The Photographic Construction of Tourist Space in Victorian AmericaFootnote^*

* I gratefully acknowledge Louisiana State University's Council on Faculty Research for a Summer Research Grant and the College of Arts and Sciences for a Research Fellowship for Non‐Tenured Faculty; Oliver and Jean Reese of the H. H. Bennett Studio Foundation for their continued support of my research and for permission to reprint the illustrations in this article; and Nicolette Bromberg, William Cronon, Frank Goodyear, Peter B. Hales, Mark Klett, Martha Sandweiss, Joan Schwartz, Yi‐Fu Tuan, and this journal's three anonymous reviewers for helping refine my arguments about landscape and photography.

References

• Albers, P. C., and W. James. 1983. Tourism and the Changing Photographic Image of Great Lakes Indians. Annals of Tourism Research 10 (1): 123–148.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews, M. 1989. The Search for the Picturesque: Landscape Aesthetics and Tourism in Britain, 1760–1800 Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bamberger, T. 1992. A Sense of Place. In H. H. Bennett: A Sense of Place, edited by T. Bamberger and T. L. Marvel, 5–11. Milwaukee, Wis.: Milwaukee Art Museum.
   Google Scholar
• Benjamin, W. 1988 [1936]. The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction. In Photography in Print: Writings from 1816 to the Present, edited by V. Goldberg, 319–334. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, A. C. 19381939. A Wisconsin Pioneer in Photography. Wisconsin Magazine of History 22 (3): 268–279.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, H. H. 1866. Diary. H. H. Bennett Papers, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison. Box 27, Folder 2.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, H. H. 1867a. Diary and receipt/expenses book. H. H. Bennett Papers, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison. Box 27, Folder 3.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, H. H. 1867b. Letter to his father. 5 February. H. H. Bennett Papers, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison. Box 4, Folder 2.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, H. H. 1867c. Letter to his father and mother. 20 October. H. H. Bennett Papers, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison. Box 4, Folder 4.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, H. H. 18701889. Financial records and ledgers. H. H. Bennett Papers, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison. Box 15, Folders 1–3.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, H. H. 1883a. Letter to M. Kittie. 5 June. H. H. Bennett Papers, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison. Box 9, Folder 2.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, H. H. 1883b. Wanderings among the Wonders and Beauties of Western Scenery Kilbourn City, Wis.: H. H. Bennett.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, H. H. 1887. Letter to J. E. Porter. 1 January. H. H. Bennett Papers, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison. Box 9, Folder 5.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, H. H. 1899. Letter to George C. Lusseden. 3 January. H. H. Bennett Papers, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison. Box 11, Folder 2, L.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, H. H. 1902. Letter to John Bennett. 28 July. H. H. Bennett Papers, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison. Box 12, Folder A‐Z, ser. 1.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, H. H. 19041908. Financial records and cashbooks. H. H. Bennett Papers, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison. Box 18, Folder 1.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, H. H. 1906. Letter to W. E. Holly. 26 March. H. H. Bennett Papers, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison. Box 13, Folder A‐K, ser. 1.
   Google Scholar
• Berger, J. 1972. Ways of Seeing London: Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Bieder, R. E. 1995. Native American Communities in Wisconsin, 1600–1960: A Study of Tradition and Change Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bright, D. 1992 [1985]. Of Mother Nature and Marlboro Men: An Inquiry into the Cultural Meanings of Landscape Photography. In The Contest of Meaning: Critical Histories of Photography, edited by R. Bolton, 125–143. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, D. 1995. Inventing New England: Regional Tourism in the Nineteenth Century Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, J. J. 1875. The Tourist's Guide to and through the Dells of the Wisconsin River and Vicinity Kilbourn City, Wis.: J. J. Brown.
   Google Scholar
• Cosgrove, D. E. 1998 [1984]. Social Formation and Symbolic Landscape Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cosgrove, D., and S. Daniels, eds. 1988. The Iconography of Landscape: Essays on the Symbolic Representation, Design, and Use of Past Environments Cambridge, England, and New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Crang, M. 1997. Picturing Practices: Research through the Tourist Gaze. Progress in Human Geography 21 (3): 359–373.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronon, W. 1991. Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West New York: W. W. Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Cronon, W. 1992. Telling Tales on Canvas: Landscapes of Frontier Change. In Discovered Lands, Invented Pasts: Transforming Visions of the American West, edited by J. D. Prown, 37–88. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cronon, W., G. Miles, and J. Gitlin. 1992. Becoming West: Toward a New Meaning for Western History. In Under an Open Sky: Rethinking America's Western Past, edited by W. Cronon, G. Miles, and J. Gitlin, 3–27. New York: W. W. Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Daniels, S. 1989. Marxism, Culture and the Duplicity of Landscape. In New Models in Geography: The Political‐Economy Perspective, edited by R. Peet and N. Thrift, 196–220. London: Unwin‐Hyman.
   Google Scholar
• Daniels, S. 1993. Fields of Vision: Landscape Imagery and National Identity in England and the United States Cambridge, England: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dingus, R. 1982. The Photographic Artifacts of Timothy O'Sullivan Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dippie, B. W. 1991. American Wests: Historical Perspectives. In Trails: Toward a New Western History, edited by P. N. Limerick, 112–138. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
   Google Scholar
• Domosh, M. 1996. Invented Cities: The Creation of Landscape in Nineteenth‐Century New York and Boston New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Donan, P. 1879. The Dells of the Wisconsin, Fully Illustrated Chicago: Rollins.
   Google Scholar
• Donan, P. 1884. The Tourists' Wonderland: Containing a Brief Description of the Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul Railway Together with Interesting General Descriptive Matter Pertaining to the Country Traversed by This Line and Its Connections Chicago: R. R. Donnelley and Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Duncan, J. 1990. The City as Text: The Politics of Landscape Interpretation in the Kandyan Kingdom Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Edwards, E., ed. 1992. Anthropology and Photography, 1860–1920 New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Faris, J. C. 1996. Navajo and Photography: A Critical History of the Representation of an American People Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
   Google Scholar
• Freund, G. 1980. Photography and Society Boston: D. R. Godine.
   Google Scholar
• Fries, R. F. 1951. Empire in Pine: The Story of Lumbering in Wisconsin, 1830–1900 Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin.
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert, J. 1991. Perfect Cities: Chicago's Utopias of 1893 Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Goc, M. J. 1995. Others before You: The History of Wisconsin Dells Country Wisconsin Dells, Wis.: Dells Country Historical Society.
   Google Scholar
• Goodyear, F. H. 1998. Constructing a National Landscape: Photography and Tourism in Nineteenth‐Century America. Ph.D. diss., University of Texas, Austin.
   Google Scholar
• Hales, P. B. 1984. Silver Cities: The Photography of American Urbanization Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hales, P. B. 1988. William Henry Jackson and the Transformation of the American Landscape Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hales, P. B. 1991. American Views and the Romance of Modernization. In Photography in Nineteenth‐Century America, edited by M. A. Sandweiss, 204–257. Fort Worth, Tex.: Amon Carter Museum.
   Google Scholar
• Hoelscher, S. 1997. A Pretty Strange Place: Nineteenth‐Century Scenic Tourism in the Dells. In Wisconsin Land and Life, edited by R. C. Ostergren and T. R. Vale, 424–449. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
   Google Scholar
• Horowitz, H. L. 1976. Culture and the City: Cultural Philanthropy in Chicago from the 1880s to 1917 Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Howe, W. W. 1975. American Victorianism as a Culture. American Quarterly 27 (4): 507–532.
   Google Scholar
• Hyde, A. F. 1990. An American Vision: Far Western Landscape and National Culture, 1820–1920 New York: New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jakle, J. 1985. The Tourist: Travel in Twentieth‐Century North America Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jasen, P. 1995. Wild Things: Nature, Culture, and Tourism in Ontario, 1790–1914 Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kasson, J. F. 1978. Amusing the Million: Coney Island at the Turn of the Century New York: Hill and Wang.
   Google Scholar
• Krauss, R. E. 1985. Photography's Discursive Spaces. In The Originality of the Avant‐Garde and Other Modernist Myths, 131–150. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lutz, C. A., and J. L. Collins. 1993. Reading National Geographic Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Maccannell, D. 1989. The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class. Rev. ed. New York: Schocken Books.
   Google Scholar
• Madison Weekly Argus and Democrat. 1859. 26 April.
   Google Scholar
• Maitland, J. 1879. The Golden Northwest Chicago: Rollins.
   Google Scholar
• Marien, M. W. 1997. Photography and Its Critics: A Cultural History, 1839–1900 New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Marvel, T. L. 1992. Between Art and Commerce: H. H. Bennett and the Development of Tourism. In H. H. Bennett: A Sense of Place, edited by T. Bamberger and T. L. Marvel, 13–27. Milwaukee, Wis.: Milwaukee Art Museum.
   Google Scholar
• Masteller, R. N. 1981. Western Views in Eastern Parlors: The Contribution of the Stereograph to the Conquest of the West. Prospects 6 (1): 55–71.
   Google Scholar
• Mcgreevy, P. 1994. Imagining Niagara: The Meaning and Making of Niagara Falls Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
   Google Scholar
• Meinig, D. W. 1998. The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History. Vol. 3, Transcontinental America, 1850–1915 New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Metcalf, W. H. 1883. A Plea for the Stereoscope. Photographic Times and American Photographer, January, 12–13.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, A. 1993. The Empire of the Eye: Landscape Representation and American Cultural Politics, 1825–1875 Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Milwaukee Daily Sentinel. 1859. 14 April.
   Google Scholar
• Naef, W. J., and J. N. Wood. 1975. Era of Exploration: The Rise of Landscape Photography in the American West, 1860–1885 Buffalo, N. Y.: Albright‐Knox Art Gallery.
   Google Scholar
• Nicolson, M. H. 1997 [1959]. Mountain Gloom and Mountain Glory: The Development of the Aesthetics of the Infinite Seattle: University of Washington Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nolan, E. 1983. Northern Pacific Views: The Railroad Photography of F. Jay Haynes, 1876–1905 Helena: Montana Historical Society.
   Google Scholar
• Novak, B. 1988 [1975]. Landscape Permuted: From Painting to Photography. In Photography in Print: Writings from 1816 to the Present, edited by V. Goldberg, 171–179. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
   Google Scholar
• Novak, B. 1995. Nature and Culture: American Landscape and Painting, 1825–1875 Rev. ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Page, B., and R. Walker. 1991. From Settlement to Fordism: The Agro‐Industrial Revolution of the American Midwest. Economic Geography 67 (4): 281–353.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmquist, P. E. 1983. Carleton E. Watkins, Photographer of the American West Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
   Google Scholar
• Panofsky, E. 1955. Meaning in the Visual Arts: Papers in and on Art History Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday Anchor.
   Google Scholar
• Persons, S. 1973. The Decline of American Gentility New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rath, S. 1979. Pioneer Photographer: Wisconsin's H. H. Bennett Madison, Wis.: Tamarack Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rothman, H. K. 1996. Selling the Meaning of Place: Entrepreneurship, Tourism, and Community Transformation in the Twentieth‐Century American West. Pacific Historical Review 65 (4): 525–557.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruby, J. 1988. Images of Rural America: View Photographs and Picture Postcards. History of Photography 12 (4): 327–342.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, J. R. 1997. Picturing Empire: Photography and the Visualization of the British Empire Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sandweiss, M. A. 1991a. Introduction. In Photography in Nineteenth‐Century America, edited by M. A. Sandweiss, xii–xv. Fort Worth, Tex.: Amon Carter Museum; New York: H. N. Abrams.
   Google Scholar
• Sandweiss, M. A., ed. 1991b. Photography in Nineteenth‐Century America Fort Worth, Tex.: Amon Carter Museum.
   Google Scholar
• Schmiechen, J. 1988. Victorians, the Historians, and the Idea of Modernism. American Historical Review 93 (2): 287–316.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz, J. M. 1996. The Geography Lesson: Photographs and the Construction of Imaginative Geographies. Journal of Historical Geography 22 (1): 16–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sears, J. F. 1989. Sacred Places: American Tourist Attractions in the Nineteenth Century New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shortridge, J. R. 1989. The Middle West: Its Meaning in American Culture Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
   Google Scholar
• Snyder, J. 1981. American Frontiers: The Photographs of Timothy H. O'Sullivan, 1867–1874 Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Snyder, J. 1994. Territorial Photography. In Landscape and Power, edited by W. J. T. Mitchell, 175–202. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sontag, S. 1977. On Photography New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
   Google Scholar
• Southall, T. 1979. White Mountain Stereographs and the Development of a Collective Vision. In Points of View: The Stereograph in America‐A Cultural History, edited by E. W. Earle, 97–108. Rochester, N.Y.: Visual Studies Workshop.
   Google Scholar
• Spaulding, J. 1996. Yosemite and Ansel Adams: Art, Commerce, and Western Tourism. Pacific Historical Review 66 (4): 615–639.
   Google Scholar
• Squire, S. J. 1994. Accounting for Cultural Meanings: The Interface between Geography and Tourism Studies Re‐Examined. Progress in Human Geography 18 (1): 1–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stange, M. 1989. “Symbols of Ideal Life”: Social Documentary Photography in America, 1890–1950. Cambridge, England, and New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Szarkowski, J. 1963. The Photographer and the American Landscape New York: Museum of Modern Art.
   Google Scholar
• Szarkowski, J. 1981. American Landscapes: Photographs from the Collection of the Museum of Modern Art New York: Museum of Modern Art.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, F. H. 1881. Through to St. Paul and Minneapolis in 1881: Random Notes from the Diary of a Man in Search of the West Chicago: St. Paul Railway.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, J. 1990. The Alphabetic Universe: Photography and the Picturesque Landscape. In Reading Landscape: Country, City, Capital, edited by S. Pugh, 177–196. Manchester, England, and New York: Manchester University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Towner, J. 1996. An Historical Geography of Recreation and Tourism in the Western World, 1540–1940 Chichester, England, and New York: John Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Trachtenberg, A. 1982. The Incorporation of America: Culture and Society in the Gilded Age New York: Hill and Wang.
   Google Scholar
• Trachtenberg, A. 1989. Reading American Photographs: Images as History, Mathew Brady to Walker Evans New York: Hill and Wang.
   Google Scholar
• Trachtenberg, A. 1991. Photography: The Emergence of a Keyword. In Photography in Nineteenth‐Century America, edited by M. A. Sandweiss, 16–47. Fort Worth, Tex.: Amon Carter Museum.
   Google Scholar
• Tuan, Y.‐F. 1979. Sight and Pictures. Geographical Review 69 (4): 413–422.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuan, Y.‐F. 1991. Language and the Making of Place: A Narrative‐Descriptive Approach. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 81 (4): 684–696.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urry, J. 1990. The Tourist Gaze: Leisure and Travel in Contemporary Societies London and Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Wadsworth, N. B. 1975. Through Camera Eyes Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wallach, B. 1997. Painting, Art History, and Geography. Geographical Review 87 (1): 92–99.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiebe, R. H. 1967. The Search for Order, 1877–1920 New York: Hill and Wang.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, R. 1973. The Country and the City New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, E. L. 1875. Our Picture. Philadelphia Photographer, May, 137.
   Google Scholar
• Wisconsin Central Railroad. 1890. Pen and Camera Milwaukee, Wis.: Louis Eckstein.
   Google Scholar
• Wisconsin Mirror. 1872. 7 April.
   Google Scholar
• Wood County Reporter. 1859. 16 April.
   Google Scholar
• Woody, H. 1998. International Postcards: Their History, Production, and Distribution (circa 1895–1915). In Delivering Views: Distant Cultures in Early Postcards, edited by C. M. Geary and V.‐L. Webb, 13–46. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wyckoff, W., and L. M. Dilsaver. 1997. Promotional Imagery of Glacier National Park. Geographical Review 87 (1): 1–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyckoff, W., and C. Nash. 1994. Geographical Images of the American West: The View from Harper's Monthly, 1850–1900. Journal of the West 33 (3): 10–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar