors. 2002. CASES-99: a comprehensive investigation of the stable nocturnal boundary layer. Bull. Am. Meteor Soc. 83, 555–581.
   Google Scholar
• Rannilc, C., Marklcanen, T., Raittila, J., Hari, P. and Vesala, T. 2003. Turbulence statistics inside and over forest: influence on footprint prediction. Boundary-Layer Meteor 109, 163–189.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raupach, M. R. 1992. Drag and drag partition on rough surfaces. Boundary-Layer Meteor 60, 375–395.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raupach, M. R., Rayner, P. J., Barrett, D. J., Defies, R. S., Heimann, M. and co-authors. 2005. Model-data synthesis in terrestrial carbon observation: methods, data requirements and data uncertainty speci-fications. Global Change Biol. 11, 378–397.
   Google Scholar
• Richardson, A., Hollinger, D., Burba, G., Davis, K., Flanagan, L. and co-authors. 2006. A multi-site analysis of random error in tower-based measurements of carbon and energy fluxes. Agric. Forest Meteor 136, 1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Richardson, A., Machecha, M., Falge, E., Kattge, J., Moffat, A. and co-authors. 2008. Statistical properties of random CO2 flux measurement uncertainty inferred from model residuals. Agric. Forest Meteor. 148, 38–50.
   Google Scholar
• Schmid, H. P. 2002. Footprint modeling for vegetation atmosphere ex-change studies: a review and perspective. Agric. Forest Meteor 113, 159–183.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmid, H. P. and Oke, T. R. 1988. Estimating the source area of a turbulent flux measurement over a patchy surface. Proceedings of the 8th Symposium on Turbulence and Diffusion, Boston, MA, American Meteorological Society, pp. 123–126.
   Google Scholar
• Schwarz, P., Law, B. E., Williams, M., Irvine, J., Kurpius, M. and co-authors. 2004. Climatic versus biotic constraints on carbon and wa-ter fluxes in seasonally drought-affected ponderosa pine ecosystems. Global Biochem. Cycle 18, GB4007,10.1029/2004GB002234.
   Google Scholar
• Sun, J., Lenschow, D., Burns, S., Banta, R., Newsom, R. and co-authors, 2004. Atmospheric disturbances that generate intermittent turbulence in nocturnal boundary layers. Boundary-Layer Meteor 110,255–279.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, C. K., Law, B. E., Irvine, J., Martin, J. G., Pettijohn, J. C. and co-authors. 2009. Seasonal hydrology explains interannual and seasonal variation in carbon and water exchange in a semi-arid ma-ture ponderosa pine forest in Central Oregon. J. Geophys. Res. 114, G04006, 10.1029/2009JG001010.
   Google Scholar
• Thomson, D. J. 1987. Criteria for the selection of stochastic models of particle trajectories in turbulent flows. J. Fluid Mech. 180, 529–556.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorton, P. E., Law, B. E., Gholz, H. L., Clark, K. L., Falge, E. and co-authors. 2002. Modeling and measuring the effects of disturbance history and climate on carbon and water budgets in evergreen needle-leaf forests. Agric. Forest Meteor 113, 185–222.
   Google Scholar
• van den Kroonenberg, A. and Bange, J. 2007. Turbulent flux calcu-lation in the polar stable boundary layer: multiresolution flux de-composition and wavelet analysis. J. Geophys. Res. 112, D06112, 10.1029/2006JD007819.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Gorsel, E., Leuning, R., Cleugh, H., Keith, H. and Suni, T. 2007. Nocturnal carbon efflux: reconciliation of eddy covariance and cham-ber measurements using an alternative to the u* -threshold filtering technique. Tellus 59B, 397–403.
   Google Scholar
• Vickers, D. and Mahrt, L. 1997. Quality control and flux sampling problems for tower and aircraft data. J. Atmos. Oceanic TechnoL 14, 512–526.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vickers, D. and Mahrt, L. 2006a. A solution for flux contamination by mesoscale motions with very weak turbulence. Boundary-Layer Meteor 118, 431–447.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vickers, D. and Mahrt, L. 2006b. Contrasting mean vertical motion from tilt correction methods and mass continuity. Agric. Forest Meteor 138, 93–103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vickers, D., Thomas, C. and Law, B. 2009. Random and systematic CO2 flux sampling errors for tower measurements over forests in the convective boundary layer. Agric. Forest Meteor 149, 73–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilczak, J. M., Oncley, S. P. and Stage, S. A. 2001. Sonic anemometer tilt correction algorithms. Boundary-Layer Meteor 99, 127–150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, M., Schwarz, P., Law, B. E, Irvine, J. and Kurpius, M. 2005. An improved analysis of forest carbon dynamics using data assimila-tion. Global Change Biol. 11, 89–105.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, J. D., Legg, B. J. and Thomson, D. J. 1983. Calculation of particle trajectories in the presence of a gradient in turbulent-velocity variance. Boundary-Layer Meteor. 27, 163–169.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, J. D. and Sawford, B. L. 1996. Review of Lagrangian stochastic models for trajectories in the turbulent atmosphere. Boundary-Layer Meteor 78, 191–210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yilmaz, M. T., Hunt, E. R. and Jackson, T. J. 2008. Remote sensing of vegetation water content from equivalent water thickness using satellite imagery. Remote Sens. Environ. 112, 2514–2522.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar